Linezolid and vancomycin for nosocomial infections in pediatric patients: a systematic review

Abstract Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of linezolid and vancomycin for the treatment of nosocomial infections in children under 12 years old. Data sources: This is a systematic review in which five randomized clinical trials about the effectiveness of linezolid and vancomycin, involving a total of 429 children with nosocomial infections, were evaluated. They were searched in scientific databases: PubMed, Bvs, and SciELO. Summary of findings: The main nosocomial infections that affected children were bacteremia, skin, and soft tissue infections followed by nosocomial pneumonia. Most infections were caused by Gram-positive bacteria, which all studies showed infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci strains being isolated. Both linezolid and vancomycin showed high therapeutic efficacy against different types of nosocomial infections, ranging from 84.4% to 94% for linezolid and 76.9% to 90% for vancomycin. Patients receiving linezolid had lower rates of rash and red man syndrome compared to those receiving vancomycin. However, despite the adverse reactions, antimicrobials can be safely administered to children to treat nosocomial infections caused by resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Conclusion: Both linezolid and vancomycin showed good efficacy in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by resistant Gram-positive bacteria in hospitalized children. However, linezolid stands out regarding its pharmacological safety. Importantly, to strengthen this conclusion, further clinical trials are needed to provide additional evidence.

Linezolid and vancomycin for nosocomial infections in pediatric patients: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of linezolid and vancomycin for the treatment of nosocomial infections in children under 12 years old. DATA SOURCES: This is a systematic review in which five randomized clinical trials about the effectiveness of linezolid and vancomycin, involving a total of 429 children with nosocomial infections, were evaluated. They were searched in scientific databases: PubMed, Bvs, and SciELO. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS: The main nosocomial infections that affected children were bacteremia, skin, and soft tissue infections followed by nosocomial pneumonia. Most infections were caused by Gram-positive bacteria, which all studies showed infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci strains being isolated. Both linezolid and vancomycin showed high therapeutic efficacy against different types of nosocomial infections, ranging from 84.4% to 94% for linezolid and 76.9% to 90% for vancomycin. Patients receiving linezolid had lower rates of rash and red man syndrome compared to those receiving vancomycin. However, despite the adverse reactions, antimicrobials can be safely administered to children to treat nosocomial infections caused by resistant Gram-positive bacteria. CONCLUSION: Both linezolid and vancomycin showed good efficacy in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by resistant Gram-positive bacteria in hospitalized children. However, linezolid stands out regarding its pharmacological safety. Importantly, to strengthen this conclusion, further clinical trials are needed to provide additional evidence.

Seed bank analysis and species similarity in the Guarnição da Aeronáutica de Pirassununga (São Paulo State, Brazil) / Análise do banco de sementes e similaridade de espécies na Guarnição da Aeronáutica de Pirassununga (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil)

Riparian forests suffered from forest fragmentation, which in turn promote the change in the pattern of seed dispersion and modification of soil seed bank.  The aim of this study is to indicate the main species that make up the seed bank of a stretch of riparian forest of the Mogi Guaçu River continued to a fragment of semidecidual forest, located in the Guarnição da Aeronáutica de Pirassununga. It was delimited ten plots of 10 x 10 m. Four soil samples was collected by plot with a 25 x 25 cm template. Samples were packed in greenhouse for seed germination and monitored every 15 days for six months. Altogether, 494 individuals from 19 families were sampled, distributed in 30 genera and 40 morphospecies. Diversity and distribution of species in the fragment is homogeneous and can be used as source of propagules for forest restoration.

Florestas ripárias sofrem com a fragmentação florestal, que promove mudanças no padrão de dispersão de sementes e modificação do banco de sementes. O objetivo do presente estudo é indicar as principais espécies que compõem o banco de semntes de um trecho de floresta ripária do Rio Mogi Guaçu River contínuo a um fragmento de floresta estacional, localizada na Guarnição da Aeronáutica de Pirassununga. Foram delimitadas dez parcelas de 10 x 10 m. Quatro amostras de solo foram coletadas através de um molde de 25 x 25 cm. Amostras foram mantidas em estufa para germinação de sementes e monitoradas a cada 15 dias por seis meses. Ao todo, 494 indivíduos pertencentes a 19 famílias foram amostrados, distribuídos em 30 gêneros e 40 morfoespécies. A diversidade e a distribuição das espécies no fragmento é homogênea, podendo ser usado como uma fonte de propágulos para restauração florestal.

Effects of Breakfast Omission on Resting, Exercise, and Postexercise Autonomic and Hemodynamic Profile in Men.

Purpose: The acute effects of fasting interventions on metabolic dynamics have been widely investigated. However, knowledge about the acute effect of overnight fasting on hemodynamic and cardiac autonomic modulation is limited, especially during and after exercise. Our objective was to investigate the effects of breakfast omission on hemodynamic and cardiac autonomic modulation during different stress conditions. Method: Twenty-one young men [age: 20.3 (20.1, 26.5 years); body mass index: 22.7 (21.4, 24.4 kg/m2)] underwent resting and postexercise blood pressure assessments and heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, using the SD1 and SD2 indices of Poincaré plots, at rest in supine and standing positions, every 10 minutes during moderate cardiorespiratory training and every 10 minutes throughout the postexercise recovery phase, for a total of 30 minutes for each phase (exercise and recovery). All measurements were performed in a randomized order after overnight fasting or 60 minutes after a breakfast containing ~20% of the total recommended daily calories. The normality hypothesis was rejected, and the Wilcoxon test was conducted to compare the interventions (p < .05). Results: No differences between interventions were observed for resting and postexercise blood pressures (p = .21 to 0.87) or for resting, exercise, and postexercise SD1 (p = .10 to 0.82) and SD2 indices (p = .14 to 0.71). Conclusions: We concluded that overnight fasting does not promote significant changes in resting and postexercise blood pressures or cardiac autonomic modulation in young men at rest (in supine and standing positions), during 30 minutes of moderate cardiorespiratory training and throughout a 30-minute postexercise recovery phase.

BENEFITS OF THE WALANT TECHNIQUE AGAINST THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the experience of private and public health services with the WALANT procedure in the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This is a retrospective, multicenter longitudinal study gathering cases of hand surgery subjected to the WALANT technique in the Hospitals Dr. Radamés Nardini and IFOR during the COVID-19 pandemic (August 2020). As a parameter, the verbal numerical rating scale for twenty patients referring to the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative periods was applied. RESULTS: The patients did not feel any pain during surgery, which showed the efficiency of the anesthetic technique in its purpose. CONCLUSION: The results indicate the WALANT technique as beneficial when facing the COVID-19 pandemic, as the main differential of the technique is that it is applied by a well-trained orthopedic hand surgeon. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

OBJECTIVE: Avaliar a experiência dos serviços privado e público de saúde com o procedimento WALANT frente à pandemia COVID-19. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal retrospectivo, multicêntrico, de casos de cirurgia de mão submetidos à técnica WALANT nos hospitais Dr. Radamés Nardini e IFOR, durante a pandemia da COVID-19, em agosto de 2020. Como parâmetro, foi aplicada a Escala Verbal de Dor para 20 pacientes referente ao pré-operatório, intra-operatório e no pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes não sentiram nenhuma dor durante a cirurgia, tendo a técnica anestésica de mostrado eficaz. CONCLUSÃO: Pelas análises, foi possível considerar segura e benéfica a técnica WALANT diante da pandemia da COVID-19, que apresenta o diferencial de ser aplicada por um cirurgião ortopédico especialista em mão bem treinado. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

Benefits of the walant technique against the covid-19 pandemic / Benefícios da técnica walant em cirurgias da mão frente a pandemia da covid-19

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate the experience of private and public health services with the WALANT procedure in the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This is a retrospective, multicenter longitudinal study gathering cases of hand surgery subjected to the WALANT technique in the Hospitals Dr. Radamés Nardini and IFOR during the COVID-19 pandemic (August 2020). As a parameter, the verbal numerical rating scale for twenty patients referring to the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative periods was applied. Results: The patients did not feel any pain during surgery, which showed the efficiency of the anesthetic technique in its purpose. Conclusion: The results indicate the WALANT technique as beneficial when facing the COVID-19 pandemic, as the main differential of the technique is that it is applied by a well-trained orthopedic hand surgeon. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO Objective: Avaliar a experiência dos serviços privado e público de saúde com o procedimento WALANT frente à pandemia COVID-19. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal retrospectivo, multicêntrico, de casos de cirurgia de mão submetidos à técnica WALANT nos hospitais Dr. Radamés Nardini e IFOR, durante a pandemia da COVID-19, em agosto de 2020. Como parâmetro, foi aplicada a Escala Verbal de Dor para 20 pacientes referente ao pré-operatório, intra-operatório e no pós-operatório. Resultados: Os pacientes não sentiram nenhuma dor durante a cirurgia, tendo a técnica anestésica de mostrado eficaz. Conclusão: Pelas análises, foi possível considerar segura e benéfica a técnica WALANT diante da pandemia da COVID-19, que apresenta o diferencial de ser aplicada por um cirurgião ortopédico especialista em mão bem treinado. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

Hairdressers are exposed to high concentrations of formaldehyde during the hair straightening procedure.

The fact that hairdressers are exposed to toxic substances through the handling of creams and smoothing products prompted this study whose aim was to quantify the occupational exposure of hairdressers to formaldehyde by comparing the results of exposure for different types of beauty salon. The study population consisted of 23 beauty salons located in the city of Bauru, São Paulo state, Brazil. The samples were collected by inhaled air tests during the most critical 15-min period of the hair straightening procedure and during the 8-h work shift. The concentrations of formaldehyde contained in the formulations of these products were also evaluated and compared with exposure levels. The results were evaluated according to the exposure limits prescribed in Brazilian (NR15) and North American (US OSHA and US NIOSH) standards. The analysis of the smoothing products showed concentrations of formaldehyde of between 3 and 11% in their compositions, i.e., up to 54 times above the 0.2% limit allowed by the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA). The present study showed that hairdressers are chronically exposed to high concentrations of formaldehyde in the workplace and these exposures are mainly associated with the work process, where many variables of this process influence the intensity of exposure.

Translation into Portuguese and validation of the Rhinitis Control Assessment Test (RCAT) questionnaire / Tradução para o português e validação do questionário de controle da rinite Rhinitis Control Assessment Test (RCAT)

Abstract Introduction: The Rhinitis Control Assessment Test (RCAT) is a simple self-administered questionnaire developed to assess control of rhinitis. Objectives: Translate into Brazilian Portuguese and validate the RCAT. Methods: The RCAT was translated into Portuguese by two translators and subsequently back-translated into English. It was then applied to 141 adolescents with allergic rhinitis. Results: The internal consistency of the RCAT was 0.73. The questionnaire scores showed significant correlation with total nasal and extra-nasal symptom scores and nasal peak inspiratory flow (r: −0.73, −0.58 and 0.52, respectively; p < 0.001) and were significantly different when divided by physician global assessment and total nasal symptom score severity. Cutoff points between 22 and 24 had the higher areas under the ROC curve to identify patients with rhinitis control. Total nasal and extra-nasal symptom scores were significantly different when a cutoff point of 22 was used (median: 4.0 vs. 8.0 and 2.0 vs. 5.0; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the RCAT was shown to be a valid and discriminant tool to identify patients with controlled and uncontrolled allergic rhinitis.

Resumo Introdução: O Rhinitis Control Assessment Test (RCAT) é um questionário simples e autoaplicável desenvolvido para avaliar o controle da rinite. Objetivos: Traduzir para o Português validar o RCAT. Método: A tradução do RCAT foi feita por dois tradutores com posterior versão para a Língua Inglesa. O RCAT foi então aplicado de forma transversal a 141 adolescentes com rinite alérgica. Resultados: A consistência interna do RCAT foi 0,73. As notas totais do questionário se correlacionaram significantemente com os escores de sintomas nasais e extra-nasais e pico de fluxo inspiratório nasal (r: -0,73, -0,58 e 0,52, respectivamente; p < 0,001) e foram significantemente diferentes quando separadas pela opinião médica sobre o controle da rinite e pela gravidade dos sintomas nasais. Os pontos de corte entre 22 e 24 foram os com maiores áreas sob a curva ROC para definição do controle da rinite. Os escores de sintomas nasais e extra-nasais foram significantemente diferentes quando os pacientes foram separados pelo ponto de corte de 22 (medianas de 4,0 vs. 8,0 e 2,0 vs. 5,0; p < 0,001). Conclusões: A versão em Português do RCAT se mostrou uma ferramenta válida e com bom poder discriminativo para separar pacientes com rinite alérgica controlada e não controlada.

Translation into Portuguese and validation of the Rhinitis Control Assessment Test (RCAT) questionnaire.

INTRODUCTION: The Rhinitis Control Assessment Test (RCAT) is a simple self-administered questionnaire developed to assess control of rhinitis. OBJECTIVES: Translate into Brazilian Portuguese and validate the RCAT. METHODS: The RCAT was translated into Portuguese by two translators and subsequently back-translated into English. It was then applied to 141 adolescents with allergic rhinitis. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the RCAT was 0.73. The questionnaire scores showed significant correlation with total nasal and extra-nasal symptom scores and nasal peak inspiratory flow (r: -0.73, -0.58 and 0.52, respectively; p<0.001) and were significantly different when divided by physician global assessment and total nasal symptom score severity. Cutoff points between 22 and 24 had the higher areas under the ROC curve to identify patients with rhinitis control. Total nasal and extra-nasal symptom scores were significantly different when a cutoff point of 22 was used (median: 4.0 vs. 8.0 and 2.0 vs. 5.0; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the RCAT was shown to be a valid and discriminant tool to identify patients with controlled and uncontrolled allergic rhinitis.

Dengue: abordagem interativa como forma de prevenção. Um estudo da população do bairro Amazonas em Areal-RJ

Afetando principalmente os países tropicais como o Brasil, a proliferação descontrolada do mosquito Aedes Aegypti tornou-se um grave problema de saúde pública. Até abril de 2015, o ministério público havia registrado 745,9 mil casos de dengue, doença mais comum transmitida pelo mosquito. Com o agravamento da situação por conta das outras doenças transmitidas pelo vetor, esforços de prevenção são essenciais para um melhor controle da situação. Estudiosos, como Tauil (2002), apontam que o Brasil possui diversos fatores facilitadores da proliferação do mosquito, sendo que a solução para diminuição do problema encontra-se principalmente na conscientização de toda população no controle dos principais criadouros do Aedes Aegypti. Entretanto, campanhas convencionais acerca do problema não vêm surtindo o efeito desejado. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal aprimorar o acesso à informação acerca das doenças transmitidas pelo Aedes Aegypti, em especial a dengue, nos arredores do PSF Amazonas no município de Areal-RJ, (onde em somente em 2015, cerca de 150 casos de dengue foram confirmados) no que diz respeito à prevenção através do controle do vetor até o tratamento da doença. Espera-se que o presente projeto de intervenção contribua para o enfrentamento da epidemia das doenças causadas pelo Aedes Aegypti no bairro Amazonas, em Areal-RJ. Espera-se também que os órgãos públicos se atentem para o problema da desinformação da população no que diz respeito ao combate do vetor e que este projeto possa contribuir para o trabalho de enfrentamento à dengue em outras unidades de saúde do município.