ABSTRACT
The LQFM05 is a prototype drug designed for treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, exhibiting anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like (12 or 24 µmol/kg) effects in classical behavioral tests. In order to evaluate its pharmacokinetic properties, a liquid chromatography method coupled to a quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry system (LC-QTOF/MS) was developed and fully validated for LQFM05 analysis in rat plasma and tissue samples (brain, heart, liver, and kidneys). Liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction and protein precipitation were assessed as clean-up procedures for biological samples and analyte enrichment. Plasma and tissue samples underwent protein precipitation as a preliminary step, using acetonitrile. Linearity was fully demonstrated for the dynamic range (10.0 to 900.0 ng/mL), with r2 values higher than 0.99 (RSDslope ≤ 2%, Fcal < Ftab, Ccal < Ctab). Biodistribution studies in rats revealed high brain tissue concentrations (12.4 µg/g), suggesting elevated drug affinity to the main therapeutic target tissue, showing a blood partition coefficient of 1.9. Kidneys also showed great exposure and tissue affinity, suggesting a potential extrahepatic clearance. Likewise, all examined tissues exhibited satisfactory LQFMF05 distribution. The mass fragmentation spectrum indicated the presence of its main metabolite, LQFM235, yielded by high hepatic hydroxylation route, an equally bioactive derivative. Lastly, the developed LC-QTOF/MS method was shown to be sensitive (LOQ = 10 ng/mL), precise and accurate for LQFM05 determination in tissue homogenates and plasma samples.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a autoestima, a imagem corporal e a depressão de adolescentes em diferentes estados nutricionais. Método Participaram 418 adolescentes com idade entre 14 e 18 anos. Quatro questionários foram utilizados: Caracterização; Inventário de Depressão Infantil; Escala de Autoestima; e Escala de Silhuetas. Os estados nutricionais foram classificados por meio do Índice de Massa Corporal. Resultados Meninos apresentaram maior prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade, menor depressão e insatisfação corporal e maior autoestima do que as meninas (p<0,001). A depressão teve relação negativa com a autoestima (p<0,01), que também se associou negativamente com a insatisfação corporal (p<0,01). Embora adolescentes em estados nutricionais superiores fossem mais insatisfeitos (p<0,001), o IMC se relacionou à insatisfação corporal apenas das meninas (p<0,01). Enquanto para os meninos a relação entre a depressão e a insatisfação corporal foi negativa (p<0,01), para as meninas foi positiva (p<0,01). Conclusão Concluindo, adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesos apresentaram maior insatisfação corporal. Depressão e autoestima estão associadas à imagem corporal, e não ao IMC, demonstrando que as subjetividades dos adolescentes devem ser valorizadas. As diferenças identificadas entre os sexos devem ser melhor investigadas.(AU)
ABSTRACT Objective To investigate self-esteem, body image and depression in adolescents under different nutritional conditions. The study included 418 adolescents (14-18 years old). Methodology Four questionnaires were administered: Characterization; Child Depression Inventory; Self-esteem Scale, and Body Image Questionnaire. The nutritional conditions were classified using the Body Mass Index (BMI). Results Boys had a higher prevalence of overweight or obesity, a lower depression and body dissatisfaction rate, and higher self-esteem than girls (p<0.001). Depression was negatively related to self-esteem (p<0.01), which also had a negative association with body dissatisfaction (p<0.01). Even though adolescents with superior nutritional conditions were more dissatisfied (p<0.001), the BMI was related to body dissatisfaction only in girls (p<0.01). Regarding the relation between depression and body dissatisfaction, it was negative for boys (p<0.01), but positive for girls (p<0.01). Conclusion Overweight or obese adolescents have higher body dissatisfaction. Depression and self-esteem are related to body image, and not to BMI, demonstrating that the subjectivity of adolescents must be assessed. The differences identified between boys and girls for these relations must be further investigated.(AU)
Objetivo Investigar la autoestima, la imagen corporal y la depresión en adolescentes en diferentes estados nutricionales. Métodos Participaron en la investigación 418 adolescentes de 14 a 18 años. Se utilizaron cuatro cuestionarios: Caracterización; Inventario de Depresión Infantil; Escala de Autoestima; Escala de Siluetas. El estado nutricional se clasificó utilizando el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC). Resultados Los niños tenían una mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, menor depresión y insatisfacción corporal y mayor autoestima que las niñas (p<0,001). La depresión se relacionó negativamente con la autoestima (p<0,01), que también se asocia negativamente con la insatisfacción corporal (p<0,01). Aunque los adolescentes de mayor estatus nutricional estaban más insatisfechos (p<0,001), el IMC se relaciona con la insatisfacción corporal sólo para niñas (p<0,01). Para los niños la relación entre la depresión y la insatisfacción corporal fue negativa (p<0,01) y para las niñas fue positiva (p<0,01). Conclusión Adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesos tenían una mayor insatisfacción corporal. La depresión y la autoestima están asociados con la imagen corporal, pero no al índice de masa corporal, lo que demuestra que las subjetividades de los adolescentes deben ser valoradas. Las diferencias observadas entre los sexos deben ser mejor investigadas.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Self Concept , Nutritional Status/physiology , Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Depression/psychology , Body Mass Index , Nutrition Assessment , Surveys and Questionnaires , Motor ActivityABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate self-esteem, body image and depression in adolescents under different nutritional conditions. The study included 418 adolescents (14-18 years old). METHODOLOGY: Four questionnaires were administered: Characterization; Child Depression Inventory; Self-esteem Scale, and Body Image Questionnaire. The nutritional conditions were classified using the Body Mass Index (BMI). RESULTS: Boys had a higher prevalence of overweight or obesity, a lower depression and body dissatisfaction rate, and higher self-esteem than girls (p<0.001). Depression was negatively related to self-esteem (p<0.01), which also had a negative association with body dissatisfaction (p<0.01). Even though adolescents with superior nutritional conditions were more dissatisfied (p<0.001), the BMI was related to body dissatisfaction only in girls (p<0.01). Regarding the relation between depression and body dissatisfaction, it was negative for boys (p<0.01), but positive for girls (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Overweight or obese adolescents have higher body dissatisfaction. Depression and self-esteem are related to body image, and not to BMI, demonstrating that the subjectivity of adolescents must be assessed. The differences identified between boys and girls for these relations must be further investigated.
