ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivo : Describir y analizar la mortalidad por la Covid-19 en función de aspectos sociales: indicadores económicos, sociodemográficos, de salud y de desarrollo social, de los primeros países afectados al inicio de la pandemia. Material y métodos: Estudio longitudinal descriptivo y analítico del modelo de casos. Se escogió en total 63 países afectados en diferentes magnitudes y seguidos diariamente desde su primer caso declarado hasta el día 31 de mayo del año 2020 con datos de la OMS, PAHO, KNOEMA, DATOS MACRO, INDEX MUNDI y la fuente de datos de la Universidad de Johns Hopkins. Resultados: En la mortalidad temprana y a los 60 días, la variable más relevante fue el día promedio que se confirmó el primer caso. A los 75 días la variable más fuertemente asociada fue la obesidad de adultos. Conclusiones: Se aprecia que sociedades con mayor esperanza de vida y donde prevalecen personas con mayores tasas de obesidad y enfermedades pulmonares crónicas tuvieron un riesgo de mortalidad significativamente mayor al inicio de la pandemia con respecto a países donde predominan las enfermedades transmisibles y, que a pesar de que un país cuente con abundantes recursos económicos, existen elementos que inevitablemente conllevan a desenlaces fatales.
SUMMARY Objective: To describe mortality of COVID-19 in relationship with social aspects, economical and sociodemographic indicators of health of the first countries affected at the beginning of the pandemic. Methods: A longitudinal descriptive study was carried-out, 63 countries affected at different magnitude were selected and followed from the first day they declare the first patient until May 31st 2020 with data gathered from WHO, PAHO, KNOEMA, DATOS MACRO, INDEX MUNDI and from the Johns Hopkins University. Results: At 60-days the mean day of conformation of the first case correlated with mortality, at 75-days of the pandemic obesity correlated with mortality. Conclusions: At the beginning of the pandemic, societies with higher life expectancies, where obese people and people with significant co-morbidities predominate, had higher mortality rates compared to less developed countries where transmissible diseases predominate. Fatal outcomes occur despite of having abundant economical resources, revealing the existence of elements that inevitable led to negative outcomes.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Objetivos: Determinar la evolución de la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) y los niveles de proteinuria en 24 horas en pacientes monorrenos con un tiempo mínimo de seguimiento de 5 años. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron los registros de los pacientes monorrenos atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM) entre 2005-2016. Se consignaron los datos de proteinuria en 24 horas y tasa de filtración glomerular en orina de 24 horas de 50 pacientes que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión del estudio. Resultados: La mediana de la TFG de los 50 pacientes fue 109,74 ml/min/1,73m2 (RIQ 86,1-138,75). Hubo 22 pacientes en estadio I, 2 en estadio II y 5 en estadio III de acuerdo a la clasificación de enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Se encontró 26 (52%) pacientes con proteinuria significativa y persistente, no hubo en rango nefrótico. Conclusiones: Los pacientes monorrenos presentan a largo plazo alteraciones como hiperfiltración y disminución de la TFG.
Summary Objectives: To determine the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and 24-hour proteinuria among single kidney patients with a minimum 5-year follow-up period. Material and methods: The medical charts of single kidney attended at Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM) from 2005-2016 were review. Information on 50 patients in whom data on GFR a 24-hour proteinuria was analyzed. Results: Median GFR was 109.74 ml/min/1.73m2 (RIQ 86.1-138.75); 22 patients were in the chronic renal disease stage classification I, 2 in chronic renal disease stage classification II and 5 in stage III; 26 patients (52%) had persistent and significant proteinuria, none of these had proteinuria in the nephrotic range. Conclusions: Single kidney patients present long-term complications such as hyperfiltration and reduction of the GFR.
Keywords: Solitary kidney, proteinuria, glomerular filtration rate
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Most of the primary vasculitis in children and adults has different clinical manifestations for the same disease, which suggests that they might not be part of the same clinical spectrum and requires a different approach in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality of these patients. In this work, we review the most recent literature and the most important studies that describe and compare adult and children primary vasculitides pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and treatment approach. Accordingly, we discuss recent research involving clinical trials, comparison studies, and pathogeny for these vasculitides. RECENT FINDINGS: Clinical manifestations in the different primary vasculitis change in predominance from adults to children. There is a female sex predominance for the ANCA vasculitides in children compared with adults, but the same treatment works in most cases for both groups. Identifying the diverse clinical spectrum in both adults and children primary vasculitides will reduce the need to extrapolate the diagnostic criteria from one group to another and individualize it, which will allow the clinician to establish a better approach.
Subject(s)
Vasculitis/diagnosis , Adult , Age of Onset , Child , HumansABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Previous publications from two countries in South America found one anatomical variation not previously reported in the rest of the world, which in turn give some clues with regard to a racial difference. The objective of the present study is to describe variations in the anatomical distribution of the branches of the aortic arch in a Peruvian population. OBJECTIVE: To describe variations in the anatomical distribution of the branches of the aortic arch in a Peruvian population. METHODS: A descriptive study of patients who underwent a tomography angiography of the aorta was performed. We analyzed the reports that showed the description of the variations of the branches of the aortic arch based on the eight types currently described in the literature. RESULTS: From 361 analyzed reports, 282 patients (78.12%) had a normal aortic arch configuration (type I; aortic arch gives rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries); followed by type II (left common carotid artery as a branch of the aorta) with 41 patients (11.36%); and type IX (common ostium for the brachiocephalic trunk and the left common carotid artery) with 25 patients (6.93%). The latter and two other types are new variations. CONCLUSION: Aortic Arch Type I, Type II and Type IX were the most frequent variations in this Peruvian study. Additionally, we also found two more new types that have not been previously described in the literature. Further investigation regarding these variations is needed in order to assess a racial factor in South America and possible relationships with clinical or surgical events.
INTRODUCCIÓN : Reportes previos en dos países de América del Sur encontraron una variante anatómica que no había sido reportada en el resto del mundo, lo que podría dar indicios acerca de una diferencia racial. OBJETIVO: Describir las variaciones en la distribución anatómica de las ramas del arco aórtico en una población peruana. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de una serie de casos de personas en quienes se realizó una angiografía por tomografía de la aorta torácica. Se analizaron los informes que registraron la descripción de las variaciones de las ramas del arco aórtico, basados en los ocho tipos descritos por la literatura científica. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 361 informes. Se encontró que 282 pacientes (78,12%) tuvieron la configuración clásica (tipo I, arco aórtico que da origen al tronco braquiocefálico, a la carótida común izquierda y a la subclavia izquierda), seguido por el tipo II (arteria carótida común izquierda como rama del tronco braquiocefálico) con 41 pacientes (11,36%), y el tipo IX (un ostium común para el tronco braquiocefálico y la carótida común izquierda) con 25 pacientes (6,93%). Este último y otros dos tipos resultaron ser nuevas variantes del arco aórtico. CONCLUSIÓN: En esta serie de casos peruana, los tipos de arco aórtico I, II y IX fueron los más frecuentes. Adicionalmente, se encontraron otros dos tipos nuevos que no habían sido descritos en la literatura previamente. Es necesario profundizar la investigación sobre estas variantes para evaluar el factor racial en Sudamérica y una posible relación con eventos clínicos o quirúrgicos.
Subject(s)
Anatomic Variation , Aorta, Thoracic/anatomy & histology , Aortography/methods , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , Aorta, Thoracic/abnormalities , Female , Humans , Male , PeruABSTRACT
Variations in serum potassium (K+) and electrocardiographic changes at different infusion speeds of intravenous K+ were studied in dogs. Solutions of 20, 40, 60 and 80 mEq of K+ were infused in one hour to dogs with normal renal function and normal serum K+. Nine dogs were studied: three without prior hydration and six with previous hydration. Infusing 20 mEq/hour of K+ produced an increase in heart rate without changes in the electrocardiogram. With 40 mEq/hour there were changes in the "t" and "p" waves, and with 60 and 80 mEq/hour, alterations consistent with cardiac ischemia and ventricular tachycardia. Dogs without hydration had more obvious and fatal electrocardiographic changes. Doses of 20 mEq/hour of K + caused no morbidity or mortality in the animals studied. Higher doses showed various complications which depended on the hydration status of the animal, its urinary flow and potassium level.
Subject(s)
Electrocardiography/drug effects , Kidney/physiology , Potassium Chloride/administration & dosage , Potassium Chloride/pharmacology , Potassium/blood , Animals , Dogs , Infusions, Intravenous , Reference ValuesABSTRACT
Se estudiaron las variaciones del potasio sérico (K+) y las alteraciones electrocardiográficas al infundir diferentes velocidades de K+ endovenoso en perros. Se infundió soluciones de 20, 40, 60 y 80 mEq de K+ en una hora a perros con función renal y K+ sérico normal. Se estudiaron 9 perros: tres sin hidratación previa y seis con hidratación previa. Al infundir 20 mEq/hora de K+ los animales presentaron incremento de la frecuencia cardiaca sin alteraciones del electrocardiograma. Con 40 mEq/hora hubo alteraciones en las ondas ôtõ y ôpõ, y con 60 y 80 mEq/hora, alteraciones compatibles con isquemia cardiaca y taquicardia ventricular. Los perros sin hidratación tuvieron alteraciones electrocardiográficas más notorias y fatales. Dosis de 20 mEq/hora de K+, no causaron morbilidad ni mortalidad en los animales estudiados. Dosis mayores mostraron complicaciones variables que dependieron del estado de hidratación del animal, su flujo urinario y su nivel de potasio.
Variations in serum potassium (K+) and electrocardiographic changes at different infusion speeds of intravenous K+ were studied in dogs. Solutions of 20, 40, 60 and 80 mEq of K+ were infused in one hour to dogs with normal renal function and normal serum K+. Nine dogs were studied: three without prior hydration and six with previous hydration. Infusing 20 mEq / hour of K+ produced an increase in heart rate without changes in the electrocardiogram. With 40 mEq / hour there were changes in the ôtõ and ôpõ waves, and with 60 and 80 mEq / hour, alterations consistent with cardiac ischemia and ventricular tachycardia. Dogs without hydration had more obvious and fatal electrocardiographic changes. Doses of 20 mEq / hour of K + caused no morbidity or mortality in the animals studied. Higher doses showed various complications which depended on the hydration status of the animal, its urinary flow and potassium level.
