Dual Role of Phenyl Amides from Hempseed on BACE 1, PPARγ, and PGC-1α in N2a-APP Cells.

In Alzheimer's disease (AD) the accumulation of amyloid ß (Aß) plaques in the brain leads to neuroinflammation, neuronal cell dysfunction, and progressive memory loss. Therefore, blocking the formation of Aß plaques has emerged as one of the most promising strategies to develop AD treatments. Hempseed is widely used as a food, and recently its compounds have shown beneficial effects on neuroinflammation. The objective of this study was to investigate whether a fraction rich in phenyl amide compounds, N-trans-caffeoyltyramine (CAFT) and N-trans-coumaroyltyramine (CUMT), can affect gene expression: ß-site amyloid-precursor-protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE 1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR γ), and PPARγ-coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in N2a-APP cells. The mRNA levels were measured using RT-qPCR. The ethyl acetate fraction and CAFT were found to reduce BACE1 gene expression and are promissory PPARγ and PGC-1α natural agonists. The results show that hempseed compounds can inhibit the expression of BACE 1, which is involved in the accumulation of Aß plaques and positively affect transcription factors involved in complex and diverse biological functions.

Systematic review of the efficacy of statins for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. Recent studies have assessed the possibility of using statins as treatment for AD. However, their efficacy is not clear. In this study, we collected the most relevant information about the efficacy of statins for the treatment of AD. We conducted a systematic literature search using MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library. We included clinical trials, meta-analyses and systematic reviews that analysed the efficacy of statins in AD. We also extracted the characteristics and efficacy results of the studies selected. Of the 304 articles identified, 13 complied with the inclusion criteria. The scientific quality of studies was high and their results indicated that there were no significant differences in the main efficacy variables between statins and placebo treatment for AD. Therefore, according to the available scientific evidence, statins have not shown an improvement in cognition and do not appear to offer significant benefits to patients with AD.

Bioactive constituents from "triguero" asparagus improve the plasma lipid profile and liver antioxidant status in hypercholesterolemic rats.

We have previously shown that the Andalusian-cultivated Asparagus officinalis L. "triguero" variety produces hypocholesterolemic and hepatoprotective effects on rats. This asparagus is a rich source of phytochemicals although we hypothesized there would be some of them more involved in these functional properties. Thus, we aimed to study the effects of asparagus (500 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day) and their partially purified fractions in flavonoids (50 mg/kg bw/day), saponins (5 mg/kg bw/day) and dietary fiber (500 mg/kg bw/day) on oxidative status and on lipid profile in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet. After 5 weeks treatment, plasma lipid values, hepatic enzyme activities and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were measured. With the exception of the saponin fraction (SF), the administration of lyophilized asparagus (LA), fiber fraction (FF), and flavonoid fraction (FVF) to hypercholesterolemic rats produced a significant hypolipidemic effect compare to a high-cholesterol diet (HCD). In addition, the LA and FVF groups exhibited a significant increase in enzyme activity from multiple hepatic antioxidant systems including: superoxide dismutase, catalase, and gluthatione reductase/peroxidase as well as a decrease in MDA concentrations compared to HCD group. These results demonstrate that "triguero" asparagus possesses bioactive constituents, especially dietary fiber and flavonoids, that improve the plasma lipid profile and prevent hepatic oxidative damage under conditions of hypercholesterolemia.