Self-Determined Regulation, Achievement Goals and Sport Commitment in Spanish Masters Swimmers.

This work analyses the motivational regulation, achievement goals and sport commitment of Spanish Masters swimmers, being the first study of its kind. A total of 211 (106 women and 105 men) Masters swimmers from the Federation of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) aged between 20 and 74 participated. Each participant completed the Sport Motivation Scale (motivation regulation), the Achievement Goals Questionnaire for Sport (achievement goals) and the Sport Commitment Questionnaire (sport commitment), all validated for the Spanish population. A mixed rANOVA was performed to analyse the results, using sex and age group as covariates, and the different groupings of the sample (weekly training days, weekly training hours and practice of other sports) as between-participants factors. The results showed that the participants presented a predominantly intrinsic-integrated and identified regulation, rather than introjected and external regulation. Mastery goals were more prevalent than performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals. In addition, current sport commitment was high, being greater than future commitment. Pearson's correlation analysis showed moderate relationships between our variables. We found no influence of either the covariates of sex and age or the grouping variables. These findings serve as the basis for further study of the motivation of Masters swimmers in Spain.

Impact of Physical Activity-Based Interventions on Children and Adolescents' Physical Self-Concept: A Meta-Analysis.

Background: Observational studies associate physical activity (PA) with improved perceptions of children and adolescents' physical self-concept (PSC) and global self-concept (GSC). However, only a few PA-based interventions exist for improving PSC and their results have been inconclusive. Objective: To determine the effect of specific PA-based programmes on the PSC (including its sub-dimensions) and GSC of children and adolescents, and to assess possible moderators. Methods: The databases Web of Science, Scopus, SportDiscus, PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library were reviewed in February 2020. Only studies with pre-post measurements and control groups were included. The impact of PA-based interventions was explored through different meta-analyses and moderator analyses. Results: Altogether, 20 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Positive and significant effects of PA were determined on self-perceived physical appearance (g = 0.13; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.23), self-perceived sport competence (g = 0.30; 95% CI = 0.09, 0.51), self-perceived physical fitness (g = 0.19; 95% CI = 0.05, 0.32), PSC (g = 0.31; 95% CI = 0.10, 0.52), and GSC (g = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.01, 0.33). The existence of additional interventions in PA-based programmes (e.g., interventions focused on psychological factors or healthy habits) moderated the influence of PA on self-perceived sport competence and physical fitness. Moreover, environment and time were distinguished as moderators for self-perceived physical appearance and sport competence. Further, intervention type, gender, and frequency of intervention moderated the effects of PA on PSC. Conclusions: PA-based interventions, especially in school, seem to be beneficial for the development of positive physical self-perceptions.

Diferencias en el autoconcepto entre alumnado con altas capacidades y alumnado general: un metaanálisis desde 2005 hasta 2020 / Differences in self-concept between gifted and non-gifted students: Ameta-analysis from 2005 to 2020

Los estudiantes con altas capacidades, aquellos que presentan una mayor probabilidad de lograr metas extraordinarias en uno o más dominios, generalmente difieren del alumnado general en algunas de las dimensiones del autoconcepto, o la percepción que tiene una persona de sí misma. Sin embargo, la investigación actual sobre altas capacidades ha evolucionado introduciendo nuevos posibles moderadores en estas diferencias por lo que se hace necesaria una actualización sobre el tema. El objetivo del presente metaanálisis (referencia: CRD42018094723) fue sintetizar los estudios desde 2005 sobre las diferencias en el autoconcepto entre estudiantes con altas capacidades y alumnado general. Los resultados mostraron que los alumnos con altas capacidades presentan niveles superiores de autoconcepto global y académico, especialmente el matemático. Sin embargo, no se hallaron diferencias en autoconceptos conductual y emocional, y hubo puntuaciones levemente más bajas en autoconcepto social. En el autoconcepto físico, estos estudiantes puntúan notablemente más bajo que el alumnado general. Las diferencias en esta subdimensión están moderadas por los procedimientos de identificación, la procedencia y la edad, por lo que se sugieren que los estereotipos sociales acerca de las altas capacidades, así como los hábitos de actividad física podrían estar detrás de las dichas diferencias.(AU)

Gifted students (i.e., those who are more likely to achieve ex-traordinary goals in one or more domains) generally differ from the non-gifted students in some of the dimensions of self-concept (i.e., a person's perception of him/herself). However, the current research on giftedness has evolvedto introduce new possible moderators of these differences so it has become necessary to carry out an update on the topic. The aim of the present meta-analysis (reference: CRD42018094723) was to synthesise the studies since 2005 on differences in self-concept between gifted and non-gifted students. The results showed that gifted students have higher levels of general and academic self-concept, especially in math self-concept. However, no differences were found in behavioural and emotion-al self-concepts, andonly slightly lower scores in social self-concept. In physical self-concept they scored significantly lower than non-gifted stu-dents. The differences in this sub-dimension are moderated by identifica-tion procedures, geographical area, and age, so it is suggested that social stereotypes about giftedness as well as physical activity habits may be some of the reasons for these differences.(AU)

Physical Fitness and Peer Relationships in Spanish Preadolescents.

Several studies have linked physical fitness (PF) with improvements in health, at a physiological and psychological level; however, there is little evidence of its relationship with health in the social field. Hence, the main aim of this study was to determine the existing relationship between PF and peer relations, as an indicator of social health in Spanish pre-teens. For that purpose, 642 participants aged 9 to 12 were chosen and given the high-priority Alpha Fitness battery in order to assess the PF, as well as the Classroom Social Experiences Query (CESC) to assess their social status. The results showed that those students with a better cardio-respiratory fitness obtained more nominations from their classmates in pro-sociality and positive status, and fewer in victimisation and negative status. Additionally, although to a lesser extent, muscular fitness was also related to a higher positive status and lower victimisation. The weight condition was also related to social behaviours, although the resulting data were differentiated by sex. While females with a standard weight stood out for their positive status, underweight males obtained worse results in positive status and fewer in negative status. These results all correspond with the aesthetic models imposed by society for females and males, respectively. These results show that PF is related to social health, which makes necessary the promotion of physical activity and the development of PF within the school environment, with attention to its relationship with the social health of the students.

Body Dissatisfaction in Adolescents: Differences by Sex, BMI and Type and Organisation of Physical Activity.

The aim of this study was to assess the differences in body dissatisfaction (BD) of male and female adolescents by body max index (BMI) and the quantity, type and organisation of physical activity (PA). To do so, 652 adolescents aged 12-17 years participated in a cross-sectional study. The cognitive-affective component of BD was assessed with the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and the perceptual component with Gardner's scale for the assessment of, body image (BI). PA was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF) and the item 1 from the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A). The results show that sex and BMI are key variables when determining BD. Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was moderately associated with a greater body satisfaction in males but no association was found between BD and the participation and organisation of PA. Moreover, the results suggest that participants in aesthetic/lean PA are at a higher risk of suffering from BD than participants in other PA types. These findings provide useful information for the design of programmes promoting healthy lifestyles, weight control and BI concern during the school period.

Effect of Physical Activity on Self-Concept: Theoretical Model on the Mediation of Body Image and Physical Self-Concept in Adolescents.

Objective: The aim of this research was to study the mediation of body dissatisfaction, physical self-concept, and body mass index (BMI) on the relationship between physical activity and self-concept in adolescents. Materials and Methods: A sample of 652 Spanish students between 12 and 17 years participated in a cross-sectional study. Physical self-concept and general self-concept were assessed with the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire (CAF), body dissatisfaction with the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), and physical activity was estimated with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). BMI was utilized as a measurement of body composition. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the results. Results: The resulting models showed good fit indexes. Final model for all participants explained the 17% of the variance of body dissatisfaction, 57% of physical self-concept, and 60% of general self-concept. Physical activity had a positive and indirect effect on self-concept (ß = 0.29, p < 0.01) and direct effects on body dissatisfaction (ß = -0.26, p < 0.01) and physical self-concept (ß = 0.20, p < 0.01). BMI had a direct effect on body dissatisfaction (ß = 0.31, p < 0.01) and on physical self-concept (ß = -0.10, p < 0.01) and an indirect effect on general self-concept (ß = -0.24, p < 0.01). However, it was only associated with physical activity in males, playing a mediating role between physical activity and body dissatisfaction. Conclusion: Physical activity can help individuals to achieve a positive self-concept and promote psychological well-being in adolescents through the improvement of physical perceptions and body satisfaction. The importance of BMI, body dissatisfaction, and physical self-concept on the configuration of the self-concept is also emphasized. Educational policymakers and Physical Education teachers should implement strategies to promote physical activity in the schools and provide a Quality Physical Education programs to increase physical activity during adolescence.

Percepción del tamaño corporal e insatisfacción en Niños de 3 a 6 años: una revisión sistemática / Perception of body size and dissatisfaction in children aged 3 to 6: a systematic review

La imagen corporal es un constructo ampliamente estudiado, sobre todo en lo que se refiere a la percepción e insatisfacción con la propia imagen. La mayoría de las investigaciones se centran en la adolescencia y adultez, aunque los problemas de insatisfacción aparecen cada vez a edades más tempranas. Por tanto, el propósito de este estudio fue analizar los hallazgos más transcendentes sobre insatisfacción corporal y percepción del propio tamaño corporal en niños de 3 a 6 años (segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil). A tal fin, se usaron las bases de datos de Medline, SportDiscus, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Dialnet, ProQuest y EBSCO, de las cuales se seleccionaron 22 estudios, en base a criterios de exclusión como el idioma, la revisión por pares y la medición objetiva del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) de los niños. Los resultados son diversos en cuanto a los niveles de insatisfacción, lo cual hace imposible establecer conclusiones acertadas sobre las características y prevalencia de dicha variable a estas edades. Entre las principales razones de esta dificultad destaca el tipo de instrumento empleado y las dificultades de los niños para percibir su cuerpo con exactitud (AU)

Body image is a construct that has been widely studied, particularly with regard to image perception and dissatisfaction. Though most research studies focus on adolescence and adulthood, dissatisfaction problems are manifesting themselves at increasingly early ages. The aim of this study was, therefore, to analyse the most significant findings on body dissatisfaction and body-size perception among children aged 3 to 6 (second cycle of pre-school education). To this end the Medline, SportDiscus, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Dialnet, ProQuest and EBSCO databases were used, and from which a total of 22 studies were selected in accordance with exclusion criteria such as language, peer review and the objective measurement of the body mass index (BMI) of children. In terms of levels of dissatisfaction, results vary widely, making it impossible to draw sound conclusions on the nature and prevalence of this variable at these ages. The main reasons for this include the type of instrument used and the difficulties children had in perceiving their bodies correctly (AU)

Muscle dysmorphia: detection of the use-abuse of anabolic adrogenic steroids in a Spanish sample. / Dismorfia Muscular: detección del uso-abuso de esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos en una muestra española.

Due to a distortion in the body image, the people who suffer from muscle dysmorphia have the self-perception of being less muscular than they currently are. With the aim of increasing their muscular development, they resort to the use of AAS. The purpose of the present study is to know the prevalence of the use of AAS in a Spanish sample affected by muscle dysmorphia. 562 male and 172 female bodybuilders and weightlifters were provided with different questionnaires in order to know, firstly, if they suffered from this disorder and, secondly, the percentage of the participants affected who use these substances. Decision trees and regression was applied to create explanatory models for muscle dysmorphia (R = 0.78 and R2 = 0.62). The results show that almost 50% of the participants, male and female, affected by this disorder use this kind of drugs.

Las personas que padecen Dismorfia Muscular (DM) debido a una distorsión en la imagen corporal, se perciben menos musculosas de lo que son en realidad. Para paliar este problema y con el fin de aumentar su musculatura, algunas de estas personas hacen uso de hormonas ilegales, como son los esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos (EAA), cuya función principal es aumentar la musculatura. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la prevalencia del uso de EAA en personas afectadas por Dismorfia Muscular. La muestra de este estudio estaba compuesta de 562 hombres y 172 mujeres fisicoculturistas y levantadores de pesas, a los que se le administraron medidas antropométricas, la ecuación Fat-Free Mass Index, el cuestionario Escala de Satisfacción Muscular y el test informatizado Somatomorphic Matrix. Como resultado se crearon diferentes modelos de regresión de la DM, empleando las técnicas estadísticas de árboles de decisión (R = .78 y R2 = .62) de minería de datos. La principal conclusión es que el 50% de participantes afectados por este trastorno usa EAA.

Dismorfia Muscular: detección del uso-abuso de esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos en una muestra española / Muscle dysmorphia: detection of the use-abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids in a Spanish sample

Las personas que padecen Dismorfia Muscular (DM) debido a una distorsión en la imagen corporal, se perciben menos musculosas de lo que son en realidad. Para paliar este problema y con el fin de aumentar su musculatura, algunas de estas personas hacen uso de hormonas ilegales, como son los esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos (EAA), cuya función principal es aumentar la musculatura. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la prevalencia del uso de EAA en personas afectadas por Dismorfia Muscular. La muestra de este estudio estaba compuesta de 562 hombres y 172 mujeres fisicoculturistas y levantadores de pesas, a los que se le administraron medidas antropométricas, la ecuación Fat-Free Mass Index, el cuestionario Escala de Satisfacción Muscular y el test informatizado Somatomorphic Matrix. Como resultado se crearon diferentes modelos de regresión de la DM, empleando las técnicas estadísticas de árboles de decisión (R = .78 y R2 = .62) de minería de datos. La principal conclusión es que el 50% de participantes afectados por este trastorno usa EAA

People who suffer from muscle dysmorphia due to a distorted body image perceive themselves as less muscular than they actually are. With the aim of increasing their muscular development, they resort to the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). The purpose of this study is to know the prevalence of the use of AAS in a Spanish sample affected by muscle dysmorphia. The study sample was comprised of 562 male and 172 female bodybuilders and weightlifters who were applied anthropometric measurements, Fat-Free Mass Index equation, Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, and Somatomorphic Matrix software. The results show the creation of decision trees and a regression model was used to create explanatory models for muscle dysmorphia (R = .78 and R2 = .62). The main conclusion is that almost 50% of both male and female participants affected by this disorder use this kind of AAS

Relación entre imagen corporal y autoconcepto físico en mujeres adolescentes / Relationship between body image and physical self-concept in adolescent females

El presente estudio examina las diferencias existentes entre los distintos subdominios del autoconcepto físico, en función de la insatisfacción corporal y el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Participaron 447 mujeres adolescentes españolas entre 12 y 17 años de edad, a las que se aplicó el Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico (CAF), el instrumento Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) y la Escala de Evaluación de la Imagen Corporal de Gardner, además de recopilarse datos antropométricos para calcular su IMC. Los resultados informan de que una mayor insatisfacción corporal y un IMC más alto se relacionan con peores percepciones físicas, especialmente en relación con el atractivo, y con un autoconcepto más devaluado. Como conclusión, se destaca la importancia de una imagen corporal saludable en la configuración del autoconcepto físico y general de la mujer adolescente.

This study examines the differences between the different subdomains of physical self-concept, based on body dissatisfaction and Body Mass Index (BMI). A sample of 447 spanish female adolescents aged 12 to 17 participated in this study, and were administered the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire (CAF), the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), and Gardner's Scale for the Assessment of Body Image. Anthropometric data was collected to calculate their BMI. The results indicate that greater body dissatisfaction and higher BMI were associated with worse physical perceptions, especially in relation to appearance and a more devalued self-concept. In conclusion, the importance of a healthy body image is highlighted, as it configures the self - and general - concept in adolescent females. Further details are reported in the text.

Physical perceptions and self-concept in athletes with muscle dysmorphia symptoms

Individuals affected by Muscle Dysmorphia (MD; body image disorder based on the sub estimation of muscle size), practice weightlifting in order to alleviate their muscular dissatisfaction. Although physical activity is associated with increased physical self-perception, we assume that this was not reproduced in full in people with MD. The study sample consisted of 734 weightlifters and bodybuilders, 562 men and 172 women, who completed the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire, and from whom measures of body fat and Fat -Free Mass Index (FFMI) were obtained. The results showed that people suffering from MD symptoms, overall, have poorer physical self-concept perceptions (F = 18.46 - 34.77, p < .01) (AU)

No disponible

Physical perceptions and self-concept in athletes with muscle dysmorphia symptoms.

Individuals affected by Muscle Dysmorphia (MD; body image disorder based on the sub estimation of muscle size), practice weightlifting in order to alleviate their muscular dissatisfaction. Although physical activity is associated with increased physical self-perception, we assume that this was not reproduced in full in people with MD. The study sample consisted of 734 weightlifters and bodybuilders, 562 men and 172 women, who completed the Escala de Satisfacción Muscular, the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire, and from whom measures of body fat and Fat -Free Mass Index (FFMI) were obtained. The results showed that people suffering from MD symptoms, overall, have poorer physical self-concept perceptions (F = 18.46 - 34.77, p < .01).

Contribución para el criterio diagnóstico de la Dismorfia Muscular (Vigorexia) / Contribution of the diagnostic criteria for muscle dysmorphia (Bigorexia)

La Dismorfia Muscular o Vigorexia, es un trastorno mental cuyo foco de preocupación es la subestimación del tamaño y forma muscular, como consecuencia de la distorsión en la imagen corporal que padecen las personas afectadas. Se trata de un trastorno novedoso y, por lo tanto, no se encuentra clasificado en los manuales de desórdenes y trastornos mentales existentes. Mientras unos autores proponen su clasificación bajo un Trastorno de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA), otros defienden que se trata de un Trastorno Dismórfico Corporal (TDC), o incluso se ha llegado a justificar su posible clasificación como Trastorno Obsesivo-Compulsivo (TOC). Ante la disparidad de criterio, en el presente estudio pretendemos contribuir en la clasificación de la Dismorfia Muscular, como desorden mental, mediante la técnica de clasificación árbol de decisión. Los elementos que cobran mayor relevancia dentro de este método clasificatorio son aquellos relacionados con el tamaño y forma corporal que los participantes tienen, se perciben y desean. A la luz de estos resultados contribuimos a clasificar la Dismorfia Muscular bajo el prisma de un TDC (AU)

Muscle Dysmorphia or Bigorexia is a mental disorder whose focus of concern is the underestimation of body size and shape as a result of the distortion in body image experienced by those affected. This is a new mental disorder and, therefore, is not yet classified in the manuals for mental disorders. While some authors propose its classification under an Eating Disorder (ED), others argue that it is a Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), or have even been able to justify its classification as an Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Due to the disparity of opinions, this study aims to contribute to classifying Muscle Dysmorphia, as a mental disorder, by the decision tree classification technique of data mining. The items that take on increasing importance within this classification method are the ones related to body size and shape that participants have, perceive and desire. The results inform us that the most important variables are related to a BDD. This is the reason why we contribute to classifying Muscle Dysmorphia through the diagnostic criteria of BDD (AU)