Percepções dos pais sobre uma intervenção de esportes modificados para crianças com paralisia cerebral.

OBJETIVO: Explorar as percepções dos pais de crianças com paralisia cerebral (PC) sobre uma intervenção de esportes modificados, intitulada Sports Stars Brasil. MÉTODOS: Pais de crianças (n = 15, com idades de 6 a 12 anos) com PC, classificadas nos níveis I e II do GMFCS, que participaram do Sports Stars Brasil, foram recrutados para este estudo qualitativo descritivo. As crianças receberam uma intervenção de esportes modificados de oito semanas (1 hora por semana). Após a intervenção, os pais participaram de um grupo focal. A interpretação das "minhas palavras favoritas" (saúde, família, diversão, funcionalidade, amigos e futuro) da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde foi usada para orientar a os grupos focais. As transcrições foram codificadas usando a metodologia de análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS: Os pais relataram experiências positivas com o Sports Stars Brasil, incluindo a redução do sedentarismo ("Saúde"), melhora das habilidades motoras ("Funcionalidade"), maior conexão entre a criança e a família ("Família"), melhor socialização ("Amigos"), aumento na participação em atividades prazerosas ("Diversão") e conscientização sobre a importância da atividade física ("Futuro"). Todas as experiências positivas estavam interconectadas. INTERPRETAÇÃO: A capacidade do Sports Stars de integrar todos os aspectos do funcionalidade apoia seu papel como uma opção de intervenção promissora para crianças com PC deambulantes.

Formação interprofissional na graduação em saúde: revisão sistemática de estratégias educativas / Interprofessional education in undergraduate health courses: systematic review

Resumo: Introdução: A educação interprofissional (EIP) procura desenvolver habilidades colaborativas dos profissionais de saúde para a melhoria do cuidado ao paciente. Objetivo: Essa revisão explora as estratégias educacionais não pontuais utilizadas na formação interprofissional, na graduação em saúde, identificando seus potenciais e suas fragilidades. Método: A busca incluiu artigos publicados nas bases de dados BVS (LILACS), Cochrane, CINAHL, Embase e MEDLINE. Definiu-se a questão de pesquisa pelo anagrama PICO: selecionaram-se estudos que incluíssem, pelo menos, dois cursos de graduação em saúde, sendo um deles de Medicina, e que relatassem estratégia educacional mínima de 15 horas e sua avaliação. Resumos publicados em congressos, opiniões, editoriais e revisões sistemáticas foram excluídos. Resultado: Avaliaram-se 28 estudos publicados entre 2005 e 2019, sendo 31% no último biênio. Prevaleceram a simulação (36%) ou o uso de métodos combinados (29%) na avaliação de atitudes dos alunos, a compreensão dos papéis dos profissionais de saúde, o trabalho em equipe, a comunicação e o conhecimento em resposta à intervenções de EIP. Predominaram estudos nos domínios: papéis e responsabilidades (75%) e trabalho em equipe (64%). A abordagem de valores e ética (32%) e de comunicação (28%) foi menos frequente. Dos artigos, 18 (64%) apresentavam dois ou mais objetivos e seis (18%) buscavam estudar, em conjunto, os quatro domínios da EIP. Entre as intervenções utilizadas como estratégias de ensino, 36% (dez estudos) eram de simulação; 29% (oito), métodos combinados; 18% (cinco), prática clínica (trabalho colaborativo em unidades ambulatoriais ou enfermarias); 14% (quatro), observação direta (shadowing); 11%, aprendizagem baseada em problemas; e dois, aprendizado on-line (e-learning) e workshop. A qualidade geral dos estudos incluídos foi baixa, atendendo de dois a cinco dos seis critérios de qualidade. O cegamento do avaliador não foi citado em 25 publicações. O trabalho colaborativo em cenários reais é descrito como o mais eficiente. Conclusão: A EIP vem sendo incorporada ao processo de formação na saúde, e múltiplas estratégias focadas em resultados e baseadas em competências otimizam a construção de relações efetivas e o desenvolvimento de habilidades para a prática colaborativa. A fragilidade dos artigos aponta que a EIP de estudantes ainda constitui grande desafio para as instituições formadoras.

Abstract: Introduction: Interprofessional Education (IPE) seeks to develop collaborative practice among health professionals to improve patient care. Objective: This systematic review exploits the non-punctual IPE strategies in undergraduate health courses, identifying their potential and weaknesses. Method: The search included articles published in the LILACS, COCHRANE, CINAHL, EMBASE and MEDLINE. The research question was defined by the PICO anagram: studies were selected that included at least two undergraduate health courses, one of them in Medicine, and that reported a minimum educational strategy of 15 hours and its review. Abstracts published in congresses, opinions, editorials, and systematic reviews were excluded. Results: There have been 28 reviewed studies published between 2005-2019, 31% of which have been in the last two years. The dominant themes were simulation (36%) or the use of combined methods (29%) in the assessment of student attitudes, understanding of health professionals' roles, teamwork, communication, and knowledge in response to IPE interventions. Studies in the Domains - Roles and responsibilities (75%) and teamwork (64%) predominated. The approach to values and ethics (32%); communication (28%) was less frequent. 18 articles (64%) had two or more objectives and six articles (18%) sought to study the four domains of IPE together. Among the interventions used as teaching strategies, 36% (10 studies) were simulation, 29% (8 studies) combined methods, 18% (5 studies) clinical practice (collaborative work in outpatient units or wards), 14% (4 studies) direct observation (shadowing), 11% problem-based learning, and 2 online learning studies (e-learning) and workshops. The overall quality of the included studies was low, meeting two to five of the six quality criteria. Blind peer reviewing was not cited in 25 publications. Collaborative work in real settings is described as the most efficient. Conclusion: IPE has been incorporated in the process of healthcare training and multiple results-based competence optimizes effective relationship development and the abilities needed in the collaborative practice. The fragility of the articles indicates that the interprofessional education of students is still a great challenge for educational institutions.

Elders in a former brazilian leprosy colony: clinical and functional vulnerability and vocal and hearing self-perception. / Idosos de uma antiga colônia brasileira de hanseníase: vulnerabilidade clínico-funcional e autopercepção vocal e auditiva.

PURPOSE: Verifying the association between clinical-functional vulnerability and vocal and auditory self-perception in seniors presenting a history of leprosy. METHODS: Cross-sectional study encompassing 117 elderly people from an old leprosy colony in southeastern Brazil. The research analyzed sociodemographic information and the following protocols: Clinical-Functional Vulnerability Index-20 (IVCF-20), Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly Screening Version (HHIE-S), Screening for Vocal Change in the Elderly (RAVI) and Vocal Handicap Index 10 (IDV-10). For data analysis, the ordinal logistic regression model of proportional odds was used. RESULTS: 37.6% of the elderly were classified as robust, 35.0% at risk of fragility and 27.4% as frail. Vocal alteration (RAVI), vocal handicap (IDV-10) and restriction to auditory participation (HHIE-S) were observed in 65.8%, 24.8% and 48.7% respectively, in the studied population. In the multivariate analysis, it was found the oldest group (OR = 1.11; CI: 1.05-1.16) and those with vocal handicap (OR = 4.11; 95% CI: 1.77-9.56) were more likely to be classified as at risk of fragility or already fragile. The simultaneous presence of vocal handicap and restriction of auditory participation (46.9%) was larger among frail elderly people. CONCLUSION: The increasing age of the elderly and the presence of vocal handicap is associated with greater clinical-functional vulnerability. The high prevalence of both voice and hearing disorders reinforces the need for the speech therapist to be included in public policies, directed towards caring for people with a history of leprosy.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre vulnerabilidade clínico-funcional e autopercepção vocal e auditiva de idosos com histórico de hanseníase. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal desenvolvido com 117 idosos de uma antiga colônia de hanseníase no sudeste do Brasil. Foram analisadas informações sociodemográficas, e os protocolos: Índice de Vulnerabilidade Clínico-funcional (IVCF-20), Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly Screening Version (HHIE-S), Rastreio de Alteração Vocal em Idosos (RAVI) e Índice de Desvantagem Vocal 10 (IDV-10). O IVCF-20 classifica o idoso como robusto, em risco de fragilização e frágil. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se o modelo de regressão logística ordinal de chances proporcionais. RESULTADOS: 37,6% dos idosos foram classificados em robustos, 35,0% em risco de fragilização e 27,4% em frágeis. A alteração vocal (RAVI), desvantagem vocal (IDV-10) e restrição à participação auditiva (HHIE-S) foram observadas em 65,8%, 24,8% e 48,7% dos idosos, respectivamente. Na análise multivariada, verificou-se que idosos mais velhos (OR=1,11; IC: 1,05-1,16) e com desvantagem vocal (OR=4,11; IC 95%: 1,77-9,56) tiveram maiores chances de serem classificados como em risco de fragilização ou frágil. A presença simultânea de desvantagem vocal e restrição à participação auditiva (46,9%) foi maior entre os idosos frágeis. CONCLUSÃO: O aumento da idade dos idosos e a presença de desvantagem vocal tem associação com a maior vulnerabilidade clínico-funcional. As altas prevalências de alterações vocais e auditivas reforçam a necessidade da inclusão do fonoaudiólogo nas políticas públicas voltadas ao cuidado de pessoas com histórico de hanseníase.

Idosos de uma antiga colônia brasileira de hanseníase: vulnerabilidade clínico-funcional e autopercepção vocal e auditiva / Elders in a former brazilian leprosy colony: clinical and functional vulnerability and vocal and hearing self-perception

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a associação entre vulnerabilidade clínico-funcional e autopercepção vocal e auditiva de idosos com histórico de hanseníase. Método Estudo transversal desenvolvido com 117 idosos de uma antiga colônia de hanseníase no sudeste do Brasil. Foram analisadas informações sociodemográficas, e os protocolos: Índice de Vulnerabilidade Clínico-funcional (IVCF-20), Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly Screening Version (HHIE-S), Rastreio de Alteração Vocal em Idosos (RAVI) e Índice de Desvantagem Vocal 10 (IDV-10). O IVCF-20 classifica o idoso como robusto, em risco de fragilização e frágil. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se o modelo de regressão logística ordinal de chances proporcionais. Resultados 37,6% dos idosos foram classificados em robustos, 35,0% em risco de fragilização e 27,4% em frágeis. A alteração vocal (RAVI), desvantagem vocal (IDV-10) e restrição à participação auditiva (HHIE-S) foram observadas em 65,8%, 24,8% e 48,7% dos idosos, respectivamente. Na análise multivariada, verificou-se que idosos mais velhos (OR=1,11; IC: 1,05-1,16) e com desvantagem vocal (OR=4,11; IC 95%: 1,77-9,56) tiveram maiores chances de serem classificados como em risco de fragilização ou frágil. A presença simultânea de desvantagem vocal e restrição à participação auditiva (46,9%) foi maior entre os idosos frágeis. Conclusão O aumento da idade dos idosos e a presença de desvantagem vocal tem associação com a maior vulnerabilidade clínico-funcional. As altas prevalências de alterações vocais e auditivas reforçam a necessidade da inclusão do fonoaudiólogo nas políticas públicas voltadas ao cuidado de pessoas com histórico de hanseníase.

ABSTRACT Purpose Verifying the association between clinical-functional vulnerability and vocal and auditory self-perception in seniors presenting a history of leprosy. Methods Cross-sectional study encompassing 117 elderly people from an old leprosy colony in southeastern Brazil. The research analyzed sociodemographic information and the following protocols: Clinical-Functional Vulnerability Index-20 (IVCF-20), Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly Screening Version (HHIE-S), Screening for Vocal Change in the Elderly (RAVI) and Vocal Handicap Index 10 (IDV-10). For data analysis, the ordinal logistic regression model of proportional odds was used. Results 37.6% of the elderly were classified as robust, 35.0% at risk of fragility and 27.4% as frail. Vocal alteration (RAVI), vocal handicap (IDV-10) and restriction to auditory participation (HHIE-S) were observed in 65.8%, 24.8% and 48.7% respectively, in the studied population. In the multivariate analysis, it was found the oldest group (OR = 1.11; CI: 1.05-1.16) and those with vocal handicap (OR = 4.11; 95% CI: 1.77-9.56) were more likely to be classified as at risk of fragility or already fragile. The simultaneous presence of vocal handicap and restriction of auditory participation (46.9%) was larger among frail elderly people. Conclusion The increasing age of the elderly and the presence of vocal handicap is associated with greater clinical-functional vulnerability. The high prevalence of both voice and hearing disorders reinforces the need for the speech therapist to be included in public policies, directed towards caring for people with a history of leprosy.

Stress, anxiety, self-efficacy, and the meanings that physical therapy students attribute to their experience with an objective structured clinical examination.

BACKGROUND: Excessive stress and anxiety can impair learning. The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is a valuable tool to assess and promote the acquisition of clinical skills. However, significant OSCE-related stress and anxiety are frequently reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between physiological stress, self-reported levels of anxiety due to an OSCE, self-efficacy, and the meanings that physical therapy students attribute to their experience with the exam. DESIGN: Concurrent mixed methods study. METHODS: A total of 32 students took part in this study. All were enrolled in the third semester of a 10-semester Physical Therapy Bachelor Program. Salivary cortisol levels, self-reported anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI) were measured before the OSCE. Exam scores and self-efficacy ratings were also recorded. Correlations between variables were tested with the Pearson correlation, with ɑ at 0.05. Semi-structured interviews were used to explore the personal perspectives of students. Thematic analysis was used to investigate emergent themes. RESULTS: Trait anxiety scores were significantly higher than normative values (p < 0.001). A high proportion of students showed high (STAI> 49) state anxiety (37.5%) and trait anxiety (65.6%). Salivary cortisol was not associated anxiety (p > 0.05). Neither stress nor anxiety correlated with OSCE scores. A moderate and significant direct correlation was found for self-efficacy scores and OSCE scores (r = 0.475, p = 0.007). Students reported that confidence had a calming effect and led to better self-perceived performance. They also reported that the OSCE can provide meaningful learning experiences despite being stressful. CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of our students reported a stable/lingering negative affect. However, neither stress nor anxiety related to OSCE scores. Students' confidence in their capabilities was correlated with their performance. Their subjective reports suggest that self-confidence may have protected them from the negative effects of stress and anxiety on academic performance.

Aspects of social participation and neighborhood perception: ELSI-Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of the physical and social surroundings of the neighborhood, which are presented as facilitators or barriers for the social participation of Brazilian older adults. METHODS: The study was conducted in a probabilistic representative sample of the Brazilian population aged 50 years and older and who lived in urban areas (n = 7,935). The response variable was social participation, which was defined from two questions about activities performed with other persons: visited friends or relatives in their homes in the last 12 months (yes, no); went out with other persons to public places, such as restaurant, movies, club, park, in the last 12 months (yes, no). The explanatory variables included fear of falling because of defects in sidewalks, concern about the difficulty to get on a bus, subway, or train, difficulty to cross streets, and perception of violence in the neighborhood. Potential confounding variables included age, marital status, education level, self-rated health, living in an asphalted or paved street, time living in the municipality, and socioeconomic position score. Prevalence ratios and respective confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression. RESULT: Difficulty to cross streets presented an independent association with restricted social participation (PR = 0.95; 95%CI 0.93-0.98) among both women (PR = 0.96; 95%CI 0.92-0.99) and men (PR = 0.94; 95%CI 0.90-0.99). Concern about the difficulty to get on a bus, subway, or train was associated with the outcome only among men (PR = 0.95; 95%CI 0.91-0.99). The fear of falling because of defects in sidewalks and the perception of violence in the neighborhood were not associated with social participation. CONCLUSIONS: Urban characteristics that hinder the crossing of streets and accessibility to public transport can be inferred as important barriers for the social participation of Brazilian older adults.

Aspects of social participation and neighborhood perception: ELSI-Brazil / Aspectos da participação social e a percepção da vizinhança: ELSI-Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of the physical and social surroundings of the neighborhood, which are presented as facilitators or barriers for the social participation of Brazilian older adults. METHODS The study was conducted in a probabilistic representative sample of the Brazilian population aged 50 years and older and who lived in urban areas (n = 7,935). The response variable was social participation, which was defined from two questions about activities performed with other persons: visited friends or relatives in their homes in the last 12 months (yes, no); went out with other persons to public places, such as restaurant, movies, club, park, in the last 12 months (yes, no). The explanatory variables included fear of falling because of defects in sidewalks, concern about the difficulty to get on a bus, subway, or train, difficulty to cross streets, and perception of violence in the neighborhood. Potential confounding variables included age, marital status, education level, self-rated health, living in an asphalted or paved street, time living in the municipality, and socioeconomic position score. Prevalence ratios and respective confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression. RESULT Difficulty to cross streets presented an independent association with restricted social participation (PR = 0.95; 95%CI 0.93-0.98) among both women (PR = 0.96; 95%CI 0.92-0.99) and men (PR = 0.94; 95%CI 0.90-0.99). Concern about the difficulty to get on a bus, subway, or train was associated with the outcome only among men (PR = 0.95; 95%CI 0.91-0.99). The fear of falling because of defects in sidewalks and the perception of violence in the neighborhood were not associated with social participation. CONCLUSIONS Urban characteristics that hinder the crossing of streets and accessibility to public transport can be inferred as important barriers for the social participation of Brazilian older adults.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Determinar o impacto do entorno físico e social da vizinhança, que se apresentam como facilitadores ou barreiras, para a participação social de adultos mais velhos brasileiros. MÉTODOS O estudo foi conduzido em amostra probabilística representativa da população brasileira, residente em áreas urbanas, com 50 anos ou mais de idade (n = 7.935). A variável resposta foi participação social, definida a partir de duas perguntas sobre atividades realizadas com outras pessoas: visitou seus amigos ou familiares em suas casas nos últimos 12 meses (sim, não); saiu com outras pessoas para lugares públicos, como restaurante, cinema, clube, praça, nos últimos 12 meses (sim, não). As variáveis explicativas incluíram medo de cair por causa de defeitos nos passeios, preocupação com a dificuldade de subir em ônibus, metrô ou trem, dificuldade em atravessar a rua e percepção de violência na vizinhança. As potenciais variáveis de confusão incluíram faixa etária, situação conjugal, escolaridade, autoavaliação da saúde, residência em rua asfaltada ou pavimentada, tempo de moradia no município e escore de indicador de posição socioeconômica. Razões de prevalência e respectivos intervalos de confiança foram estimados por meio da regressão de Poisson. RESULTADO A dificuldade em atravessar a rua apresentou associação independente com a restrição para participação social (RP = 0,95; IC95% 0,93-0,98), tanto entre as mulheres (RP = 0,96; IC95% 0,92-0,99) quanto entre os homens (RP = 0,94; IC95% 0,90-0,99). A preocupação com a dificuldade de subir em ônibus, metrô ou trem apresentou associação com o desfecho somente entre os homens (RP = 0,95; IC95% 0,91-0,99). O medo de cair por causa de defeitos nos passeios e a percepção de violência na vizinhança não foram associados à participação social. CONCLUSÕES Características urbanas que ocasionam dificuldade em atravessar a rua e a acessibilidade ao transporte público podem ser inferidas como importantes barreiras para a participação social de adultos mais velhos brasileiros.

Perceived neighborhood characteristics and the functional performance of elderly people in the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: a quantile regression analysis.

This study aims to examine the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and the functional performance of elderly people living in the Belo Horizonte metropolitan area, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Data of a representative sample of 2,033 elderly were analyzed using quantile regression. Functional performance was measured by the number of activities of daily living (ADL) the elderly had difficulty to perform. The neighborhood characteristics evaluated were: maintenance, trust, insecurity and defective sidewalks. Functional performance was found positively associated with the characteristic defective sidewalks, whose effect increased as the number of ADL the elderly had difficulty to perform increased. The results suggest that inadequate sidewalk conditions can contribute to functional losses in elderly people, especially among those who are functionally more compromised.

Characteristics and functional demands of patients at a local rehabilitation network: analysis from first contact. / Características e demandas funcionais de usuários de uma rede local de reabilitação: análise a partir do acolhimento.

The cross sectional study aims to create the patients' profile and understand their demands for seeking public rehabilitation services from Belo Horizonte. Data were analyzed from 516 patients who gained entry into the health care system by means of the Protocol for Identification of Problems for Rehabilitation (PLPR). It allows for gathering information related to one's health and the social context, including a brief functional description (BFD) with 25 items. Most patients were females, mean age of 57 years, and 54% declared to be responsible for the family income. Severe or complete difficulty in at least one item from the BFD was reported by 87%. Pain and Mobility domains showed greater disability. The patient's demand for services referred them mostly to physical therapy (89%), and psychology (14%); 77% were referred to basic care (BC) and 21% to specialized care (SC). Those that started rehabilitation in SC were younger, had increased number of high ratings in item's qualifiers and higher total score in the BFD, indicating increased functional limitation and restriction. It is intended that the information provided by the PLPR may contribute to the organization of patients' flow and the planning of actions.

Características e demandas funcionais de usuários de uma rede local de reabilitação: análise a partir do acolhimento / Characteristics and functional demands of patients at a local rehabilitation network: analysis from first contact

Resumo Este estudo transversal objetiva traçar o perfil e conhecer as demandas dos usuários que buscaram os serviços públicos de reabilitação de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Foram analisados dados de 516 usuários acolhidos por meio do Protocolo de Levantamento de Problemas para a Reabilitação (PLPR), que permite a coleta de informações sobre a saúde, contexto social e inclui uma Breve Descrição Funcional (BDF) com 25 itens, em 10 domínios. A maioria dos usuários era de mulheres, média de idade de 57 anos e 54% declararam ser o responsável pela renda familiar. Dificuldade grave ou completa foi relatada por 87%, em pelo menos um dos itens da BDF, sendo os domínios Dor e Mobilidade os de maior incapacidade. A demanda por profissionais foi, principalmente, para Fisioterapeuta (89%), e Psicólogo (14%); 77% foram indicados para iniciar o tratamento na Atenção Básica (AB) e 21% na Atenção Especializada (AE). Aqueles que iniciaram na AE eram mais jovens; com maior número de qualificadores altos e elevada pontuação na BDF, indicando maior limitação/restrição funcional. Espera-se que as informações disponibilizadas pelo PLPR possam contribuir para a organização do fluxo e o planejamento de ações.

Abstract The cross sectional study aims to create the patients’ profile and understand their demands for seeking public rehabilitation services from Belo Horizonte. Data were analyzed from 516 patients who gained entry into the health care system by means of the Protocol for Identification of Problems for Rehabilitation (PLPR). It allows for gathering information related to one’s health and the social context, including a brief functional description (BFD) with 25 items. Most patients were females, mean age of 57 years, and 54% declared to be responsible for the family income. Severe or complete difficulty in at least one item from the BFD was reported by 87%. Pain and Mobility domains showed greater disability. The patient’s demand for services referred them mostly to physical therapy (89%), and psychology (14%); 77% were referred to basic care (BC) and 21% to specialized care (SC). Those that started rehabilitation in SC were younger, had increased number of high ratings in item’s qualifiers and higher total score in the BFD, indicating increased functional limitation and restriction. It is intended that the information provided by the PLPR may contribute to the organization of patients’ flow and the planning of actions.

Perceived neighborhood characteristics and the functional performance of elderly people in the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: a quantile regression analysis / Características percebidas da vizinhança e o desempenho funcional de pessoas idosas na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: uma análise utilizando regressão quantílica / Características percibidas del vecindario y el desempeño funcional de personas mayores en la Región Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: un análisis utilizando regresión cuantílica

Abstract: This study aims to examine the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and the functional performance of elderly people living in the Belo Horizonte metropolitan area, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Data of a representative sample of 2,033 elderly were analyzed using quantile regression. Functional performance was measured by the number of activities of daily living (ADL) the elderly had difficulty to perform. The neighborhood characteristics evaluated were: maintenance, trust, insecurity and defective sidewalks. Functional performance was found positively associated with the characteristic defective sidewalks, whose effect increased as the number of ADL the elderly had difficulty to perform increased. The results suggest that inadequate sidewalk conditions can contribute to functional losses in elderly people, especially among those who are functionally more compromised.

Resumo: Este estudo pretende examinar a relação entre características da vizinhança e o desempenho funcional de pessoas idosas que vivem na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Dados de uma amostra representativa de 2,033 idosos foram analisados utilizando regressão quantílica. O desempenho funcional foi medido pelo número de atividades da vida diária (AVD) que os idosos tiveram dificuldade para executar. As características da vizinhança avaliadas foram: manutenção, confiança, insegurança e passeios defeituosos. O desempenho funcional foi encontrado associado positivamente com a característica passeios defeituosos, cujo efeito aumentou à medida que o número de AVD que os idosos tiveram dificuldades para executar aumentou. Os resultados sugerem que condições inadequadas de passeios podem contribuir para perdas funcionais em pessoas idosas, especialmente entre aqueles que são funcionalmente mais comprometidos.

Resumen: Este estudio pretende examinar la relación entre las características del vecindario y el desempeño funcional de las personas mayores que viven en la región metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Datos de una muestra representativa de 2,033 personas mayores fueron analizados utilizando regresión cuantílica. El desempeño funcional se midió por el número de actividades de la vida diaria (AVD) que las personas mayores tuvieron dificultad para ejecutar. Las características del vecindario fueron: mantenimiento, confianza, inseguridad y aceras defectuosas. El desempeño funcional fue encontrado asociado positivamente con la característica aceras defectuosas, cuyo efecto aumentó a medida que el número de AVD que las personas mayores tuvieron dificultad para ejecutar aumentó. Los resultados sugieren que condiciones inadecuadas de aceras pueden contribuir para pérdidas funcionales en personas mayores, especialmente entre aquellos que son funcionalmente más comprometidos.

[Functional capacity in the elderly: analyzing questions on mobility and basic and instrumental activities of daily living using Item Response Theory]. / Capacidade funcional de idosos: análise das questões de mobilidade, atividades básicas e instrumentais da vida diária via Teoria de Resposta ao Item.

This article aims to evaluate the items used to measure functional capacity in the 2010 Health Survey in Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, using Item Response Theory. We analyzed the scale's dimensionality, the items' position and discriminatory power, and the precision of the functional capacity estimate. The study was based on a sample of 2,174 individuals aged 60 to 99 years, 61% of whom were women, with a median of 4 years of schooling. The instrument with 21 items (4 response options) showed a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.98. Factor analysis identified one factor that explained 92% of the variability between the items. The results indicated: (i) redundancy in items; (ii) precise estimation of functional capacity only for elderly below the median on the scale; and (iii) inability of the elderly to differentiate between response options. The analysis suggests the need to discuss items included in the instrument in order to cover a wider range of the scale and seek more appropriate response options.

Capacidade funcional de idosos: análise das questões de mobilidade, atividades básicas e instrumentais da vida diária via Teoria de Resposta ao Item / Functional capacity in the elderly: analyzing questions on mobility and basic and instrumental activities of daily living using Item Response Theory / La capacidad funcional de los ancianos: análisis de las preguntas sobre actividades de la vida diaria, utilizando la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as questões sobre capacidade funcional utilizadas no Inquérito de Saúde da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, realizado em 2010, utilizando a Teoria de Resposta ao Item. Foram analisados: dimensionalidade da escala, posição dos itens na escala, poder de discriminação dos itens e precisão da estimativa da capacidade funcional. O estudo teve como base uma amostra de 2.174 idosos, com idades entre 60 e 99 anos, 61% mulheres e escolaridade mediana de 4 anos de estudos. O instrumento de 21 itens com 4 opções de respostas forneceu coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,98; a análise fatorial mostrou existir um fator explicando 92% da variabilidade entre as questões. Os resultados indicaram: (i) redundância nas questões; (ii) precisão na estimação da capacidade funcional apenas para os idosos que estão abaixo da mediana na escala; e (iii) dificuldade dos idosos em discernir entre as opções de resposta. A análise sugere a necessidade de se discutir as questões a serem incluídas no instrumento, com vistas a uma maior cobertura da escala e melhor adequação das opções de respostas.

This article aims to evaluate the items used to measure functional capacity in the 2010 Health Survey in Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, using Item Response Theory. We analyzed the scale’s dimensionality, the items’ position and discriminatory power, and the precision of the functional capacity estimate. The study was based on a sample of 2,174 individuals aged 60 to 99 years, 61% of whom were women, with a median of 4 years of schooling. The instrument with 21 items (4 response options) showed a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.98. Factor analysis identified one factor that explained 92% of the variability between the items. The results indicated: (i) redundancy in items; (ii) precise estimation of functional capacity only for elderly below the median on the scale; and (iii) inability of the elderly to differentiate between response options. The analysis suggests the need to discuss items included in the instrument in order to cover a wider range of the scale and seek more appropriate response options.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo la evaluación de las preguntas acerca de la capacidad funcional de los ancianos, presentes en la Encuesta de Salud de la Región Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, realizada en 2010, utilizando la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem. Hemos analizado la dimensionalidad de la escala; la posición de los ítems en la misma; el poder de discriminación de los ítems y la precisión de la estimación de la capacidad funcional. El estudio se basó en una muestra de 2.174 ancianos de 60 a 99 años, 61% mujeres, con una educación media de 4 años de estudios. El instrumento de la capacidad funcional contenía 21 ítems (4 opciones de respuesta). El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach fue de 0,98 y el análisis factorial señaló uno de los factores, explicando el 92% de la variabilidad de las preguntas. Los resultados indicaron: redundancia en las preguntas; precisión de la estimación sólo para los ancianos que están por debajo de la media en la escala e incapacidad de los ancianos para diferenciar entre las opciones de respuesta. El análisis sugiere la necesidad de discutir las preguntas del instrumento.

Factors associated with inadequate work ability among women in the clothing industry.

BACKGROUND: Work ability depends on a balance between individual resources and work demands. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated factors that are associated with inadequate work ability among workers in the clothing industry. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study of 306 workers in 40 small and medium-sized enterprises. We assessed work ability, individual resources, physical and psychosocial demands, and aspects of life outside work using a binary logistic regression model with hierarchical data entry. RESULTS: The mean work ability was 42.5 (SD=3.5); when adjusted for age, only 11% of the workers showed inadequate work ability. The final model revealed that smoking, high isometric physical load, and poor physical environmental conditions were the most significant predictors of inadequate work ability. CONCLUSIONS: Good working conditions and worker education must be implemented to eliminate factors that can be changed and that have a negative impact on work ability. These initiatives include anti-smoking measures, improved postures at work, and better physical environmental conditions.

Functional performance and social relations among the elderly in Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: a population-based epidemiological study.

This study was conducted in a probabilistic sam- ple of 2,055 elderly in Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, to examine components of social network (conjugal status and visits by the children, other relatives, and friends) and social support (satisfaction with personal relations and having persons on whom to rely) associated with limitations in performing basic activities of daily living (ADL). Multivariate analysis used the Hurdle model. Performance of ADL showed independent and statistically significant associations with social network (fewer meetings with friends and not having children) and personal support (dissatisfaction/indifference towards personal relations). These associations remained after adjusting for social and demographic characteristics, health status, and other indicators of social relations. Our results emphasize the need for greater attention to social network and social support for elderly with functional limitations and those with weak social networks and social support.

Functional performance and social relations among the elderly in Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: a population-based epidemiological study / Funcionalidade e relações sociais entre idosos da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: um estudo epidemiológico de base populacional / Funcionalidad y relaciones sociales de ancianos en el área metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: un estudio de base poblacional

This study was conducted in a probabilistic sam- ple of 2,055 elderly in Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, to examine components of social network (conjugal status and visits by the children, other relatives, and friends) and social support (satisfaction with personal relations and having persons on whom to rely) associated with limitations in performing basic activities of daily living (ADL). Multivariate analysis used the Hurdle model. Performance of ADL showed independent and statistically significant associations with social network (fewer meetings with friends and not having children) and personal support (dissatisfaction/indifference towards personal relations). These associations remained after adjusting for social and demographic characteristics, health status, and other indicators of social relations. Our results emphasize the need for greater attention to social network and social support for elderly with functional limitations and those with weak social networks and social support.

Este trabalho foi conduzido em uma amostra probabilística de 2.055 idosos da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, com o objetivo de examinar componentes da rede social (situação conjugal, visita de filhos, outros parentes e amigos) e do apoio social (satisfação com as relações pessoais e existência de pessoas com quem contar) associados à limitação para realizar atividades básicas da vida diária(ABVDs). A análise multivariada foi baseada no modelo Hurdle. A performance na realização de ABVDs apresentou associações independentes e significantes com a rede social (menos encontros com amigos e não possuir filhos) e o apoio social (insatisfação/indiferença com as relações pessoais). Essas associações persistiram após ajustamentos por características sociodemográficas, condição de saúde e outros indicadores das relações sociais. Nossos resultados reforçam a necessidade de maior atenção para a rede social e apoio social aos idosos com limitações funcionais, e para idosos com redes sociais e apoio social frágeis.

Este estudio fue realizado en una muestra probabilística de 2.055 ancianos del área metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, buscando examinar los componentes de la red social (estado civil, visitas de nietos, otros familiares y amigos) y del apoyo social(satisfacción con las relaciones personales y existencia de personas a quien poder recurrir), asociados con la limitación en actividades básicas de la vida diaria (ABVDs). El análisis multivariado se basó en el modelo Hurdle. La dificultad en la realización de las ABVDs tuvo asociaciones independientes y significativas con la red social (menos encuentros con amigos y no tener niños) y el apoyo social (insatisfacción/indiferencia con las relaciones personales). Estas asociaciones persistían después de los controles por características sociodemográficas,condición de salud y otros indicadores de relaciones sociales. Nuestros resultados sugieren la necesidad de una mayor atención para la red social y apoyo social a los ancianos con limitaciones funcionales y para aquellos con redes y apoyo social frágiles.

Aging and Urbanization: The Neighborhood Perception and Functional Performance of Elderly Persons in Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area-Brazil.

Currently, half of the world population resides in cities. The percentage of world population that is elderly is expected to double from 11% to 22% by 2050 and will be concentrated in urban areas of developing countries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional status of elderly who live in the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) was employed as the theoretical model. Probabilistic sampling was used to select 1,611 elderly persons (defined as >/=60 years) for the study. The response variable "functional performance" was developed by counting the number of basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL) that subjects found difficult to carry out. A zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression model was fitted to the data. The prevalence of disability was 47.1%. Neighborhood self-perception revealed that 84.0% of the elderly were satisfied with their neighborhood, although only 18.4% trusted people around them. Concerns about walking around the neighborhood were: fear of being robbed (78.0%) and fear of falling due to sidewalk defects (48.2%), which caused a 62% increase in the number of ADL carried out with difficulty. It is well known that there is a continuous tendency for functional results to improve as the frequency of walking increases. Thus, urban infrastructure interventions, such as improving public sidewalks, might influence the frequency of elderlies walking in their neighborhoods. Making walking possible-or even pleasant-could increase their social participation and use of services.

Saúde urbana: a cidade é uma estranha senhora, que hoje sorri e amanhã te devora / Urban health: the city is a strange lady, smiling today, devouring you tomorrow

Mais da metade dos habitantes da terra está vivendo nas cidades, e o mundo está se tornando mais e mais urbano. Este artigo considera, a partir de revisão bibliográfica, que o ambiente urbano influencia a saúde e os comportamentos humanos, apontando para a necessidade do melhor entendimento dos determinantes da saúde das populações vivendo nas cidades. Explora as transformações urbanas oferecendo uma visão sobre a conformação das cidades contemporâneas e os impactos sobre a saúde humana. Sugere que, enquanto as cidades podem representar oportunidades positivas, impactos desiguais negativos relacionados à falta de organização social, precárias condições urbanas e de trabalho, falta de governança, de oportunidades, e de capacidade de desenvolver políticas para ações tendem a ampliar os efeitos adversos sobre a saúde das pessoas. Discute a saúde urbana como um ramo de conhecimento aninhado na saúde pública, possibilitando re-pensar avaliações de impacto à saúde a partir de intervenções não necessariamente originadas da saúde. Propõe arcabouço de um modelo conceitual, além de uma taxonomia comum para a saúde urbana. Apresenta direções futuras de investigação e prática, contemplando especificidades analíticas, sob a luz de alguns exemplos da literatura científica brasileira.

More than half of the world's population is living in cities and the world is turning more and more urbanized. This literature review explores the ramifications of urban transformation, showing how cities take shape and impact human health in our times. While cities can offer positive opportunities, their negative impacts related to the lack of social organization, precarious urban living and working conditions, lack of governance and opportunities as well as the lack of strategies for promoting social equity tend to increase the adverse effects on the health of the urban communities. The article also advocates the study of urban health as a branch of knowledge related to public health, proposing a common conceptual model and taxonomy for urban health. Future directions for research and practice are discussed in the light of some examples from the Brazilian scientific literature.

[Urban health: "the city is a strange lady, smiling today, devouring you tomorrow"]. / Saúde urbana: "a cidade é uma estranha senhora, que hoje sorri e amanhã te devora"

More than half of the world's population is living in cities and the world is turning more and more urbanized. This literature review explores the ramifications of urban transformation, showing how cities take shape and impact human health in our times. While cities can offer positive opportunities, their negative impacts related to the lack of social organization, precarious urban living and working conditions, lack of governance and opportunities as well as the lack of strategies for promoting social equity tend to increase the adverse effects on the health of the urban communities. The article also advocates the study of urban health as a branch of knowledge related to public health, proposing a common conceptual model and taxonomy for urban health. Future directions for research and practice are discussed in the light of some examples from the Brazilian scientific literature.

Unidade de contexto e observação social sistemática em saúde: conceitos e métodos / Context unit and systematic social observation: a review of concepts and methods

Assumimos que "onde você mora é importante para sua saúde, para além de quem você é". Entendemos que o impacto do local de moradia ou unidade de contexto (UC) na saúde das populações se deve à heterogeneidade dos atributos do entorno físico e social da UC, para além das características individuais ou agregadas daqueles ali aninhados. Estes atributos, embora dependentes dos indivíduos, são tipicamente externos a eles e potencialmente modificáveis. As UC são compreendidas como unidades ecológicas inseridas em conjuntos sucessivamente mais amplos e interdependentes. Quando relevante para a hipótese do estudo, unidades geográficas administrativas podem ser utilizadas como aproximações da UC. Outra alternativa é a que utiliza a percepção de seus moradores, a "vizinhança percebida". O ressurgimento do interesse com relação à determinação dos efeitos da UC sobre a saúde correlaciona com novas tendências na área da saúde coletiva: incorporação de novos níveis hierárquicos de exposição, as iniqüidades e seus determinantes, a urbanização e seus efeitos e a avaliação de intervenções multi-setoriais. Nosso objetivo central é rever opções para a escolha da UC a ser investigada além de estratégias para a aferição de seus atributos físicos e sociais, utilizando a observação social sistemática (OSS). A combinação de dados originárias de dados administrativos, da vizinhança percebida, dos inquéritos populacionais e da OSS ainda necessita de maiores elaborações conceitual, metodológica e analítica. Entretanto, a compreensão da distribuição dos atributos físicos e sociais da UC permite compor níveis hierárquicos de complexidade relevantes para o entendimento da ocorrência dos eventos relacionados à saúde nas populações.

We understand that "where one lives makes a difference to health in addition to who you are", and that the effects of the place of residence or context unit (CU) on public health are due to the heterogeneity of the physical and social environment characteristics, in addition to the individual and aggregate attributes of the population nested in the CU. Those attributes, although intrinsically dependent on the individuals, are typically external to them and susceptible to intervention. Also, the UC's are understood as ecological units nested within successively larger communities. Depending on the study hypothesis, census-defined areas may be used as proxy for the CU. Alternatively, the CU may be defined by the individual's perception of his/her neighborhood. The renewed interest on the health effects of the CU are associated with new trends in public health, namely: new hierarchical levels of exposure beyond individual level characteristics, inequalities and social determinants of health, urbanization and the need to evaluate interventions not traditionally associated to public health. Our objective was, first, to review options while choosing the relevant CU and second, to review strategies to determine and quantify the characteristics of the CU using social systematic observation (SSO). The combination of census-defined data, information on the neighborhood defined by the local population, surveys and SSO still needs conceptual, methodological and analytical development. However, the distribution of the physical and social attributes of the CU will permit to incorporate other hierarchical level of complexity to better understand the incidence and prevalence of health related events in populations.