ABSTRACT
The knowledge of the lithological context is necessary to interpret trace elements concentrations in the soil. Soil magnetic signature (χ) and soil X-ray fluorescence (XRF) are promising approaches in the study of the spatial variability of trace elements and the environmental monitoring of soil quality. This research aimed to assess the efficiency of measurements of χ and XRF sensors for spatial characterization of zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) contents in soils of a sandstone-basalt transitional environment, using machine learning modeling. The studied area consisted of the Western Plateau of São Paulo (WPSP), with soils originating from sandstone and basalt. A total of 253 soil samples were collected at a depth of 0.0-0.2 m. The soils were characterized by particle size and chemical analysis: organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), ammonium oxalate-extracted iron (Feo), sodium dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate-extracted iron (Fed), and sulfuric acid-extracted iron (Fet). Hematite (Hm), goethite (Gt), kaolinite (Kt), and gibbsite (Gb) contents were obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Magnetite (Mt) and maghemite (Mh) contents were obtained by soil χ, while trace elements contents were obtained by XRF and predicted by χ. Descriptive analysis, the test of means, and correlation were performed between attributes. Zn, Mn, and Cu contents were predicted using the machine learning algorithm random forest, and the spatial variability was obtained using the ordinary kriging interpolation technique. Landscape dissections influenced iron oxides, which had the highest contents in slightly dissected environments. Trace elements contents were not influenced by landscape dissections, demonstrating that lithological knowledge is necessary to characterize trace elements in soils. The prediction models developed through the machine learning algorithm random forest showed that χ can be used to characterize trace elements. The similar spatial pattern of trace elements obtained by XRF and χ measurements confirm the applicability of these sensors for mapping it under lithological and landscape transition, aiming for sustainable strategic planning of land use and occupation.
Subject(s)
Trace Elements , X-Rays , Fluorescence , Brazil , Zinc , Iron , ManganeseABSTRACT
A mordida cruzada anterior é uma maloclusão, na qual ocorre um relacionamento vestibulolingual anormal entre os incisivos superiores e inferiores. O diagnóstico precoce realizado pelo odontopediatria evita o comprometimento estético e funcional do sistema estomatognático ao longo do crescimento infantil. Alterações das bases ósseas, musculares, dentárias, traumatismo, perda precoce de dentes decíduos, hábitos de sucção e postura são considerados fatores etiológicos. A atenção precoce do odontopediatra na identificação da mordida cruzada anterior deve ser pautada na experiência e embasamento científico. O organismo infantil em crescimento sugere neste momento pequenas intervenções, as quais podem impactar em resultados futuros valiosos para a promoção de saúde e qualidade de vida do paciente infantil. O tratamento desta maloclusão deve ser iniciado tão logo a alteração seja identificada, e para isso é essencial a identificação e classificação clínica da maloclusão. Atualmente conta-se com diversos dispositivos ortodônticos, de indicações variadas para o tratamento precoce da maloclusão. O odontopediatra, por ser o profissional que atua em dentições decíduas e mistas deve estar apto a exercer a intervenção ortodôntica precocemente para reestabelecer a saúde e promover qualidade de vida ao pequeno paciente(AU)
The anterior crossbite is a malocclusion, in which an abnormal vestibulolingual relationship occurs between the upper and lower incisors. The early diagnosis performed by pediatric dentistry avoids the aesthetic and functional impairment of the stomatognathic system throughout child growth. Alterations of bone, muscle, dental bases, trauma, early loss of deciduous teeth, sucking habits and posture are considered etiological factors of this malocclusion. The early attention of the pediatric dentist in the identification of malocclusion should be based on experience and scientific background. The growing infant organism at this time suggests small interventions, which may impact valuable future outcomes for oral and general health promotion. The treatment of this malocclusion should be started as soon as the alteration is identified, and for this the identification and clinical classification of the malocclusion is essential. Several orthodontic devices are currently available, with varied indications for the early treatment of malocclusion. The pediatric dentist, because he is the professional that works in deciduous and mixed dentitions, must be able to exert orthodontic intervention early to restore health and promote quality of life for the small patient(AU)
