The Dental Aesthetic Index and Its Association with Dental Caries, Dental Plaque and Socio-Demographic Variables in Schoolchildren Aged 12 and 15 Years.

The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) was determined in 12- and 15-year-old schoolchildren to ascertain the prevalence of malocclusion and to assess its association with dental caries experience, dental plaque accumulation, and socio-demographic variables. We performed a cross-sectional study with a stratified two-stage sampling design. An oral health survey and oral examination were conducted, and socio-demographic data were recorded. The sample comprised 1453 schoolchildren aged 12 (868) and 15 (585). These two samples were analyzed separately because statistically significant differences were found: the 12-year-old age group displayed a higher frequency of schoolchildren who attended state-run public schools (p = 0.004) and belonged to a lower social class (p = 0.001); the 15-year-old age group registered higher levels of caries (p = 0.001) and lower levels of dental plaque (p < 0.001). The malocclusion was 9.5% higher (p = 0.001), and the global mean DAI score was likewise higher among the 12-year-olds (p < 0.001). The multivariate regression analysis not only showed that caries and dental plaque were the variables that were the most strongly associated with malocclusion, but that caries (OR = 1.5) and dental plaque (OR > 2) were also risk factors for malocclusion in both groups. In conclusion, this study revealed a higher prevalence of malocclusion and dental plaque at age 12. A higher risk of caries and dental plaque was found to be related to the presence of malocclusion in both age groups.

Oral health knowledge, attitudes and practice in 12-year-old schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the association between knowledge, attitudes and practice of oral health in 12-year-old schoolchildren, and to analyse the findings in terms of the conventional KAP health-education model and of the critical approach. STUDY DESIGN: This study has a cross sectional design. The study participants were 1105 randomly selected 12-year-old children resident in the region of Galicia in Spain. For data collection, five teams of one dentist and one assistant were formed. The dentist carried out the physical examination and the assistant helped the subjects to answer the questionnaire. Knowledge, attitudes and practice were assessed, as well as oral health indicators. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify variables affecting practice (as measured by extent of plaque). RESULTS: The results of this study show how that there is an important association between oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practice in 12-year-old schoolchildren in this region. However, the results also show that attitude is not totally explained by knowledge, so that attitude cannot be understood simply as an intermediate variable in a knowledge practice causal chain. Specifically, the results indicate that sociocultural environment modifies the association knowledge, attitudes and practice. CONCLUSIONS: Within oral health education it is clearly important to increase public knowledge of the risk factors for dental disease. However, the efficacy of such education will be limited if health programs do not directly impinge on attitudes, and take into account factors related to the environment, education, social status and economic level of the targeted population.

Oral health knowledge, attitudes and practice in 12-year-old schoolchildren

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Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the association between knowledge, attitudes and practice of oral health in 12-year-old schoolchildren, and to analyse the findings in terms of the conventional KAP health-education model and of the critical approach.Study design: This study has a cross sectional design. The study participants were 1105 randomly selected 12-year-old children resident in the region of Galicia in Spain. For data collection, five teams of one dentist and one assistant were formed. The dentist carried out the physical examination and the assistant helped the subjects to answer the questionnaire.Knowledge, attitudes and practice were assessed, as well as oral health indicators. Multiple regression analysiswas used to identify variables affecting practice (as measured by extent of plaque).Results: The results of this study show how that there is an important association between oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practice in 12-year-old schoolchildren in this region. However, the results also show that attitude is not totallyexplained by knowledge, so that attitude cannot be understood simply as an intermediate variable in a knowledge¨ practice causal chain. Specifically, the results indicate that sociocultural environment modifies the association knowledge, attitudes and practice.Conclusions: Within oral health education it is clearly important to increase public knowledge of the risk factors for dental disease. However, the efficacy of such education will be limited if health programs do not directly impinge onattitudes, and take into account factors related to the environment, education, social status and economic level of the targeted population

Tabaco y salud oral en estudiantes de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela / Oral health and tobacco in students at Santiago de Compostela University

Objetivo. Describir los hábitos de salud oral y consumo de tabaco en los estudiantes de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal en estudiantes universitarios mediante encuesta sobre hábitos de salud oral y tabaco, exploración de la cavidad oral y determinación de monóxido de carbono (CO) en aire espirado. Resultados. Se realizaron 1279 encuestas, el 27´5% a hombres y el 72´5% a mujeres. La media de edad fue de 21´4 años. Nueve de cada diez sujetos dice que se lava los dientes después de cada comida y el 8 de cada diez que le dedica más de un minuto a su higiene oral en cada cepillado. El número medio de cepillos dentales utilizados en un año fue superior a 3. Prácticamente el 100% de los encuestados ha acudido alguna vez al dentista por diferentes motivos. Se realizaron 342 exploraciones bucodentales, en las que se halló un índice CAOD superior a 3 y un índice de restauración próximo al 70%. Con respecto al hábito de fumar, el 32´4% dice que fuma en la actualidad, con una media de 11´15 cigarrillos al día. La edad media de inicio de consumo fue a los 16 años. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en ninguna de las variables estudiadas entre fumadores y no fumadores excepto en las tinciones dentarias y en la cantidad de pasta utilizada. La media de CO en aire espirado fue de 12,6 en los fumadores. Conclusiones. En los universitarios hay un elevado grado de concienciación sobre hábitos de salud oral y consumo de tabaco, mayor que en la población general de esa edad. No se observan diferencias en los hábitos ni en el estado de salud oral entre fumadores y no fumadores (AU)

Objective. The aim of this study was to describe the habits related to oral health and to determine the patterns of tobacco smoking among students at the University of Santiago de Compostela. Material and Methods. Advanced students in dentistry carried out a survey on habits and an examination of the oral cavity of their peers. They also determined CO concentration in exhaled air. Results. The questionnaires were answered by 1279 students, 27.5% of which were male and 72.5% female. The mean age of the sample was 21.4 years. Among respondents, 90% washed their teeth after eating, above 80% spent more than 1 minute in their oral hygiene and used an average of more than 3 toothbrushes per year. Nearly 100% of the sample visited the dentist. We performed 342 examinations which resulted in a DMF rate of 3.71 and a restoration rate of 70.8%; 32.4% of the population smoked an average of 11.5 cigarettes per day. The most frequent starting age of the habit was 16 years-old. No significant differences were found between smokers and non smokers for most of the studied variables with the exceptions of the presence of discolored teeth, the amount of toothpaste used for brushing teeth and the subjective perception of oral health. The average value of expired CO in smokers was 12.6. Conclusions. Among students of our university there is a high degree of awareness concerning oral health. Tobacco smoking habit is less frequent than in the general population in the same age range. There were no differences between smokers and non smokers for oral health and oral health habits (AU)

Tabaco y salud oral en estudiantes de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela / Oral health and tobacco in students at Santiago de Compostela University

Objetivo. Describir los hábitos de salud oral y consumo de tabaco en los estudiantes de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal en estudiantes universitarios mediante encuesta sobre hábitos de salud oral y tabaco, exploración de la cavidad oral y determinación de monóxido de carbono (CO) en aire espirado. Resultados. Se realizaron 1279 encuestas, el 27´5% a hombres y el 72´5% a mujeres. La media de edad fue de 21´4 años. Nueve de cada diez sujetos dice que se lava los dientes después de cada comida y el 8 de cada diez que le dedica más de un minuto a su higiene oral en cada cepillado. El número medio de cepillos dentales utilizados en un año fue superior a 3. Prácticamente el 100% de los encuestados ha acudido alguna vez al dentista por diferentes motivos. Se realizaron 342 exploraciones bucodentales, en las que se halló un índice CAOD superior a 3 y un índice de restauración próximo al 70%. Con respecto al hábito de fumar, el 32´4% dice que fuma en la actualidad, con una media de 11´15 cigarrillos al día. La edad media de inicio de consumo fue a los 16 años. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en ninguna de las variables estudiadas entre fumadores y no fumadores excepto en las tinciones dentarias y en la cantidad de pasta utilizada. La media de CO en aire espirado fue de 12,6 en los fumadores. Conclusiones. En los universitarios hay un elevado grado de concienciación sobre hábitos de salud oral y consumo de tabaco, mayor que en la población general de esa edad. No se observan diferencias en los hábitos ni en el estado de salud oral entre fumadores y no fumadores

Objective. The aim of this study was to describe the habits related to oral health and to determine the patterns of tobacco smoking among students at the University of Santiago de Compostela. Material and Methods. Advanced students in dentistry carried out a survey on habits and an examination of the oral cavity of their peers. They also determined CO concentration in exhaled air. Results. The questionnaires were answered by 1279 students, 27.5% of which were male and 72.5% female. The mean age of the sample was 21.4 years. Among respondents, 90% washed their teeth after eating, above 80% spent more than 1 minute in their oral hygiene and used an average of more than 3 toothbrushes per year. Nearly 100% of the sample visited the dentist. We performed 342 examinations which resulted in a DMF rate of 3.71 and a restoration rate of 70.8%; 32.4% of the population smoked an average of 11.5 cigarettes per day. The most frequent starting age of the habit was 16 years-old. No significant differences were found between smokers and non smokers for most of the studied variables with the exceptions of the presence of discolored teeth, the amount of toothpaste used for brushing teeth and the subjective perception of oral health. The average value of expired CO in smokers was 12.6. Conclusions. Among students of our university there is a high degree of awareness concerning oral health. Tobacco smoking habit is less frequent than in the general population in the same age range. There were no differences between smokers and non smokers for oral health and oral health habits

Angular photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissue facial profile.

All medical specialties interested in improving facial appearance need to measure the face to quantify the desired facial changes. The purpose of this investigation was to obtain objective average measurements of the soft tissue facial profile to use them as a guide for aesthetic treatment goals. The analysis of the soft tissue facial profile from photographic records provides information on the morphology of the profile and its relationship with the underlying dentoskeletal tissues. In this investigation the soft tissue facial profile of a young adult European Caucasian population (212 individual, 50 males and 162 females, 18-20 years of age) was studied by means of standardized photographic records taken in the natural head position (NHP). Angular measurements were analysed digitally. Sexual dimorphism was found for several angles: nasofrontal (G-N-Prn: P < 0.01), vertical nasal (Cm-Sn/N-Prn: P < 0.01), nasal (N-Prn/TV: P < 0.01), nasal dorsum (N-Mn-Prn: P < 0.05), and mandibular contour (C-Me/G-Pg: P < 0.01). Wide individual variations in nasolabial and mentolabial angles were also observed.

Linear photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissue facial profile.

This study digitally analyzes the soft tissue facial profile of a European white population of young adults by means of linear measurements made on standardized photographic records taken in natural head position. The application of the Student t test showed sexual dimorphism in most parameters of the labial, nasal, and chin areas. In general, males had greater heights and lengths as well as greater prominences of these 3 areas. They also had greater nasal and facial depths at the level of the tragus point.