SF 6 COMPARED WITH C 2 F 6 FOR INFERIOR RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL REPAIR : The Manchester Pseudophakic Retinal Detachment Study.

PURPOSE: To compare SF 6 relative with C 2 F 6 in the anatomical and functional outcomes following pars plana vitrectomy for uncomplicated primary pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with inferior causative breaks. METHODS: This is a retrospective, comparative study on eyes with pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with inferior causative breaks that had small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy repair using SF 6 and C 2 F 6 tamponade between 2011 and 2020 at a tertiary centre in the United Kingdom. Primary outcome was single surgery anatomical success, and the secondary outcome was best-corrected visual acuity. Propensity score matching, using preoperative findings as covariates to account for relevant confounders, was performed. RESULTS: From 162 pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment eyes with inferior causative breaks, the median (interquartile range) follow-up was 82 (52-182) days. The single surgery anatomical success was 156 (96.3%) overall: 47 of 47 (100.0%) and 109 of 115 (94.8%) in the SF 6 and C 2 F 6 groups, respectively ( P = 0.182). Relative to the SF 6 group, the C 2 F 6 group had a higher mean number of tears (SF 6 : 3.1[2.0], C 2 F 6 : 4.5[2.7], P = 0.002) and greater retinal detachment extent (SF 6 : 5.3[2.9], C 2 F 6 : 6.2[2.6] clock hours, P = 0.025). Following propensity score matching analysis, 80 eyes were matched with 40 in each group to homogenize preoperative factors. No significant difference was found in single surgery anatomical success and best-corrected visual acuity between the groups following propensity score matching. CONCLUSION: Primary pars plana vitrectomy with gas tamponade leads to a high single surgery anatomical success rate in uncomplicated pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with inferior causative breaks with no additional benefit associated with long-acting tamponade when comparing C 2 F 6 with SF 6 .

Topical Antiseptics in Minimizing Ocular Surface Bacterial Load Before Ophthalmic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: To investigate the reduction of the ocular surface bacterial load induced by 2 commercially available ophthalmic antiseptic formulations, povidone-iodine (PVI) 0.6% and chlorhexidine (CLX) 0.02%, before ocular surgery. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Seventy adult patients undergoing intraocular surgery (phacoemulsification) were randomized to receive in the index eye PVI (group A) 4 times a day for 3 days or CLX (group B) 4 times a day for 3 days before surgery. The untreated eye was used as control. A conjunctival swab was taken in both eyes before (T0) and after (T1) therapy. Microbial DNA was quantified with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The Mick algorithm was used to compare the abundance of each genus/genera against the distribution of abundances from the reference. At T1, patients filled a questionnaire to evaluate therapy-induced symptoms. Primary outcome was the reduction of bacterial DNA at T1 (microbial load), vs control arm, expressed as mean number of real-time PCR cycle times (CTs). Secondary outcomes were taxonomic composition, differential abundance, and therapy-induced ocular symptoms. RESULTS: The T0-T1 difference in CT was significant in group B, but not in group A (mean [95% CI], 0.99 [0.33] vs 0.26 [0.15], P < .001, and 0.65 [0.3] vs 0.45 [0.41], P = .09, respectively). The taxonomic composition, alpha, and beta diversity remained consistent at all time points in both groups. The rate of patients reporting therapy-induced ocular symptoms and the mean discomfort grade were greater in group A than in group B (97% vs 26% and 4.97±2.48 vs 0.66±1.53, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with PVI 0.6%, CLX 0.02% induced a greater reduction of ocular surface bacterial load, with no significant alterations of the taxonomic composition. Moreover, CLX was better tolerated than PVI.

Antimicrobials and antiseptics: Lowering effect on ocular surface bacterial flora - A systematic review.

Topical antimicrobials and antiseptics are used perioperatively to reduce the ocular surface bacteria flora (OSBF) that are involved in the development of post-operative infectious complications. However, their effectiveness is still a controversial topic. This systematic review, performed according to the PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO, aims to provide an overview of the efficacy of the agents currently used in peri-cataract surgery and -intravitreal injections (IVI) in lowering the OSBF. Although effective in lowering OSBF, perioperative topical antimicrobials are associated with the risk of resistance development, with no obvious additional benefit compared with topical antisepsis. Conversely, the effectiveness of topical antiseptics before cataract surgery and IVI is strongly supported. Based on the available evidence, perioperative antimicrobials are not recommended, whereas the perioperative use of antiseptics is strongly recommended as prophylactic treatment for lowering the infection due to OSBF. Post-operative antimicrobials may be considered in eyes at higher risk for infection.

THE LONG-TERM RECOVERY OF VISION IN PSEUDOPHAKIC MACULA-OFF RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENTS.

PURPOSE: To assess the long-term visual recovery in uncomplicated macula-off pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment treated with pars plana vitrectomy and gas tamponade in the absence of other visual comorbidities. METHODS: Single-center retrospective longitudinal study on eyes with macula-off pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment successfully treated with pars plana vitrectomy between 2011 and 2020 and with at least 2 follow-ups (FU), first gas-free FU (first-FU) and a final-FU, were included. Patients with subsequent ocular surgery or comorbidities affecting best-corrected visual acuity were excluded. The duration between operation date and final-FU was calculated (total days FU) and split into total days quintiles-1: ≤57, 2: >57 and ≤77, 3: >77 and ≤152, 4: >152 and ≤508, and 5: >508 days. Multivariable regression was performed with logMAR gain between the first and the final-FU as the dependent variable. RESULTS: In 209 eyes, the authors report association with increase of logMAR gain between the first and the final-FU, with reducing clock hours of pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment ( P = 0.041) and relative to the total days Quintile 1. Mean (SD) logMAR gain between the first and the final-FU was 0.02 (0.07) in the first quintile, increasing to 0.14 (0.13) ( P < 0.001) by the fifth quintile on multivariable regression. For patients not achieving 0.30 logMAR at the first-FU, this was attained at the final-FU with a sensitivity of 51.9% and specificity of 95.5% at a cut off ≤0.58 logMAR at the first-FU (area under the curve 0.756 [95% confidence interval 0.664-0.848], P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The authors report a significant time-dependent visual improvement after uncomplicated pars plana vitrectomy with gas tamponade for macula-off pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment without visual confounders and provide important quantitative data for counselling patients with macula-off repair.

A minimum specification dataset for liquid ocular endotamponades: recommendations by a European expert panel.

PURPOSE: To propose a minimum specification dataset to characterize liquid ocular endotamponades (OEs), namely silicone oil (SO), heavy SO (HSO), perfluorodecalin (PFD), and perfluoro-octane (PFO), in terms of physicochemical properties, purity and available evidence of safety, in line with ISO16672:2020. METHODS: An evidence-based consensus using the expert panel technique was conducted. Two facilitators led a committee of 11 European experts. Facilitators prepared a dataset for each compound including the list of specifications relevant for the safety, identified by the group members on the basis of expertise and a comprehensive literature review. Each item was ranked by each member using a 9-point scale from 1 "absolutely to not include" to 9 "absolutely to include" in two rounds followed by discussion. Only items reaching consensus (score ≥ 7 from ≥ 75% of members) were included in the final datasets. RESULTS: For all OEs, consensus was reached to include manufacturer, density, refractive index, chemical composition, dynamic viscosity, interfacial and surface tension, endotoxins, in vitro cytotoxicity assessment, and any evidence from ex vivo and/or in vivo tests for safety assessment. Additional specifications were added for SO (molecular weight distribution, content of oligosiloxanes with MW ≤ 1000 g/mol, spectral transmittance) and PFD/PFO (% of pure PFD/PFO in the final product, vapor pressure, chemical analyses performed for safety assessment). CONCLUSION: The proposed evidence-based minimum specification datasets for SO, HSO, PFD, and PFO have the potential to provide surgeons and health service purchasers with an easily available overview of the most relevant information for the safety assessment of OEs.

Outer retinal corrugations in late-onset retinal degeneration: a diagnostic finding demonstrated with multimodal imaging.

OBJECTIVE: Late-onset retinal degeneration (L-ORD) is a rare autosomal dominant retinal degeneration that presents in the sixth decade and leads to severe visual loss. The objective of this paper is to describe outer retinal corrugations as a diagnostic feature of L-ORD. METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed consecutive patients diagnosed with L-ORD, confirmed through complete ophthalmic examination, multimodal imaging and genetic tests. Multimodal imaging investigations included spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and ultra-wide-field colour and autofluorescence fundus photographs. RESULTS: A total of 13 eyes of 9 patients with L-ORD had outer retinal corrugations identified on OCT scans. CONCLUSION: Outer retinal corrugations may be a diagnostic finding for L-ORD. The detection of this sign may aid diagnosis and characterisation of this disease and help in the differential diagnosis with other acquired pathologies.

Unilateral retinal neovascularization associated with recurrent vitreous hemorrhage in a patient with gyrate atrophy.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: To describe the first case of unilateral peripheral retinal neovasularization associated with recurrent vitreous hemorrhage and localised tractional retinal detachment in a patient with gyrate atrophy (GA). METHODS: Interventional case report. RESULTS: A 23-year-old man with confirmed diagnosis of gyrate atrophy presented with vitreous hemorrhage and history of stable peripheral inferior tractional retinal detachment in the left eye. After three months, the vitreous hemorrhage partially reabsorbed and peripheral retinal vascular abnormalities with focal neovascularization were detected with associated tractional retinal detachment and confirmed on fluorescein angiography. Cryotherapy was performed to prevent any further bleeding. Twelve months later, the left eye remained stable and no further vitreous bleeding occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of peripheral retinal neovascularization, localised tractional retinal detachment and recurrent vitreous hemorrhage can be a unilateral complication of gyrate atrophy. In similar cases, cryotherapy may represent a valuable therapeutic option to prevent recurrent bleeding.

The Role of Subretinal Injection in Ophthalmic Surgery: Therapeutic Agent Delivery and Other Indications.

Subretinal injection is performed in vitreoretinal surgery with two main aims, namely, the subretinal delivery of therapeutic agents and subretinal injection of fluid to induce a controlled and localized macular detachment. The growing interest in this technique is mainly related to its suitability to deliver gene therapy in direct contact with target tissues. However, subretinal injection has been also used for the surgical management of submacular hemorrhage through the subretinal delivery of tissue plasminogen activator, and for the repair of full-thickness macular holes, in particular refractory ones. In the light of the increasing importance of this maneuver in vitreoretinal surgery as well as of the lack of a standardized surgical approach, we conducted a comprehensive overview on the current indications for subretinal injection, surgical technique with the available variations, and the potential complications.

Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Uveitis: Experience of a Tertiary Referral Centre in the United Kingdom.

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) without macular intervention on uveitis eyes with persistent vitreous inflammation/opacities in terms of visual acuity (VA), intraocular inflammation and macular profile. METHODS: We carried out a single-center retrospective study of patients with uveitic eyes that underwent PPV without intervention on the macula due to persistent vitreous inflammation/opacities. The primary outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular inflammation and macular profile at 3, 12 and 24 months after surgery. RESULTS: Twenty-seven eyes of twenty-six patients were analyzed. Overall, 77.8% had an improvement of VA (55% by 0.3 LogMAR or more); 62.5% of patients had no intraocular inflammation, and the number of patients on systemic steroids and second-line immunosuppressives was reduced by 26% at 12 months; 87.5% of patients had resolution of macular oedema at 12 months. CONCLUSION: PPV for persistent vitreous inflammation/opacities is safe and effective, showing beneficial outcomes in terms of improvement of BCVA and the reduction in inflammation.

Bruch's Membrane: A Key Consideration with Complement-Based Therapies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

The complement system is crucial for immune surveillance, providing the body's first line of defence against pathogens. However, an imbalance in its regulators can lead to inappropriate overactivation, resulting in diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of irreversible blindness globally affecting around 200 million people. Complement activation in AMD is believed to begin in the choriocapillaris, but it also plays a critical role in the subretinal and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) spaces. Bruch's membrane (BrM) acts as a barrier between the retina/RPE and choroid, hindering complement protein diffusion. This impediment increases with age and AMD, leading to compartmentalisation of complement activation. In this review, we comprehensively examine the structure and function of BrM, including its age-related changes visible through in vivo imaging, and the consequences of complement dysfunction on AMD pathogenesis. We also explore the potential and limitations of various delivery routes (systemic, intravitreal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal) for safe and effective delivery of conventional and gene therapy-based complement inhibitors to treat AMD. Further research is needed to understand the diffusion of complement proteins across BrM and optimise therapeutic delivery to the retina.

Expansile gas concentration in primary pseudophakic retinal detachment repair, effect on intraocular pressure and outcomes; the Manchester Pseudophakic Retinal Detachment Study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of isovolumetric and expansile gas tamponade concentrations on single surgery anatomical success (SSAS) and day 1 intraocular pressure (IOPD1) following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for mild-moderate complexity primary pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (PRD). METHODS: We conducted a single-centre retrospective continuous and comparative study on eyes that had undergone small-gauge PPV using isovolumetric versus expansile gas for PRD repair between 2011 and 2020 at a single tertiary vitreoretinal centre in UK. We performed propensity score matching (PSM) using preoperative findings as covariates to account for relevant confounders. Significant risk factors such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy C or giant retinal tears were excluded. RESULTS: From 456 eyes, PSM analysis matched 240 eyes with 120 in each group. The median (interquartile range) follow-up was 96 (59 to 218) days. The SSAS was 229/240 (95.8%) overall; 115/120 (95.8%) and 114/120 (95.0%) in isovolumetric and expansile groups, respectively (p = 1.000). Relative to the isovolumetric group, the expansile group had lower proportion of eyes with IOP ≤ 21 mmHg (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, 0.40 [0.23-0.68], p < 0.001); but significantly higher number of eyes with IOP ≥ 22 mmHg (2.53 [1.48-4.34], p < 0.001), ≥ 25 mmHg (2.77 [1.43-5.33], p < 0.001), ≥ 30 mmHg (2.90 [1.28-6.58], p = 0.006) and ≥ 40 mmHg (p = 0.029, isovolumetric: 0 [0%] vs expansile group: 6 [5%]). There was only one case of hypotony (≤ 5 mmHg) 1/240 (0.4%) which occurred in the expansile group. CONCLUSIONS: Expansile gas concentration does not impact SSAS but is associated with significantly raised IOPD1 with no reduction in hypotony rates following PPV for primary PRD.

Unexplained visual loss in retinal detachment repair: comparing gas, silicone oil and heavy silicone oil by multivariable regression.

PURPOSE: To measure the proportion of unexplained and all causes of visual loss following primary rhegmatogenous-retinal-detachment (RRD) repair, comparing gas tamponade (SF6, C2F6, C3F8), silicone oil (SO, 1000cs and 5000cs) and heavy silicone oil (Densiron). METHODS: Retrospective, continuous, comparative study from 01/1/2017-31/5/2021. All primary RRDs were included after successful removal of SO and Densiron. Primary failures were excluded. Visual loss was defined as reduction of ≥0.30 logMAR units. Multivariable binary-logistic and linear regression models to compare tamponade, and all cases of unexplained visual loss and logMAR gain were performed. Covariates included age, ocular co-morbidities, pre-op vision, macula-status, high-myopia, giant-retinal-tear (GRT), perfluorocarbon-use, combined buckle/PPV, PVR-C, retinectomy, tamponade agent and post-operative lens status. RESULTS: Of 1,012 primary RRDs, we found an incidence of unexplained visual loss in 15/1012 (1.5%, SF6:1/341[0.3%], C2F6:4/338[1.2%], C3F8:2/239[0.8%], Densiron:0/33[0.0%], SO-1000cs:5/43[11.6%] and SO-5000cs:3/18[16.7%]), and visual loss of all causes in 57/1012 (5.6%, SF6:13/341[3.8%], C2F6:14/338[4.1%], C3F8:15/239[6.3%], Densiron:2/33[6.1%], SO-1000cs:9/43[20.9%] and SO-5000cs:4/18[22.2%]). On multivariable binary-logistic regression, we report that macula-on RRD (Odds-Ratio[OR]5.7,95% Confidence-interval[CI]1.2-28.2, p=0.032), GRT (OR35.0,CI 2.0-617.3, p=0.015), combined buckle/PPV (OR37.7,CI 2.0-711.4, p=0.015), SO1000cs (OR86.6,CI 5.6-1,348.0), p=0.001) and 5000cs (OR37.2,CI 1.3-1,101.5, p=0.036) (Reference-tamponade:SF6) were associated with unexplained visual loss. Duration of oil tamponade was not linked to increase in unexplained visual loss (p=0.569). CONCLUSIONS: Correlation between SO in detachment repairs and unexplained visual loss has been established, however incidence with HSO has not been compared to other agents. This study demonstrates that although SO was linked with risk-adjusted increased unexplained visual loss relative to gas tamponade, no such association was found for Densiron, on multivariable analysis.

INTRAOCULAR EMULSION OF SILICONE OIL (ITEMS) GRADING SYSTEM: An Evidence-Based Expert-Led Consensus.

PURPOSE: To propose the InTraocular EMulsion of Silicone oil (ITEMS) grading system for the assessment of silicone oil (SiO) emulsion, applicable in a routine clinical setting and validated through an expert-led consensus procedure. METHODS: Seven experts on intraocular liquid tamponades, led by a facilitator, performed a literature review on the detection of SiO emulsion. Based on the proposed ideas, a questionnaire was developed and submitted to the experts on the methods to detect SiO emulsion and the items to grade. After 2 rounds of individual ranking using a 9-point scale and related discussion, the final grading system was developed including items that reached consensus (score ≥7 from ≥75% of members). RESULTS: The agreed ITEMS grading system includes the identification of SiO microbubbles and large SiO bubbles through slit-lamp biomicroscopy, gonioscopy, fundus examination under mydriasis, or ultra-wide-field fundus photography. Moreover, macular and disk optical coherence tomography are used to detect SiO-associated hyperreflective dots. CONCLUSION: An evidence-based expert-led consensus was conducted to develop grading system of SiO emulsion, allowing, for the first time, homogenous collection of data on SiO emulsion. This has the potential to improve the understanding of the role and clinical relevance of SiO emulsion, allowing comparisons between different studies.

The impact of 360-laser barricade on outcomes of vitrectomy for pseudophakic retinal detachment; The Manchester Pseudophakic Retinal Detachment Study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the anatomical and functional outcomes and specifically, the effect of 360-degree barrier-laser, in pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for primary pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (PRD). METHODS: We conducted a single-centre retrospective, continuous and comparative study on eyes that had undergone PPV with focal-retinopexy (laser or cryotherapy) versus 360-laser for PRD repair between 2011-2020 at a single tertiary vitreoretinal centre in the UK. Primary outcomes were single surgery anatomical success (SSAS) rate and final postoperative visual acuity (VA). Multivariable regression covariates for primary re-detachment included age, gender, onset-of-detachment, pre-operative VA, ocular co-morbidities, macula-status, majority inferior (vs superior) PRD, number-of-tears and PRD extent (in clock-hours), 360-laser barricade, and perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) use. For VA gain, primary re-detachment was added as a covariate. RESULTS: We included 467 eyes with a mean follow-up of 388 (161) days. The SSAS was 444/467 (95.1%) overall, and 351/370 (94.9%) and 93/97 (95.9%) in focal-retinopexy and 360-laser groups, respectively (p = 0.798). Compared to the focal-retinopexy group, the 360-laser group had significantly worse post-operative VA but similar logMAR gain (p = 0.812). A multivariable binary logistic regression found that only PFCL use was linked with increased primary re-detachment (OR:5.32 [p = 0.048]) and 360-laser did not contribute to increased SSAS. A multivariable linear regression analysis showed that poor logMAR gain was significantly associated with better pre-operative logMAR, ocular co-morbidities, greater PRD extent, use of 360-laser and primary re-detachment. However, when excluding macula-off RD (n = 211), 360-laser was no longer significant (p = 0.088). CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic 360-laser does not seem to impact on SSAS and functional outcomes following PPV for primary PRD.

The Short-Term Results of Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma as an Adjuvant to Re-Intervention in the Treatment of Refractory Full-Thickness Macular Holes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term efficacy and safety of autologous platelet-rich plasma (a-PRP) as an adjuvant to revisional vitrectomy for refractory full-thickness macular holes (rFTMHs). We conducted a prospective, non-randomized interventional study including patients with rFTMH after a pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with internal limiting membrane peeling and gas tamponade. We included 28 eyes from 27 patients with rFTMHs: 12 rFTMHs in highly myopic eyes (axial length greater than 26.5 mm or a refractive error greater than -6D or both); 12 large rFTMHs (minimum hole width > 400 µm); and 4 rFTMHs secondary to the optic disc pit. All patients underwent 25-G PPV with a-PRP, a median time of 3.5 ± 1.8 months after the primary repair. At the six-month follow-up, the overall rFTMH closure rate was 92.9%, distributed as follows: 11 out of 12 eyes (91.7%) in the highly myopic group, 11 out of 12 eyes (91.7%) in the large rFTMH group, and 4 out of 4 eyes (100%) in the optic disc pit group. Median best-corrected visual acuity significantly improved in all groups, in particular from 1.00 (interquartile range: 0.85 to 1.30) to 0.70 (0.40 to 0.85) LogMAR in the highly myopic group (p = 0.016), from 0.90 (0.70 to 1.49) to 0.40 (0.35 to 0.70) LogMAR in the large rFTMH group (p = 0.005), and from 0.90 (0.75 to 1.00) to 0.50 (0.28 to 0.65) LogMAR in the optic disc pit group. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were reported. In conclusion, a-PRP can be an effective adjuvant to PPV in the management of rFTMHs.

Management of Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage during Phacoemulsification: A Comprehensive Review.

Suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH) is a rare and sight-threatening complication of various intraocular surgeries, including cataract surgery. Although the rate of SCH complicating cataract surgery has decreased in the era of phacoemulsification, most likely due to smaller self-sealing incisions and modern equipment, it remains a challenging complication to manage. The aim of this review is to summarize the current evidence of the pathophysiology and management of SCH complicating phaco surgery. A literature review was performed using the PubMed database searching for diagnosis, therapy, and management of SCH during phacoemulsification. The evidence available on the optimal management of this condition is low, and there is no consensus so far. An early diagnosis is thought to be essential to avoid progression to the devastating stage of expulsion of intraocular contents (expulsive hemorrhage). Sudden intraoperative anterior chamber shallowing, red reflex loss, and a significant increase in intraocular pressure are highly suspicious for this severe complication. A fundus examination and ocular ultrasound are crucial to confirm the diagnosis and, if it is confirmed, stabilize the globe immediately. The initial therapeutic approach includes aggressive topical and systemic medication focused on controlling ocular inflammation and intraocular pressure, whereas the timing and the indications of surgical intervention remain controversial.

The effect of sex and laterality on the phenotype of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

BACKGROUND: To assess the effect of sex and laterality on clinical features of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). METHOD: This study is a retrospective analysis of data prospectively collected. We extracted data from two online datasets over a 7-year period of patients older than 16 years who had undergone surgery for primary RRD. Data on baseline characteristics were analyzed to compare males versus females, and right versus left eyes. RESULTS: Of 8133 eyes analyzed, 4342 (53.4%) were right. The overall male predominance (63.7%) was more marked in the age range 50-69 years. Men were more commonly pseudophakic and presented more frequently with baseline posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). Female sex was significantly associated with baseline myopia, retinal holes as causative retinal break, and isolated inferior RD. Men had more frequent foveal involvement, greater RRD extent, greater numbers and larger sized retinal tears including dialysis and giant retinal tears. Regarding laterality, foveal involvement, larger retinal breaks, isolated temporal RD and temporal retinal breaks were more common in right eyes, whereas left eyes were more myopic at baseline and presented more frequently with isolated nasal RD and nasal retinal breaks. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the predominance of male sex and right laterality in RRD. Sex and laterality were associated with multiple presenting features of RRD including extent, break distribution, number, size and type, as well as RD distribution.

Diabetic Retinopathy: Soluble and Imaging Ocular Biomarkers.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, represents the leading cause of acquired blindness in the working-age population. Due to the potential absence of symptoms in the early stages of the disease, the identification of clinical biomarkers can have a crucial role in the early diagnosis of DR as well as for the detection of prognostic factors. In particular, imaging techniques are fundamental tools for screening, diagnosis, classification, monitoring, treatment planning and prognostic assessment in DR. In this context, the identification of ocular and systemic biomarkers is crucial to facilitate the risk stratification of diabetic patients; moreover, reliable biomarkers could provide prognostic information on disease progression as well as assist in predicting a patient's response to therapy. In this context, this review aimed to provide an updated and comprehensive overview of the soluble and anatomical biomarkers associated with DR.