Transcaval approach for aortic endoprosthesis insertion. A new anesthetic challenge.

The treatment of acute aortic syndrome has been benefited in recent years from the huge progress in endovascular techniques, compared to classical surgical treatment, by open surgery. Nevertheless, for endovascular treatment to be successful, it is essential for the patient to present adequate vascular access. Those cases with unfavourable vascular anatomy make it necessary to consider open surgery with significant morbidity, or even to reject surgery. A new approach to the abdominal aorta has recently been described as an indication for these patients with impossibility of other vascular access and absolute or relative contraindication to the transthoracic approach. The anesthetic management of the aortic syndrome is well known and, even though there are a variety of options, all of them have proven safety and efficacy. The implementation of new surgical approaches and new possible complications imply a challenge for the anesthesiologist which, for now, has little or none scientific evidence. We present the first case of transcaval aortic endoprosthesis implantation in Spain, its anesthetic implications, and a review of the literature.

Prevalencia de anemia en pacientes sometidos a cirugía vascular electiva y su influencia en el postoperatorio / Prevalence of anaemia in patients undergoing elective vascular surgery and its influence in the postoperative period

INTRODUCCIÓN: La anemia es muy frecuente en los pacientes sometidos a cirugía vascular y puede influir en los resultados postoperatorios. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la prevalencia de anemia en los pacientes intervenidos de cirugía arterial aortoilíaca e infrainguinal. Analizar la influencia de la anemia en la aparición de complicaciones postoperatorias. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se ha realizado un estudio retrospectivo, transversal y multicéntrico en 12 unidades de cirugía vascular. Se han registrado las cifras de hemoglobina de todos los pacientes que han sido intervenidos de forma consecutiva durante 2 meses. Además se han registrado los factores de riesgo de arteriosclerosis habituales y las complicaciones postoperatorias hasta 30 días de la cirugía. RESULTADOS: Se han registrado 530 pacientes. La tasa global de anemia ha sido del 53,8%, siendo del 50,8% en hombres y del 62,2% en mujeres. El 66,9% de los pacientes con isquemia crónica crítica tiene anemia. Los anémicos son mayores que los no anémicos y son más frecuentemente hipertensos, diabéticos, tienen más insuficiencia cardiaca y renal, y presentan unas cifras más elevadas de proteína C reactiva. Además también presentan anemia previa (hasta 3 meses) con más frecuencia, tienen una mayor estancia hospitalaria (10,4 vs. 7,0) y reciben más transfusiones. Los anémicos no presentan más complicaciones ostoperatorias pero en el análisis multivariante la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y la anemia en los 3 meses anteriores son factores predictores de complicaciones. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de anemia en los pacientes con arteriopatía periférica severa es muy elevada. Los pacientes anémicos en el preoperatorio se transfunden 3 veces más y tiene una estancia hospitalaria más larga que los no anémicos. La anemia en los 3 meses anteriores a la cirugía es un factor predictor de complicaciones postoperatorias

INTRODUCTION: Anaemia is very common in patients subjected to vascular surgery and can influence the post-operative outcome. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of anaemia in patients undergoing aortoiliac and infra-inguinal vascular surgery. To analyse the influence of the anaemia on the presentation of post-operative complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional, multicentre study was conducted in 12 vascular surgery units. The haemoglobin levels were recorded on all patients that had been consecutively intervened over a period of 2 months. The usual arteriosclerosis risk factors were recorded, as well as the post-operative complications up to 30 days from the surgery. RESULTS: A total of 530 patients were included. The overall rate of anaemia was 53.8%, with 50.8% in males and 62.2% in females. More than two-thirds (66.9%) of patients with chronic critical ischaemia had anaemia. There were more anaemic patients than non-anaemic ones, and they more frequently have hypertension and diabetes. They also present with more cardiac and renal failure, and have a more elevated C-reactive protein levels. They also have previous anaemia (up to 3 months) more often, have a longer hospital stay (10.4 vs. 7.0), and receive more transfusions. They do not have more post-operative complications, but chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and anaemia in the previous 3 months are predictive factors of complications. CONCLUSIONS: Anaemia prevalence id very high in patients with severe peripheral arterial disease. Patients that are anaemic in the pre-operative period are transfused three times more and have a longer hospital stay than non-anaemic patients. Anaemia in the 3 months before the surgery is a predictive factor for post-operative complications

Estado actual sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de fístulas aortoentéricas / Current status of the diagnosis and treatment of aortoenteric fistulas

Una fístula aortoentérica (FAE) es una comunicación entre la aorta y un asa de intestino adyacente de manera directa o tras cirugía reconstructiva aórtica o endovascular. Es una entidad con una tasa de morbimortalidad asociada muy elevada, cuyo diagnóstico precisa un alto grado de sospecha según la clínica y datos indirectos de las técnicas de imagen (tomografía computarizada). La opción terapéutica más adecuada continúa siendo un tema controvertido. El tratamiento endovascular de esta complicación presenta unas tasas de morbimortalidad a corto plazo aparentemente menores, aunque su papel como tratamiento definitivo resulta muy discutible. El objetivo de este estudio es ofrecer una revisión actualizada de las modificaciones en el diagnóstico y manejo de las FAE

An aortoenteric fistula (AEF) is a communication between the aorta and an adjacent bowel loop, directly or due to reconstructive aortic or endovascular surgery. It has a very high associated morbidity and mortality rate, and the diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion based on clinical data and indirect imaging techniques (computed tomography). The most appropriate therapeutic option remains controversial. Endovascular treatment of this complication shows apparently lower morbidity and mortality rates in the short-term, although its role as a definitive treatment is very debatable. The objective of this study is to provide an update and review on changes in the diagnosis and management of AEF

Aortoenteric fistula arising as a complication of endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Estimates of the incidence of aortoenteric fistula as a sequela of surgery of the aorta range 1-2%. This complication is less common in patients who have had an aortic endograft implanted for aortoiliac aneurysm. We present three cases of aortoenteric fistula complicating endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (3/423 patients, 0.7% in our series).

Acute iliac artery thrombosis and pulsatile femoral and popliteal veins in the same extremity: a case report.

Systemic venous pressure is elevated in right heart failure, and this elevation may be reflected in pulsatile venous flow when there is significant tricuspid regurgitation. The presence of this systolic reversed flow in the femoral and popliteal veins may result in major difficulties for diagnosis and treatment. We report the case of a patient with signs and symptoms of acute ischemia of the right lower limb with palpable pulse in the groin and popliteal fossa. Tricuspid regurgitation was suspected by clinical examination, and Doppler ultrasonographic examination of the extremity revealed pulsatile flow in the femoral and popliteal veins while the iliac arterial axis was occluded. A preoperative angiogram revealed an underlying iliac artery thrombosis, which was successfully treated.

Leiomiomatosis intravenosa con extensión cardíaca. Caso clínico y revisión de la bibliografía / Intravenous leiomyomatosis with extension into the heart. A case report and review of the literature

Introducción. La leiomiomatosis intravenosa (LIV) es un tumor poco frecuente que puede crecer a través devena cava inferior hasta extenderse a las cavidades cardíacas derechas. Es un tumor originado por las células de músculoliso y normalmente se encuentra confinado al sistema venoso pélvico. Se han descrito no más de 100 casos de LIV,de los cuales, tan sólo 30 presentaban afectación cardíaca. Aunque histológicamente es benigno, la afectación de las cavidadescardíacas derechas puede producir síntomas graves como síncopes y arritmias, y en algunos casos puede llegara producir la muerte súbita. Caso clínico. Mujer de 40 años con extensión cardíaca y que no presentaba síntomas previos.La extensión del tumor se producía tanto por ambas venas ilíacas internas como por la vena ovárica izquierda, algo quetan sólo se había descrito en otros dos casos anteriormente. La escisión quirúrgica se realizó en un único tiempo quirúrgicomediante circulación extracorpórea y abordaje abdominal y torácico. Conclusión. A pesar de ser un tumor poco frecuente,el retraso en la presentación de los síntomas (incluso 20 años) puede infravalorar su incidencia. Dado el gravecuadro clínico que puede provocar, su tratamiento es en todos los casos la extirpación quirúrgica, lo que supone un importantereto para el cirujano vascular. La escasa incidencia de la LIV y el tipo de extensión del tumor en este caso clínicolo hacen realmente excepcional

Introduction. Intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) is a rare tumour that may spread along the inferior venacava until it reaches the cavities on the right-hand side of the heart. It is a tumour that has its origins in smooth musclecells and is normally restricted to the pelvic venous system. No more than 100 cases of IVL have been reported, of whichonly 30 presented cardiac involvement. Although histologically it is benign, the involvement of the right cavities of theheart can give rise to severe symptoms such as syncopes and arrhythmias and in some cases it can even lead to suddendeath. Case report. A 40-year-old female with extension to the heart and who had no previous symptoms. The tumourspread along both the internal iliac veins and the left ovarian vein, something which had only previously been reportedin two other cases. Surgical excision was performed in a single session of surgery by means of a heart-lung bypass andusing an abdominal and thoracic approach. Conclusions. Despite being an infrequent tumour, its incidence may beunderestimated due to the fact that its symptoms often appear very late on in the course of the disease (up to 20 years).Given the severe clinical features that it may cause, its treatment always involves surgical removal, which is animportant challenge for the vascular surgeon. The low incidence of IVL and the type of extension of the tumour in thiscase make it truly exceptional

Combined surgical and endovascular repair of a ruptured bilateral aortoiliac aneurysm.

Aortoiliac aneurysms are frequent entities that have very important clinical implications, especially in the younger patients. We are asked not only to save lives by preventing the rupture or repairing those that are already ruptured but also to provide an acceptable quality of life in the postoperative period. Endovascular approaches certainly give us such an expectative but are not clearly indicated in our younger patients and cannot be used routinely in those aneurysms with a yuxtarrenal origin. This is the case report of a young man with a yuxtarrenal aortoiliac inflammatory aneurysm that was treated by the interposition of an aortobifemoral bypass with the addition of endovascular devices in the hypogastric vessels to preserve the pelvic blood flow; they contribute to seal the common iliac aneurysms. This approach was useful to avoid complications during a difficult iliac dissection and was permeable within 1 year of the operation. Durability must be assessed.

Aneurisma subclavio. Hallazgo casual y tratamiento endovascular / Subclavian aneurysm. A chance finding and endovascular treatment

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Pseudoaneurisma de la arteria peronea tras la embolectomía con catéter de balón / Pseudoaneurysms in the fibular artery following embolectomy with a balloon catheter

Introducción. Los pseudoaneurismas de la arteria peronea son una patología rara asociada a traumatismos de la pierna, a cirugía traumatológica o a lesiones de la pared arterial secundarias a embolectomía con balón. Pueden ser asintomáticos o, por el contrario, debutar con dolor y sensación de masa, lo que puede asociar una fístula arteriovenosa o un síndrome compartimental. El tratamiento endovascular mediante embolización representa una solución novedosa a este tipo de lesiones. Caso clínico. Mujer de 71 años que con el diagnóstico de isquemia arterial aguda en el miembro inferior derecho de probable origen cardioembólico fue intervenida de tromboembolectomía transfemoral derecha; recuperó los pulsos distales y fue dada de alta a los cinco días de la intervención. Acudió al servicio de urgencias a los 10 días del alta con clínica de dolor en la región aquílea del miembro inferior derecho y edema, y mediante eco-Doppler se diagnosticó un pseudoaneurisma de la arteria peronea derecha. Se le realizó arteriografía a través de la arteria femoral contralateral; se cateterizó selectivamente la arteria peronea, que confirmó la presencia del pseudoaneurisma, y se procedió a su embolización con coils

Introduction. Pseudoaneurysms of the fibular artery are a rare pathological condition associated with traumatic injuries to the legs, trauma surgery or lesions in the walls of the artery secondary to balloon embolectomies. They can be asymptomatic or, in contrast, they may begin with pain and the presence of a mass, which can be associated to an arteriovenous fistula or compartment syndrome. Endovascular treatment by embolisation is a novel solution to this type of lesion. Case report. We report the case of a 71-year-old female who was diagnosed as having acute arterial ischaemia in the lower right limb that probably had cardioembolic origins; the patient was submitted to a right transfemoral thromboembolectomy. Distal pulses were restored and she was discharged from hospital five days after the operation. She visited the emergency department again 10 days after discharge with symptoms of pain in the Achilles region of the right lower limb and oedema; Doppler ultrasound recording was used to reach a diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm of the right fibular artery. Arteriography was performed through the contralateral femoral artery; the fibular artery was selectively catheterised, which confirmed the presence of a pseudoaneurysm and this was then embolised using coils

Dosis de radiación recibida por el paciente durante el tratamiento endovascular de los aneurismas de aorta abdominal / The radiation dose received by patients during endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms

Introducción. Las técnicas endovasculares se utilizan cada vez con mayor frecuencia en el tratamiento de los aneurismas de aorta abdominal (AAA), para lo que es necesario emplear mayores dosis de radiación en los pacientes, tanto en el diagnóstico como en el procedimiento y su seguimiento posterior, que en el tratamiento quirúrgico convencional. Es imprescindible delimitar los niveles de referencia de dosis de radiación necesarios para la ejecución del procedimiento. Objetivo. Cuantificar la dosis total que reciben los pacientes sometidos a esta modalidad de tratamiento. Pacientes y métodos. Se analiza de forma observacional-prospectiva a 46 pacientes con AAA tratados mediante abordaje endovascular en el año 2004, de los cuales 27 reciben un montaje aortomonoilíaco y 19 bifurcado. Resultados. Se obtiene una dosis de radiación total de 48,62 mSv el primer año; esta dosis no difiere entre los pacientes a los que se les coloca una endoprótesis aortomonoilíaca o una bifurcada. Conclusiones. La dosis obtenida no produce un efecto nocivo apreciable el primer año en lo que respecta a efectos deterministas de la dosis empleada. La mayor parte de la dosis recibida se debe a los estudios con tomografía axial computarizada. La resonancia magnética puede jugar un papel muy importante para la reducción de la dosis necesaria en el futuro

Introduction. It is becoming increasingly more frequent to treat abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) using endovascular techniques and as a result the doses of radiation patients receive, both in the diagnosis and intervention as well as in the ensuing follow-up, are higher than in conventional surgical treatment. It is essential to define the reference radiation dosage levels that are needed to perform the operation. Aim. To quantify the total dose received by patients submitted to this kind of treatment. Patients and methods. An observational-prospective study was conducted to analyse 46 patients with AAA who were treated using an endovascular approach in the year 2004; aortomonoiliac devices were utilised in 27 cases and 19 received bifurcated stents. Results. A total radiation dose of 48.62 mSv was obtained in the first year; patients received the same dose regardless of whether an aortomonoiliac or a bifurcated stent had been placed. Conclusions. The dose obtained does not give rise to any appreciable adverse effects in the first year as far as dosage-determined effects are concerned. The greater part of the dose received by patients is due to the computerised axial tomography scans that are carried out. Magnetic resonance imaging can play an important role in reducing the doses that are required in the future

Tratamiento endovascular de fístula arteriovenosa y falso aneurisma poplíteos postraumáticos. Presentación de un caso / Endovascular treatment of post-traumatic popliteal arteriovenous fistula and false aneurysm. A case report

Introducción. La fístula arteriovenosa (FAV) postraumática que afecta a los vasos poplíteos es una patología de incidencia escasa cuyo tratamiento hasta ahora ha sido quirúrgico; no obstante, también se puede lograr la oclusión de la fístula mediante la implantación de un stent recubierto intraarterial, con reducción extraordinaria tanto del tiempo quirúrgico como de la estancia hospitalaria del paciente. Caso clínico. Varón de 29 años con una FAV en la segunda porción de poplítea derecha, así como falso aneurisma de dos años de evolución provocados por traumatismo por arma blanca. Tras el estudio preoperatorio correspondiente que incluía eco-Doppler y arteriografía, se decidió tratamiento mediante técnica endovascular, que consistió en la implantación de un stent recubierto en la arteria poplítea, con lo que se consiguió al mismo tiempo la oclusión de la fístula y de la comunicación con el falso aneurisma. El tiempo quirúrgico fue de 60 minutos, no se requirió transfusión sanguínea y se dio de alta al paciente en el quinto día de postoperatorio. El eco-Doppler realizado a los 90 días de la intervención muestra la arteria y la vena poplíteas permeables con ausencia de comunicación entre ellas, así como trombosis del falso aneurisma. Conclusión. Las técnicas endovasculares constituyen una alternativa a la cirugía en casos de FAV postraumáticas que afectan a vasos de calibre grande y mediano

Introduction. Post-traumatic arteriovenous fistula (AVF) involving the popliteal vessels is a pathology with a poor incidence being open surgery its treatment of choice. Nowadays however the total occlusion of the fistula can also be achieved by means of the implantation of a covered stent-graft, which implies an important reduction of both surgical time and hospital stay. Case report. A 29-year old man who had a stab wound in the right popliteal fossa two years earlier was admitted with a popliteal AVF involving the middle popliteal segment along with a false aneurysm. After echo-Doppler examination and arteriography the patient was assessed for endovascular treatment that consisted in the implantation of a covered stent-graft thus achieving the occlusion of both the fistula and the false aneurysm. The procedure lasted 60 minutes, blood transfusion was not required and the patient was discharged on the 5th postoperative day. 90 days after operation an echo-Doppler examination was performed that showed patency of both artery and vein, absence of fistula and thrombosis of the false aneurysm. Conclusion. Endovascular techniques are an alternative to open surgery in the treatment of post-traumatic AVF involving large or middle size vessels

Tomografía computarizada multicorte en el diagnóstico de la estenosis carotídea / Multi-slice computerised tomography in the diagnosis of carotid stenosis

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