A Multimodal Analysis to Explore Upper Limb Motor Recovery at 4 Weeks After Stroke: Insights From EEG and Kinematics Measures.

Background. Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and there is a very short period of increased synaptic plasticity, fundamental in motor recovery. Thus, it is crucial to acquire data to guide the rehabilitation treatment. Promising results have been achieved with kinematics and neurophysiological data, but currently, few studies integrate these different modalities. Objectives. We explored the correlations between standardized clinical scales, kinematic data, and EEG measures 4 weeks after stroke. Methods. 26 patients were considered. Among them, 20 patients also performed the EEG study, beyond the kinematic analysis, at 4 weeks. Results. We found correlations between the Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity, movement duration, smoothness measures, and velocity peaks. Moreover, EEG measures showed a tendency for the healthy hemisphere to vicariate the affected one in patients characterized by better clinical conditions. Conclusions. These results suggest the relevance of kinematic (in particular movement duration and smoothness) and EEG biomarkers to evaluate post-stroke recovery. We emphasize the importance of integrating clinical data with kinematic and EEG analyses from the early stroke stages, in order to guide rehabilitation strategies to best leverage the short period of increased synaptic plasticity.

Electromyographic activity of the vastus intermedius muscle in patients with stiff-knee gait after stroke. A retrospective observational study.

Stiff-knee gait (SKG) in hemiplegic patients is often due to an inappropriate activity of the quadriceps femoris. However, there are no studies in literature addressing the vastus intermedius (VI) involvement in SKG. In this study, VI activity was analyzed in a sample of 46 chronic stroke patients with SKG, during spontaneous gait. VI activity was recorded by fine-wire electrodes inserted under ultrasound guidance then confirmed by electrical stimulation. The measured VI activity was compared to the normal reference pattern reported in literature and classified (e.g. premature, prolonged). The occurrences of abnormal activations during each sub-phase of the gait cycle were assessed. VI activity presented an abnormal timing in 96% of the sample. The most common pathological pattern (in 46% of the sample) was the combination of premature and prolonged VI activation. Nearly 20% of patients presented a continuous activity. A pathological activation in patients was found for 91% in mid stance, for more than 50% in terminal stance and pre-swing and for 37% and 70% in initial- and mid-swing. Results indicate that abnormal VI activity is frequent in patients with SKG. Hence, VI activity should be included in the assessment of SKG to assist in the clinical decision-making processes.

Evaluation of Clinical Gait Analysis parameters in patients affected by Multiple Sclerosis: Analysis of kinematics.

BACKGROUND: Clinical Gait Analysis is commonly used to evaluate specific gait characteristics of patients affected by Multiple Sclerosis. The aim of this report is to present a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the changes in Clinical Gait Analysis parameters in patients affected by Multiple Sclerosis. METHODS: In this study a sample of 51 patients with different levels of disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale 2-6.5) was analyzed. We extracted a set of 52 parameters from the Clinical Gait Analysis of each patient and used statistical analysis and linear regression to assess differences among several groups of subjects stratified according to the Expanded Disability Status Scale and 6-Minutes Walking Test. The impact of assistive devices (e.g. canes and crutches) on the kinematics was also assessed in a subsample of patients. FINDINGS: Subjects showed decreased range of motion at hip, knee and ankle that translated in increased pelvic tilt and hiking. Comparison between the two stratifications showed that gait speed during 6-Minutes Walking Test is better at discriminating patients' kinematics with respect to Expanded Disability Status Scale. Assistive devices were shown not to significantly impact gait kinematics and the Clinical Gait Analysis parameters analyzed. INTERPRETATION: We were able to characterize disability-related trends in gait kinematics. The results presented in this report provide a small atlas of the changes in gait characteristics associated with different disability levels in the Multiple Sclerosis population. This information could be used to effectively track the progression of MS and the effect of different therapies.

Effects of a "test in-train out" walking program versus supervised standard rehabilitation in chronic stroke patients: a feasibility and pilot randomized study.

BACKGROUND: The loss of normal ambulatory function after stroke, besides causing disability, leads to progressive deconditioning and exposes patients to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and recurrent stroke. Conventional rehabilitation is mainly limited to the subacute period after stroke. Effective, safe and sustainable interventions for patients and healthcare system, including the long-term, should be identified. AIM: To verify the feasibility, safety and preliminary efficacy of an original home-based rehabilitation model compared to a standard supervised program in chronic hemiplegic stroke survivors. DESIGN: Pilot, two-arm, parallel group, randomized, controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Community-dwelling poststroke patient/Hospital. POPULATION: Twelve chronic hemiplegic stroke patients (age=66.5±11.9 years, males, N.=9). METHODS: Participants were randomly assigned for a 10-week period to a structured home-based exercise program (N.=6) and a standard supervised group-setting program (N.=6). The feasibility outcomes included adherence to interventions, retention rate and safety. Satisfaction was also evaluated by the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire. Efficacy was assessed by the 6-minute walk test, Timed Up and Go and Stair Climb tests. The impact on Quality-of-life was estimated using the physical activity domain of the Short Form-36 questionnaire. Operators' time consuming was also calculated. RESULTS: Adherence was 91% in the home-based exercise group and 92% in the standard supervised group. The retention rate was 100%, with no adverse events reported and high satisfaction scores for both interventions. 6-minute walk test and physical activity domain significantly increased in both groups (P=0.03). Timed Up and Go improved in both groups, significantly for the home-based exercise group (P=0.03) while Stair Climb remained stable. Time required to operators to implement the home-based exercise program was 15 hours vs. 30 hours for the standard supervised one. CONCLUSIONS: In a sample of hemiplegic chronic stroke patients, a structured home-based exercise program was feasible, safe and capable of inducing improvements in functional capacity and Quality-of-life comparable to a conventional supervised rehabilitation program A future larger randomized controlled trial will be needed to confirm such results. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: With the limitation of a small sample size, the study suggested that a home-based program for chronic stroke might be an effective alternative to traditional supervised programs with the peculiarity of being sustainable for patients and healthcare system.

A new protocol for 3D assessment of foot during gait: application on patients with equinovarus foot.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to assess the clinical value of a recently introduced original protocol for full three dimensional analysis of ankle rotations in patients with equinovarus foot. METHODS: A preliminary study merging the Total3Dgait protocol and the conventional Vicon® Plug-in-Gait marker-sets on five patients with foot deformity was performed to compare the output exactly over the same gait cycles. In the second study, 15 patients with equinus varus foot were assessed retrospectively by means of the Total3Dgait protocol before and after surgery. Data on ankle kinematics were compared to those of a control group. The Functional Ambulation Categories scale and other goals such as orthosis/aids removal, decrease in foot pain, healing of calluses and sores were considered as measures of clinical outcome. FINDINGS: The Total3Dgait protocol provides additional joint motion, in the coronal and transverse planes. Kinematics in the three anatomical planes improved significantly although no changes in time-distance parameters were evident. Improvement in clinical outcome measures was also achieved. INTERPRETATION: The new protocol provides valuable additional data in measuring full three dimensional kinematics of the foot during gait. Whereas the speed of walking was unchanged after surgery for most of patients, the kinematic changes in the three anatomical planes, as measured by the new protocol, were the only measures able to demonstrate motion changes induced by surgery at the foot and to explain subject-specific gains as improvement in stability during walking, relief of pain, calluses and sores, and removal or modification of foot orthosis and aids.

Repeatability of a new protocol for gait analysis in adult subjects.

The reliability of kinematic measurements has a top priority in gait analysis. The aim of the present work was to assess the inter-trial, inter-session and inter-examiner variability of an anatomical-based protocol by an established method. The gait of two young adult volunteers was analyzed by four examiners with different degrees of experience in three sessions 1 week apart. The data of five trials of level walking were collected and the rotations in the three anatomical planes of the pelvis, hip, knee and ankle were calculated. The mean value over the gait cycle of the standard deviation of these rotations was calculated for each of the 24 groups of five trials (inter-trial), the eight groups of five trials multiplied by three sessions (inter-session), and the two groups of five trials multiplied by three sessions multiplied by four examiners (inter-examiner). For each rotation, the inter-examiner variability was larger than the inter-session, and the latter larger than the inter-trial. The present ratio between inter-examiner and inter-trial variability was found to be smaller than that of the conventional protocol for each of the gait variables.