Anti-Inflammatory Local Effect of Hydroxytyrosol Combined with Pectin-Alginate and Olive Oil on Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis in Wistar Rats.

Purpose: Evaluate the efficacy of hydroxytyrosol in the local treatment of inflammatory colitis. Currently, the existing treatments for inflammatory bowel diseases does not cure the disease and it is associated with high rates of side effects and complications. Hydroxytyrosol is a phenyl-ethyl-alcohol derived from the hydrolysis of oleuropein and present in olive oil, previous studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect of dietary hydroxytyrosol supplement, with no toxicity. Materials & Methods: Colitis has been induced by using Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid at 40 rats. They were divided into four groups randomly: 10 rats without treatment; 10 rats with pectin/alginate mixture; 10 rats treated with pectin/alginate + olive oil; 10 rats treated with pectin/alginate + olive oil + hydroxytyrosol. Animals were sacrificed 10 days after induction of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, receiving 5 days of continuous treatment. Samples of the rectal area were studied and observed under a microscope to determine the damage by Hunter scoring modified, assessing inflammatory infiltration, number of intestinal walls involved, damage to the mucosal architecture, and edema. Results: When the rectum was analyzed in a global way, nonsignificant differences were observed; however, when performing an individualized analysis, statistically significant differences in the inflammatory infiltrate are present in the samples, which were evaluated using the ANOVA and Student-T statistics. Conclusions: Local treatment with the natural antioxidant hydroxytyrosol combined with pectin/alginate and olive oil of inflammatory bowel disease has been shown to be effective against inflammatory infiltration of TNBS-induced colitis.

Dietary oleuropein and its new acyl-derivate attenuate murine lupus nephritis through HO-1/Nrf2 activation and suppressing JAK/STAT, NF-κB, MAPK and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways.

Systemic lupus erythemathosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease which can affect multiple organ systems, without an effective and safe treatment. Olive leaf extracts are of special interest for their therapeutic effects. Oleuropein (OL) is the most abundant constituents of olive leaf extract and possesses many beneficial properties. In this study, we evaluated the effects of dietary OL and its new derivate, peracetylated oleuropein (Per-OL), in a pristane-induced SLE model. Mice received an injection of pristane or saline solution and were fed with experimental diets: enriched with OL and Per-OL. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines and markers were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1, heme oxygenase (HO-1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and inflammasome nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeats-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) pathways activation were determined in kidneys by Western blot. OL and Per-OL significantly reduced renal damage and decreased serum matrix metalloproteinase 3 and prostaglandine E2 kidneys levels. Our findings indicate that Nrf2 and HO-1 antioxidant protein expressions were up-regulated in mice fed with OL and Per-OL diets, whereas the activation of JAK/STAT, MAPK, NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways was significantly ameliorated. These results suggest that OL and Per-OL supplementation might provide a new alternative approach as a preventive/palliative treatment of nephritis in SLE management.

Characterization of asparagus lignin by HPLC.

Lignin is the cell wall component most frequently associated with hardening. Its characterization and quantification are very important to understand the biochemical modifications related to the changes in texture of vegetables such as asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), in which this organoleptic attribute is a very important quality factor. In this study, asparagus lignin from the basal sections of fresh and stored spears was analyzed using 2 methods, the traditional (Klason lignin) and the recently developed derivatization, followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) method. The latter is a simple and reproducible technique for lignin characterization based on a degradation procedure that produces analyzable monomers and dimers by cleaving alpha- and beta-aryl ethers in lignins. The primary monomers derived from DFRC degradation of lignins are essentially p-coumaryl peracetate, coniferyl peracetate, and sinapyl peracetate. To evaluate the efficiency of the DFRC method, our investigations have been carried on distinct sample types, including wood (data not shown), straw, and asparagus samples. The results have confirmed that lignin composition is affected by plant nature. It has been found that whereas wood samples mostly contain coniferyl units, plant foods, such as straw and asparagus, contain both coniferyl and guaiacyl units.

Flavonoid profile of green asparagus genotypes.

The determination of flavonoid profiles from different genotypes of triguero asparagus and their comparison to those from green asparagus commercial hybrids was the main goal of this study. The samples consisted of 32 commercial hybrids and 65 genotypes from the Huetor-Tajar population variety (triguero). The analysis of individual flavonoids by HPLC-DAD-MS has allowed the determination of eight naturally occurring flavonol derivatives in several genotypes of triguero asparagus. Those compounds included mono-, di-, and triglycosides of three flavonols, that is, quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol. The detailed analysis of the flavonoid profiles revealed significant differences among the distinct genotypes. These have been classified in three distinct groups as the result of a k-means clustering analysis, two of them containing both commercial hybrids and triguero asparagus and another cluster constituted by 21 genotypes of triguero asparagus, which contain several key flavonol derivatives able to differentiate them. Hence, the triglycosides tentatively identified as quercetin-3-rhamnosyl-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-rhamnosyl-rutinoside, and isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside have been detected only in the genotypes grouped in the above-mentioned cluster. On the other hand, the compound tentatively identified as isorhamnetin-3-glucosyl-rutinoside was present in most genotypes of triguero asparagus, whereas it has not been detected in any of the commercial hybrids.

New leads for selective inhibitors of alpha-L-fucosidases. Synthesis and glycosidase inhibitory activities of [(2R,3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidin-2-yl]furan derivatives.

Readily derived from D-glucose, 5-[(2R,3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidin-2-yl]-2-methyl-3-furoic esters and amides are selective and competitive inhibitors (K(i)> or = 3 microM) of alpha-L-fucosidase from bovine epididymis and from human placenta.

Steam-explosion of olive stones: hemicellulose solubilization and enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose.

Olive stones (whole stones and seed husks in fragments) were processed by steam-explosion under different experimental conditions of temperature and time, 200-236 degrees C for 2-4 min, with or without previous acid impregnation with 0.1%, H2SO4 (w/w). This paper examines the solubilization of hemicelluloses and their molecular weight distribution. The subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the solid residue, using a preparation of cellulase, was also studied. The maximum yield of the pentosan recovered in the water solution was 63% pentose in the starting material for seed husk treated at 200 degrees C for 2 min (log R0 3.24) prior to acid-impregnation, or at 215 degrees C for 2 min (log R0 3.69) without acid, compared to 39% of the potential yield for whole stones pre-impregnated with acid under more severe conditions (at log R0 = 4.07). This indicates that the autohydrolysis of hemicellulose in seed husks when compared to whole stones is enhanced. The molecular weight distribution of profile sugars showed that the depolymerization of hemicelluloses is a function of the severity of the treatment. Steam-explosion improved the accessibility of the cellulose and increased the enzymatic hydrolysis yield after steam-explosion with respect to material without steam explosion (ball-milled material), although little increase in the extent of saccharification occurred when the alkali-soluble lignin was removed. Only when the substrate was post-treated with Na-chlorite was the enzymatic hydrolysis improved, the water-insoluble residue being almost completely hydrolyzed in 8 h of incubation.

Olive fruit cell wall: degradation of cellulosic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides during ripening.

Cellulose and hemicelluloses obtained from the cell walls of partially depectinated olives have been studied at three stages of ripening (green, cherry, and black). Hemicelluloses were fractionated into two groups, the amounts of which diminished during ripening: those soluble in 4% KOH diminished between the cherry and black stages, whereas those soluble in 24% KOH did so between the green and cherry stages. Arabinoxylans, xyloglucans, and homo- and/or rhamnogalacturonans to a lesser extent were present in these fractions. After ion exchange and size exclusion chromatographies, decreases in the molecular weights of hemicelluloses, mainly in the neutral fractions, were observed. The amount of cellulose also decreased, but at the second stage of the ripening process. Approximately 2 mg/fruit of glucose was lost from cellulose, and the amount of uronic acids increased (0.23 mg/fruit).

Anemia hemolítica autoinmune e hipernefroma / Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and hypernephroma

No disponible

Olive fruit cell wall: degradation of pectic polysaccharides during ripening.

Olive fruits at three stages of ripening (green, cherry, and black) have been studied. After cell wall isolation, the compositions of the cell wall and that of the phosphate-soluble polysaccharides were determined. In cell walls, decreases in arabinose, xylose, glucose, and uronic acid levels were observed, together with a slight increase in mannose on ripening. At the beginning of ripening, fragments of pectic polymers were the major constituents of the phosphate-soluble fraction, with the hemicellulosic ones increasing toward the end of the process. The molecular weight of the fragments solubilized was approximately 6 kDa. After cell wall fractionation, the pectic polysaccharides soluble in imidazole and sodium carbonate were also studied. In both fractions, between the green and cherry stages of ripening, a significant loss of homogalacturonans took place. Between the cherry and black stages of ripening, rhamnogalacturonan side chains were also released in addition to homogalacturonans. In any of the pectic fractions, changes in apparent molecular weight were quantified.

Turnover of white asparagus cell wall polysaccharides during postharvest storage.

The main polysaccharides involved in asparagus cell wall turnover have been identified. Homogalacturonans are lost from both the apical and basal sections of the spear. Galactans are mobilized from the cellulose residue of the apical section and recovered in the KOH-soluble fractions while they are lost from the cellulose residue of the basal section. Xyloglucans are incorporated in the apical region and degraded from the basal one. Cellulose is incorporated in the basal region and lost from the apical one, and acidic xylans are incorporated in high amounts in the basal section of the spear.

Postharvest changes in white asparagus cell wall during refrigerated storage.

The postharvest changes of the white asparagus cell wall have been studied in relation to the toughening process along the length of a spear that was divided into three sections: apical, middle, and basal. Polysaccharides underwent significant turnover during storage. Uronic acid concentration decreased in all sections and in almost all polysaccharide fractions, while neutral sugars increased very slightly in the apical section, decreased in the middle, and increased in the basal one. Xylose, glucose, and galactose are the main neutral sugars implicated in the turnover; xylose accumulated in the hemicellulose fractions of the middle and basal sections, glucose decreased in the hemicellulose and cellulose fractions of the middle section and increased in the cellulose fraction of the basal one, and galactose disappeared mostly from the cellulose fractions of the three sections. Lignin increased most in the middle section and least in the basal one. No increase was detected in the apical one. No important increases of wall phenolics were detected in any part of the spear. The hardening process was limited only to the basal section.

Degradation of pectic polysaccharides in pickled green olives.

The changes that occur in the pectic fractions in the cell wall of olives of the Manzanilla variety (Olea europaea pomiformis) during processing (initial treatment at high pH and subsequent lactic fermentation) have been researched. After studying various conditions for fractionating the pectic polysaccharides, the most adequate were chosen, involving sequential extraction with water, imidazole-hydrochloric acid buffer, sodium carbonate, 1 M potassium hydroxide, and 4 M potassium hydroxide. In the unprocessed fruit, the fractions studied consist mainly of high-molecular-weight acidic polysaccharides (70 to 250 kDa): homogalacturonans, rhamnogalacturonans, and branched arabinans. These were found in different proportions depending on the extraction agent used. At the same time, significant amounts of relatively low-molecular-weight (10 to 10.5 kDa) neutral branched arabinans were found in the water-soluble fraction. As a result of the processing, changes occurred in the proportions of the different groups of polysaccharides in accordance with changes in their solubility characteristics. These changes were reflected in the processed fruit by (i) and increase in the neutral branched arabinans in the water-soluble fraction due to the increased presence of such polysaccharides originally found in the carbonate and 4 M KOH-soluble fractions; (ii) an increase in homogalacturonans and rhamnogalacturonans, without significant changes in molecular weights, in the imidazole-soluble fraction as a result of the increased presence of corresponding polysaccharides originally found in the carbonate-soluble and water-soluble fractions; (iii) a substantial increase in uronic acids in the 1 M potassium hydroxide-soluble fraction, preferentially as low-molecular-weight polysaccharides; and (iv) a solubilization of arabinans in the 4 M potassium hydroxide-soluble fraction.

Degradation of hemicellulosic and cellulosic polysaccharides in pickled green olives.

Changes that take place in the hemicellulosic and cellulosic polysaccharide fractions of the cell wall of olives (Olea europaea pomiformis, Manzanilla variety) during "Spanish style" processing have been studied. A comparative study of the extraction of hemicellulosic polysaccharides with and without prior delignification showed that these compounds could be extracted without previous delignification of the cell wall material. The depectinated material was sequentially extracted with 1 M and 4 M potassium hydroxide. In the unprocessed fruit, the neutral polysaccharides of the 1 M potassium hydroxide-soluble fraction contained mainly xyloglucans with significant amounts of arabinans. In the 4 M potassium hydroxide-soluble fraction, xyloglucans were the most important polysaccharide. The apparent molecular weight of these polysaccharides was 40 to 250 kDa. In addition, hemicelluloses (xylans and xyloglucans), which it was not possible to isolate in the previous stages of fractionation, were also found to be closely linked to the cellulose fraction. The most important changes during processing were the decrease in the molecular weight of xyloglucans in the 4 M potassium hydroxide-soluble fraction and the substantial decrease in the cellulose fraction, which in quantitative terms was one of the largest decreases that took place in the components of the total cell wall polysaccharides.

Apparent digestibility of dietary fibre and other components in table olives.

The apparent digestibility of the main components of the olive (Olea europaea arolensis) has been studied using young Wistar rats. An appreciable digestibility of fibre was found (of the order of 31% Neutral Detergent Fibre) and a high digestibility of fats (higher than 60%) and sugars (100% of glucose and 76% of fructose). Some 41% of the protein was digested, a relatively low value when compared with other products. If the diet is previously desalted, the digestibility of the components diminishes. There are significant differences in the digestibility of dry matter, fibre, cellulose and lignin, but not in proteins and fat.

[Management of podalic delivery]. / Conduite lors de l'assistance de l'accouchement podalique.

A study has been made of obstetric assistance in 1 796 podalic version labors between 1966 and 1982, with 12.4% of cesarean sections, an extremely conservative criterion. The corrected intra-and postnatal mortalities were 141.1% and 26.6% for premature and mature deliveries respectively. 744 children were examined between 4 and 10 years after birth, using clinical studies, intelligence quotient measurements by the method of Wppsi or WISC (according to age), EEG observations if necessary and stimulatory, motor and behavioral neurological tests. The results are compared with those of a similar study using 418 control children whose cephalic version births were spontaneous and completely normal. Care should be taken in interpretation of births through the vaginal canal in order to exclude the 30%-50% of cases with a wide safety margin, in which the danger is essentially zero in mature fetuses and in premature fetuses of 2 to 2.5 kg. Cesarean section should be performed almost systematically when the fetus weighs less than 2 kg, so as to avoid any possible danger to the child.