Diferencias de comportamiento del tobillo funcionalmente recuperado en test de salto monopodales / Behavioral differences of functional ankle sprain recoveries during single-leg jump test

Objetivo: Analizar las diferencias en las fuerzas de reacción verticales intra-sujeto entre una extremidad que presentó signo de bostezo articular en el tobillo frente a la extremidad sin bostezo. Métodos: Participaron 18 sujetos voluntarios (8 mujeres y 10 hombres), físicamente activos, con una media de edad, de20,4 ± 1,9 años. Con una plataforma de fuerzas se midieron las fuerzas de reacción verticales, el tiempo de estabilización yel desplazamiento del centro de presiones en las caídas y estabilización de 3 test de salto en apoyo monopodal: salto hacia delante, salto lateral desde un escalón y saltos laterales continuos. Resultados: En el test de salto hacia delante la extremidad sin bostezo presento un 2º pico de fuerza mayor (bostezo =1142,08 ± 242,50 N; no bostezo = 1213,39 ± 299,89 N) (p<0,05). El tiempo de estabilización en el eje medio-lateral fue mayor en la extremidad con bostezo en el test de caída lateral desde un escalón (bostezo = 12.83 ± 1,77 s; no bostezo = 11,42 ± 2,14 s) (p<0,05). Conclusiones: La extremidad con bostezo presentó menores impactos verticales en el segundo pico de fuerza en la caída del test de salto hacia delante, compatible con una mayor amortiguación que pudiera obedecer a un mecanismo de protección. Se vieron aumentos en el tiempo de estabilización en el test de caída lateral desde un escalón en los tobillos que habían padecido esguince. No obstante no se observaron incrementos en las áreas barridas por el centro de presiones en ninguno de los tests. Los tests dinámicos funcionales son capaces de detectar déficits en los ejes específicos en los que se realiza el test y detectar déficits tras un esguince (AU)

Objective: To analyze within subject differences in ground reaction forces. The tests were carried out by comparing the ankle with a previous lateral ligament injury (with permanent ligament loosening) and the one without ligament loosening. Material and methods: Eighteen volunteers were recruited for the study (8 women and 10 men), all of them physically active, with a mean age of 20.4 ± 1.9. The vertical ground reaction forces, the time of stabilization and the path of the center of pressures were measured during the landing and posterior stabilization in 3 single-leg jump tests on a force platform: jump landing test, lateral drop jump test and side hop test. Results: The second peak of the vertical force were greater in the uninjured limb during the jump landing test (injured= 1142.08 ± 242.50 N; uninjured = 1213.39 ± 299.89 N) (p<0.05). The medio-lateral time of stabilization was greater in the uninjured limb during the lateral drop jump test (injured = 12.83 ± 1.77 s; uninjured = 11.42 ± 2.14 s) (p<0.05).Conclusions: The injured limb presented lower vertical impact at the second peak force during the jump landing test, compatible with a softly landing which could be a defense mechanics. The injured limb showed an increased in the time of stabilization during the lateral drop jump test. However, there were no changes in any of the 3 tests in the excursion area of the center of pressure. The dynamic functional tests are useful to detect deficits in the specific axis where the tests are performed, as well as deficits after and an ankle injury (AU)

Prophylactic ankle taping: elastic versus inelastic taping.

BACKGROUND: The ankle is frequently injured in sporting activities, and therefore it is frequently protected with prophylactic ankle taping. This study aimed first, to compare the mechanical fatigue of two types of prophylactic ankle taping after 30 minutes of intense exercise, one made with elastic tape (ET) and the other with inelastic tape (IT), and second, to investigate the subjects' perception on the tape restriction and comfort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven active women (mean age, 20.6 +/- 4.1 years), without previous ankle injuries volunteered for the study. The participants were tested on three different conditions: with elastic ankle taping, with inelastic taping, and without taping, before and after 30 minutes of intense exercise. The ankle passive ranges of movement (ROMs) were measured before and after exercise, and a subjective scale on taping comfort and restriction was completed by the subjects. RESULTS: Both types of ankle taping showed less ROM restriction after 30 minutes of exercise in inversion (IT = 27% and ET = 21%), and plantarflexion (IT = 8% and ET = 6%). The IT showed more loss of restriction than the ET, with significant differences in inversion (p < 0.05). The participants perceived the ET as more comfortable and less restrictive. CONCLUSION: We would recommend the use of ET as the first choice for prophylactic ankle taping because it produces the same restriction in the ROM as the IT with less taping fatigue, and is perceived as more comfortable and less restrictive by the users.

Avances del vendaje funcional de tobillo en el deporte / Advances on ankle taping in sport

El objetivo de este artículo ha sido realizar una revisión de los estudios con vendajes funcionales preventivos de tobillo en el deporte y formular unas hipótesis de futuros trabajos en base a unos ensayos biomecánicos con plataforma de fuerzas. En relación a la biomecánica de los vendajes funcionales preventivos de tobillo en la bibliografía encontramos cuatro temas principales: el estudio del posible descenso del rendimiento, la medición de la restricción de movimiento, la fatiga del vendaje y finalmente las revisiones bibliográficas y trabajos que aportan hipótesis para posibles investigaciones. Podemos concluir que predominan estudios estáticos de las restricciones del vendaje en la amplitud articular y sin embargo hay muy pocos estudios que analicen el comportameitno del vendaje realizando movimientos de situaciones deportivas. Pese a que los beneficios de la utilización de los vendajes están demostrados, cuando su uso no es el adecuado pueden darse una serie de efectos no deseados. A menudo, la dependencia que pueden provocar en el sujeto, le llevará a que esté expuesto a una lesión en el momento en que no esté protegido. El artículo acaba analizando movimientos básicos, presentes en muchos deportes: marcha, carrera, salto, cambio de dirección y amortiguación de caída. En estos movimientos se presentan resultados de la bibliografía y de estudios piloto propios, en los que se analiza la cinética del contacto en el suelo con y sin vendaje funcional preventivo del tobillo, de cara a proponer nuevas vías de investigación, que aborden no solo la eficacia del vendaje sino también la posible disminución en la eficacia de gestos deportivos y el riesgo añadido de nuevas lesiones

The purposes of this paper were to review the research on prophylactic ankle taping in sport, and to formulate hypotheses for future researches, on the basis of biomechanical trials on a force platform. There are four main topics on prophylactic ankle taping in the literature: the study of a possible performance decrease, the measurement of the limitation in the range of motion (ROM), the fatigue of the ankle taping and finally, the reviews and researches that contribute with hypotheses for further works. Most studies have been carried out in static conditions to test the limitations in the ROM; however, there are few studies where the ankle taping response during sports tasks or specfic movements had been analysed. Although the benefit of the use ankle taping are well established, when it is misused, undesirable effects could appear. The subjects´ dependence to these orthoses could lead to an injury, when they do not wear ankle taping during the sports activity. Dinally, the review analyses basic sports movements: gait, running, changes of direction ad landings. Data of these actions are presentes, from the literature and pilot studies performed in our laboratory, where ground reaction forces with and without prophylactic ankle taping have been analysed. Further investigations should focus more in deep not only on the ankle taping effectiveness but on the decreases in the effectiveness of sports movements, and the increase in the risk of injuries