Patterns of mental health service utilization in a general hospital and outpatient mental health facilities: analysis of 365,262 psychiatric consultations.

PURPOSE: Mental health is one of the priorities of the European Commission. Studies of the use and cost of mental health facilities are needed in order to improve the planning and efficiey of mental health resources. We analyze the patterns of mental health service use in multiple clinical settings to identify factors associated with high cost. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 22,859 patients received psychiatric care in the catchment area of a Spanish hospital (2000-2004). They had 365,262 psychiatric consultations in multiple settings. Two groups were selected that generated 80% of total costs: the medium cost group (N = 4,212; 50% of costs), and the high cost group (N = 236; 30% of costs). Statistical analyses were performed using univariate and multivariate techniques. Significant variables in univariate analyses were introduced as independent variables in a logistic regression analysis using "high cost" (>7,263$) as dependent variable. RESULTS: Costs were not evenly distributed throughout the sample. 19.4% of patients generated 80% of costs. The variables associated with high cost were: age group 1 (0-14 years) at the first evaluation, permanent disability, and ICD-10 diagnoses: Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders; Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use; Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders; Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors; External causes of morbidity and mortality; and Factors influencing health status and contact with health services. DISCUSSION: Mental healthcare costs were not evenly distributed throughout the patient population. The highest costs are associated with early onset of the mental disorder, permanent disability, organic mental disorders, substance-related disorders, psychotic disorders, and external factors that influence the health status and contact with health services or cause morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSION: Variables related to psychiatric diagnoses and sociodemographic factors have influence on the cost of mental healthcare.

Diagnostic stability of psychiatric disorders in clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Psychiatric disorders are among the top causes worldwide of disease burden and disability. A major criterion for validating diagnoses is stability over time. AIMS: To evaluate the long-term stability of the most prevalent psychiatric diagnoses in a variety of clinical settings. METHOD: A total of 34 368 patients received psychiatric care in the catchment area of one Spanish hospital (1992-2004). This study is based on 10 025 adult patients who were assessed on at least ten occasions (360 899 psychiatric consultations) in three settings: in-patient unit, 2000-2004 (n=546); psychiatric emergency room, 2000-2004 (n=1408); and out-patient psychiatric facilities, 1992-2004 (n=10 016). Prospective consistency, retrospective consistency and the proportion of patients who received each diagnosis in at least 75% of the evaluations were calculated for each diagnosis in each setting and across settings. RESULTS: The temporal consistency of mental disorders was poor, ranging from 29% for specific personality disorders to 70% for schizophrenia, with stability greatest for in-patient diagnoses and least for out-patient diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: The findings are an indictment of our current psychiatric diagnostic practice.