Pediatric HIV Case Identification Across 22 PEPFAR-Supported Countries During the COVID-19 Pandemic, October 2019-September 2020.

During 2020, an estimated 150,000 persons aged 0-14 years acquired HIV globally (1). Case identification is the first step to ensure children living with HIV are linked to life-saving treatment, achieve viral suppression, and live long, healthy lives. Successful interventions to optimize pediatric HIV testing during the COVID-19 pandemic are needed to sustain progress toward achieving Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 95-95-95 targets.* Changes in HIV testing and diagnoses among persons aged 1-14 years (children) were assessed in 22 U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)-supported countries during October 1, 2019-September 30, 2020. This period corresponds to the two fiscal quarters before the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., Q1 and Q2) and the two quarters after the pandemic began (i.e., Q3 and Q4). Testing was disaggregated by age group, testing strategy, and fiscal year quarter. During October 2019-September 2020, PEPFAR supported 4,312,343 HIV tests and identified 74,658 children living with HIV (CLHIV). The number of HIV tests performed was similar during Q1 and Q2, decreased 40.1% from Q2 to Q3, and increased 19.7% from Q3 to Q4. The number of HIV cases identified among children aged 1-14 years (cases identified) increased 7.4% from Q1 to Q2, decreased 29.4% from Q2 to Q3, and increased 3.3% from Q3 to Q4. Although testing in outpatient departments decreased 21% from Q1 to Q4, testing from other strategies increased during the same period, including mobile testing by 38%, facility-based index testing (offering an HIV test to partners and biological children of persons living with HIV) by 8%, and testing children with signs or symptoms of malnutrition within health facilities by 7%. In addition, most tests (61.3%) and cases identified (60.9%) were among children aged 5-14 years (school-aged children), highlighting the need to continue offering HIV testing to older children. These findings provide important information on the most effective strategies for identifying CLHIV during the COVID-19 pandemic. HIV testing programs should continue to use programmatic, surveillance, and financial data at both national and subnational levels to determine the optimal mix of testing strategies to minimize disruptions in pediatric case identification during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In-facility HIV peer-based rehabilitation programs' role in linkage to care among persons transitioning from correctional to community-based HIV care in South Africa.

PURPOSE: This analysis aims to examine the role of pre-release, HIV-related, peer-based rehabilitation program attendance on post-release linkage to community-based HIV care in South Africa. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: During a post-release linkage-to-care prospective study, participants from six correctional facilities who had an HIV-positive diagnosis and were taking anti-retroviral medications at release (N = 351) self-reported rehabilitation program participation. Linkage-to-care status 90 days post-release was verified by medical chart review. FINDINGS: In a binomial regression model, HIV-related, peer-based rehabilitation program attendance was insignificant (relative risk [RR] 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.8, 1.4], p-value = 0.7), but short-/long-term incarceration site (RR 1.5, 95% CI [1.0, 2.1], p-value = 0.04) and relationship status pre-incarceration (RR 1.9, 95% CI [1.0, 3.6], p-value = 0.05) were significantly associated with linkage to HIV care post-release. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Rehabilitation and peer-based HIV programs have had demonstrated benefit in other settings. Assessment of current programs may identify opportunities for improvement.

Interventions to Improve HIV Care Continuum Outcomes Among Individuals Released From Prison or Jail: Systematic Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: HIV care continuum outcomes deteriorate among people returning from incarceration. Interventions to improve care outcomes postincarceration have been characterized by substantial heterogeneity in approach, outcome metrics, and results. A large number of recently published interventions have not been systematically reviewed. METHODS: We searched peer reviewed and scholarly databases for published and gray literature describing interventions to improve HIV care continuum outcomes among individuals released from prison or jail. We systematically screened quantitative and qualitative intervention reports published through 2018, then extracted and analyzed study data using a classification scheme that we developed for categorizing intervention levels and strategies. RESULTS: We included 23 reports from the peer-reviewed literature, 2 from gray literature, and 2 from conference abstracts (27 total). Seventeen studies were classified as individual level, 3 as biomedical level, 2 as organizational level, and 5 as multilevel. Nine studies were randomized controlled trials, 4 of which reported power calculations. Fifteen studies were quasiexperimental; one was a case study. Eleven studies were conducted in prisons, 7 in jails, and 9 in both prisons and jails. Of 11 studies reporting hypothesis tests, 5 found statistically significant effect sizes on primary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions that demonstrate postrelease improvements in clinic attendance and viral suppression include patient navigation strategies, especially involving peer support, and substance use treatment strategies.

Adapting HIV services for pregnant and breastfeeding women, infants, children, adolescents and families in resource-constrained settings during the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted global health service delivery, including provision of HIV services. Countries with high HIV burden are balancing the need to minimize interactions with health facilities to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission, while delivering uninterrupted essential HIV prevention, testing and treatment services. Many of these adaptations in resource-constrained settings have not adequately accounted for the needs of pregnant and breastfeeding women, infants, children and adolescents. We propose whole-family, tailored programme adaptations along the HIV clinical continuum to protect the programmatic gains made in services. DISCUSSION: Essential HIV case-finding services for pregnant and breastfeeding women and children should be maintained and include maternal testing, diagnostic testing for infants exposed to HIV, index testing for children whose biological parents or siblings are living with HIV, as well as for children/adolescents presenting with symptoms concerning for HIV and comorbidities. HIV self-testing for children two years of age and older should be supported with caregiver and provider education. Adaptations include bundling services in the same visit and providing testing outside of facilities to the extent possible to reduce exposure risk to COVID-19. Virtual platforms can be used to identify vulnerable children at risk of HIV infection, abuse, harm or violence, and link them to necessary clinical and psychosocial support services. HIV treatment service adaptations for families should focus on family based differentiated service delivery models, including community-based ART initiation and multi-month ART dispensing. Viral load monitoring should not be a barrier to transitioning children and adolescents experiencing treatment failure to more effective ART regimens, and viral load monitoring for pregnant and breastfeeding women and children should be prioritized and bundled with other essential services. CONCLUSIONS: Protecting pregnant and breastfeeding women, infants, children and adolescents from acquiring SARS-CoV-2 while sustaining essential HIV services is an immense global health challenge. Tailored, family friendly programme adaptations for case-finding, ART delivery and viral load monitoring for these populations have the potential to limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission while ensuring the continuity of life-saving HIV case identification and treatment efforts.

Effectiveness of vaginal microbicides in preventing HIV transmission.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the evidence on the effectiveness of vaginal microbicides in preventing HIV transmission in women. METHODS: Systematic review through a comprehensive search of relevant electronic databases for eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published through June 2019. Two authors independently screened titles and abstracts according to eligibility criteria, then extracted data and assessed risk of bias of included studies. We conducted a random-effects meta-analysis of risk ratios (RR) of HIV infection and assessed heterogeneity using chi-squared and I2 tests. Sources of heterogeneity were investigated through subgroup analysis, publication bias was assessed using funnel plots, and certainty of evidence was graded using GRADEPro software. RESULTS: We included 18 RCTs which enrolled 40,048 sexually active, HIV-negative, non-pregnant women, aged 16 years and older, mainly from sub-Saharan Africa. The intravaginal ring containing dapivirine significantly reduced HIV risk by 29% (RR 0.71, 95% CI: 0.57-0.89; 2 RCTs, 4,564 women, moderate certainty of evidence). Estimates of effect of tenofovir 1% (RR 0.83, 95% CI: 0.65-1.06), nonoxynol-9 (RR 1.15, 95% CI: 0.93-1.42), cellulose sulphate (RR 1.16, 95% CI: 0.61-2.21), SAVVY (RR 1.34, 95% CI: 0.69-2.59), Carraguard (RR 0.89, 95% CI: 0.71-1.10), BufferGel (RR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.71-1.46), 0.5% PRO2000 (RR 0.88, 95% CI: 0.60-1.28) and 2% PRO2000 (RR 0.81, 95% CI: 0.58-1.12) failed to reach statistical significance; each had low certainty of evidence. CONCLUSION: The long-acting intravaginal ring containing dapivirine significantly reduced risk of HIV transmission in women by 29%. The remaining microbicides had no evident effect.

OBJECTIF: Evaluer les données probantes sur l'efficacité des microbicides vaginaux dans la prévention de la transmission du VIH chez les femmes. MÉTHODES: Analyse systématique à travers une recherche exhaustive des bases de données électroniques pertinentes pour les essais contrôlés randomisés (ECR) éligibles publiés jusqu'en juin 2019. Deux auteurs ont indépendamment passé en revue les titres et résumés selon des critères d'éligibilité, les données ont alors été extraites et le risque de biais évalué pour des études incluses. Nous avons effectué une méta-analyse des effets aléatoires des rapports de risque (RR) de l'infection par le VIH et évalué l'hétérogénéité à l'aide des tests Chi2 et I2 . Les sources d'hétérogénéité ont été étudiées par analyse de sous-groupes, le biais de publication a été évalué à l'aide de graphiques en entonnoir et la certitude des données a été évaluée à l'aide du logiciel GRADEPro. RÉSULTATS: Nous avons inclus 18 ECR qui ont recruté 40.048 femmes sexuellement actives, négatives pour le VIH, non enceintes, âgées de 16 ans et plus, principalement d'Afrique subsaharienne. L'anneau intravaginal contenant de la dapivirine a significativement réduit le risque de VIH de 29% (RR: 0,71 ; IC95%: 0,57-0,89; 2 ECR, 4564 femmes, certitude modérée des preuves). Les estimations de l'effet du ténofovir 1% (RR: 0,83 ; IC95%: 0,65-1,06), du nonoxynol-9 (RR: 1,15 ; IC95%: 0,93-1,42), du sulfate de cellulose (RR: 1,16 ; IC 95%: 0,61-2,21 ), du SAVVY (RR: 1,34 ; IC95%: 0,69-2,59), du Carraguard (RR: 0,89, IC95%: 0,71-1,10), du BufferGel (RR: 1,02 ; IC95%: 0,71-1,46), du PRO2000 à 0,5% (RR: 0,88 ; IC95%: 0,60-1,28) et du PRO2000 à 2% (RR: 0,81 ; IC95%: 0,58-1,12) n'ont pas atteint la signification statistique; tous avaient une faible certitude d'évidence. CONCLUSION: L'anneau intravaginal à longue durée d'action contenant de la dapivirine a réduit de manière significative le risque de transmission du VIH chez les femmes de 29%. Les autres microbicides n'ont eu aucun effet évident.