Development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in insulin-resistant liver-specific S503A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 mutant mice.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Liver-specific inactivation of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 causes hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, which result from impaired insulin clearance, in liver-specific S503A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 mutant mice (L-SACC1). These mice also develop steatosis. Because hepatic fat accumulation precedes hepatitis, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we investigated whether a high-fat diet, by causing inflammation, is sufficient to induce hepatitis and other features of NASH in L-SACC1 mice. METHODS: L-SACC1 and wild-type mice were placed on a high-fat diet for 3 months, then several biochemical and histologic analyses were performed to investigate the NASH phenotype. RESULTS: A high-fat diet caused hepatic macrosteatosis and hepatitis, characterized by increased hepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha levels and activation of the NF-kappaB pathway in L-SACC1 but not in wild-type mice. The high-fat diet also induced necrosis and apoptosis in the livers of the L-SACC1 mice. Insulin resistance in L-SACC1 fed a high-fat diet increased the hepatic procollagen protein level, suggesting a role in the development of fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: A high-fat diet induces key features of human NASH in insulin-resistant L-SACC1 mice, validating this model as a tool to study the molecular mechanisms of NASH.

Insulin acutely decreases hepatic fatty acid synthase activity.

Insulin is viewed as a positive regulator of fatty acid synthesis by increasing fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA transcription. We uncover a new mechanism by which insulin acutely reduces hepatic FAS activity by inducing phosphorylation of the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) and its interaction with FAS. Ceacam1 null mice (Cc1(-/-)) show loss of insulin's ability to acutely decrease hepatic FAS activity. Moreover, adenoviral delivery of wild-type, but not the phosphorylation-defective Ceacam1 mutant, restores the acute effect of insulin on FAS activity in Cc1(-/-) primary hepatocytes. Failure of insulin to acutely reduce hepatic FAS activity in hyperinsulinemic mice, including L-SACC1 transgenics with liver inactivation of CEACAM1, and Ob/Ob obese mice, suggests that the acute effect of insulin on FAS activity depends on the prior insulinemic state. We propose that this mechanism acts to reduce hepatic lipogenesis incurred by insulin pulses during refeeding.

Cardiovascular risk factors emerge after artificial selection for low aerobic capacity.

In humans, the strong statistical association between fitness and survival suggests a link between impaired oxygen metabolism and disease. We hypothesized that artificial selection of rats based on low and high intrinsic exercise capacity would yield models that also contrast for disease risk. After 11 generations, rats with low aerobic capacity scored high on cardiovascular risk factors that constitute the metabolic syndrome. The decrease in aerobic capacity was associated with decreases in the amounts of transcription factors required for mitochondrial biogenesis and in the amounts of oxidative enzymes in skeletal muscle. Impairment of mitochondrial function may link reduced fitness to cardiovascular and metabolic disease.

Interaction between altered insulin and lipid metabolism in CEACAM1-inactive transgenic mice.

Inactivation of CEACAM1 in L-SACC1 mice by a dominant-negative transgene in liver impairs insulin clearance and increases serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels, resulting in insulin resistance. The contribution of elevated FFAs in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance is herein investigated. Treatment of L-SACC1 female mice with carnitine restored plasma FFA content. Concomitantly, it normalized insulin levels without directly regulating receptor-mediated insulin internalization and prevented glucose tolerance in these mice. Similarly, treatment with nicotinic acid, a lipolysis inhibitor, restored insulin-stimulated receptor uptake in L-SACC1 mice. Taken together, these data suggest that chronic elevation in plasma FFAs levels contributes to the regulation of insulin metabolism and action in L-SACC1 mice.

CEACAM1 regulates insulin clearance in liver.

We hypothesized that insulin stimulates phosphorylation of CEACAM1 which in turn leads to upregulation of receptor-mediated insulin endocytosis and degradation in the hepatocyte. We have generated transgenic mice over-expressing in liver a dominant-negative, phosphorylation-defective S503A-CEACAM1 mutant. Supporting our hypothesis, we found that S503A-CEACAM1 transgenic mice developed hyperinsulinemia resulting from impaired insulin clearance. The hyperinsulinemia caused secondary insulin resistance with impaired glucose tolerance and random, but not fasting, hyperglycemia. Transgenic mice developed visceral adiposity with increased amounts of plasma free fatty acids and plasma and hepatic triglycerides. These findings suggest a mechanism through which insulin signaling regulates insulin sensitivity by modulating hepatic insulin clearance.

Shc and CEACAM1 interact to regulate the mitogenic action of insulin.

CEACAM1, a tumor suppressor (previously known as pp120), is a plasma membrane protein that undergoes phosphorylation on Tyr(488) in its cytoplasmic tail by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. Co-expression of CEACAM1 with insulin receptors decreased cell growth in response to insulin. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in intact NIH 3T3 cells and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays revealed that phosphorylated Tyr(488) in CEACAM1 binds to the SH2 domain of Shc, another substrate of the insulin receptor. Overexpressing Shc SH2 domain relieved endogenous Shc from binding to CEACAM1 and restored MAP kinase activity, growth of cells in response to insulin, and their colonization in soft agar. Thus, by binding to Shc, CEACAM1 sequesters this major coupler of Grb2 to the insulin receptor and down-regulates the Ras/MAP kinase mitogenesis pathway. Additionally, CEACAM1 binding to Shc enhances its ability to compete with IRS-1 for phosphorylation by the insulin receptor. This leads to a decrease in IRS-1 binding to phosphoinositide 3'-kinase and to the down-regulation of the phosphoinositide 3'-kinase/Akt pathway that mediates cell proliferation and survival. Thus, binding to Shc appears to constitute a major mechanism for the down-regulatory effect of CEACAM1 on cell proliferation.