Evaluation of antitumoral and antioxidant activities of the hydroalcoholic extract and fractions obtained from the fruit pericarp of Sapindus saponaria L.

The fruits of Sapindus saponaria L., popularly known as 'saboeiro', have been used in medicine. This study evaluated the antioxidant and antitumor activities of the hydroethanolic extract (HAE) and fractions obtained from the fruit pericarp of S. saponaria. The HAE was obtained from the S. saponaria fruit pericarp by maceration; this was followed by fractionation using reversed-phase solid-phase extraction, resulting in fractions enriched with acyclic sesquiterpenic oligoglycosides (ASOG) and saponins (SAP1, and SAP2), confirmed by mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI-QTOF-MS). The greatest citotoxic activity was observed with the SAP1 fraction against the CaCo2 cell line with a GI50 of 8.1 µg mL-1, while the SAP2 fraction had a GI50 of 13.6 µg mL-1 against CaCo2. The HAE demonstrated the greatest antioxidant activity. S. saponaria has potential therapeutic use in the pharmaceutical industry as a natural anti-oxidant or antitumor product.

Desafios para atração e permanência de médicos na Estratégia de Saúde da Família nos municípios da Região Centro-Sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Challenges to attracting and retaining doctors in the Family Health Strategy in the municipalities of the South-Central Region of the State of Rio de Janeiro

Introdução: O provimento de médicos é um dos grandes desafios para os gestores de saúde, em especial para a Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) que tem nesse profissional a gestão do cuidado da população e é considerada como a porta prioritária do sistema de saúde. A escassez, a alta rotatividade, as condições de trabalho são alguns fatores que prejudicam a expansão e a manutenção das equipes de Saúde da Família nos municípios. O objeto do estudo é a análise dos desafios para atração e permanência do profissional médico na ESF dos municípios da Região Centro-Sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. As questões que nortearam a tese foram: Quais fatores contribuem para atração e permanência de profissionais médicos na ESF? Quais as políticas implementadas nos municípios em relação à atração e à permanência de médicos na ESF? O estudo se justifica pela necessidade de analisar e desenvolver alternativas para a dificuldade encontrada pelos municípios na atração e permanência desses profissionais na rede de atenção. A revisão da literatura mostra que esse não é um desafio apenas de caráter local ou nacional, mas global, motivando agências e governos a desenvolverem opções de políticas, como ocorreu no Brasil, em 2013, com o Programa Mais Médicos e, em 2019, com o Programa Médicos pelo Brasil. Método: Primeiramente, realizamos uma revisão integrativa de literatura que resultou em 18 artigos selecionados. As pesquisas analisam questões de rotatividade, atração e fixação de profissionais médicos dentro do Programa Saúde da Família (PSF), que atualmente é conhecido como ESF, uma estratégia de reorientação do modelo assistencial da atenção básica. Também foi possível analisar os dados de um levantamento dos médicos da ESF de 11 municípios da Região Centro-Sul fluminense onde existem 148 equipes de ESF. O inquérito foi respondido por 11 coordenadores (100%) e 108 médicos (70%). Além disso, foram analisados dados do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES) e do e-SUS, e as legislações municipais sobre ações de retenção e manutenção dos médicos na Região. Conclusões: A alta rotatividade de médicos (acima de 50%) dos profissionais nas ESF dificulta a manutenção desse vínculo e fragiliza as ações e os serviços de saúde à população. As estratégias para maior retenção e atração dos médicos passam por mudanças tanto no cenário interno, com ações de curto e médio prazos dos gestores responsáveis pela execução das ações e serviços de saúde, como no cenário externo, com um ensino superior mais voltado à APS e com financiamento público adequado para melhores condições de trabalho dos profissionais e dos gestores.

Introduction: The supply of doctors is a major challenge for health managers, particularly for the Family Health Strategy (FHS), which relies on this professional to manage population care and is regarded as the health system's priority gate. Some of the factors limiting the expansion and maintenance of Family Health Care teams in municipalities include a shortage, high turnover, and working conditions. The study's goal is to look into the challenges for attracting and retaining medical professionals in the Family Health Strategy in municipalities in the State of Rio de Janeiro's Center-South Region. The thesis was guided by the following questions: What factors contribute to the attraction and retention of medical professionals in the FHS? What policies have been put in place in the municipalities to attract and retain doctors in the FHS? The study is justified by the need to analyze and develop alternatives to the municipalities' struggles in attracting and retaining these professionals in the care network. According to the literature review, this is a global challenge, motivating agencies and governments to develop policy options, as occurred in Brazil in 2013 with the Mais Médicos Program and in 2019 with the Doctors for Brazil Program. Method: First, we conducted an integrative literature review, which resulted in the selection of 18 articles. The study looks at turnover, attraction, and retention of medical professionals within the Family Health Program (PSF), which is now known as the Family Health Strategy (ESF), a strategy for reorienting the primary care model. It was also possible to analyze data from a survey of FHS doctors from 11 municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro's South-Central region, where there are 148 FHS teams. The survey was completed by 11 coordinators (100%) and 108 doctors (70%). Furthermore, data from the National Register of Health Establishments (CNES) and the E-SUS were analyzed, as well municipal legislations on actions for the retention and maintenance of doctors in the region. Conclusions: The high turnover of doctors (more than 50%) in the ESF has made keeping this link difficult and has weakened the health services provided to the population. Changes in the internal environment, with short and medium-term actions by managers responsible for the implementation of health actions and services, and in the external environment, with higher education more focused on PHC and adequate public funding to improve the working conditions of professionals and health service managers, are among the strategies for greater retention and attraction of doctors.

Human Nails Permeation of an Antifungal Candidate Hydroalcoholic Extract from the Plant Sapindus saponaria L. Rich in Saponins.

We evaluated a hydroalcoholic extract of Sapindus saponaria L. pericarps (ETHOSS), as a candidate to a topical antifungal medicine for onychomycosis. ETHOSS was produced by extracting the crushed fruits in ethanol. The saponin contents were identified and characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. We measured the in vitro antifungal activity against three dermatophyte fungi, isolated from onychomycosis: Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and T. interdigitale, using broth microdilution tests. The minimum fungicide concentration of ETHOSS ranged from 195.31 to 781.25 µg/mL. The cytotoxicity of the crude extract was tested on the HeLa cell line, and its ability to permeate into healthy human nails by photoacoustic spectroscopy and Fourier transformation infrared spectrometer (FTIR) spectroscopy by attenuated total reflection. Besides its strong antifungal activity, ETHOSS showed low cytotoxicity in human cells. It was able to permeate and reach the full thickness of the nail in one hour, without the aid of facilitating vehicles, and remained there for at least 24 h. These results suggest that ETHOSS has great potential for treating onychomycosis.

The investigation of transcriptional repression mediated by ZEB2 in canine invasive micropapillary carcinoma in mammary gland.

The E-cadherin loss has frequently been associated with transcriptional repression mediated by transcription factors, such as the Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox-2 (ZEB2). Invasive micropapillary carcinomas (IMPCs) of the breast are aggressive neoplasms frequently related to lymph node metastasis and poor overall survival. In the canine mammary gland, IMPCs has just been reported and, based on its behavioral similarity with the human IMPCs, appears to be a good spontaneous model to this human entity. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between E-cadherin and ZEB2 in a spontaneous canine model of invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the mammary gland. The correlation among gene expression (ZEB2 and CDH1) and clinicopathological findings was also explored. Nineteen cases of IMPC of the canine mammary gland were obtained, protein and mRNA expression were investigated through immunohistochemistry and RNA In Situ Hybridization, respectively. To better understand the relationship between E-cadherin and ZEB2, immunofluorescence was performed in canine IMPCs. Immunohistochemically, most of IMPCs showed 1+ (14/19, 73.7%) for E-cadherin; and positivity for ZEB2 was diagnosed in 47.4% of the IMPCs. Regarding the RNA In Situ Hybridization (ISH), most of IMPCs showed 4+ and 0+ for E-cadherin (CDH1) and ZEB2 respectively. Through immunofluorescence, the first and second more frequent combinatorial group were E-cadherin+ZEB2- and E-cadherin+ZEB2+; neoplastic cells showing concomitantly weak expression for E-cadherin and positivity for ZEB2 were frequently observed. A negative correlation was observed between E-cadherin and progesterone receptor expression in IMPCs. Based on these results, canine mammary IMPCs show E-cadherin lost and, at times reveals nuclear positivity for the transcription factor ZEB2 that seems to exert transcriptional repression of the CDH1.

Evaluation of anti-HSV-1 activity and toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. (Asteraceae).

BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) is widely distributed throughout the world's population. The virus spreads through direct contact with an infected individual. After primary infection, the virus remains in a latent state, and the recurrence of herpetic lesions is common. Standard treatment is performed with nucleoside analogues, but the selection of resistant strains have occurred, thus requiring the continual search for new antiviral agents. Plant extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds are a good source for studying possible antiviral compounds. HYPOTHESIS: Among plants with antiviral activity, the crude extract of aerial parts of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. (Asteraceae) have previously shown to inhibit HSV-1 infection in vitro. METHODS: The present study investigated the chemical composition of a crude hydroethanolic extract (CHE) of T. parthenium, and in vivo safety and therapeutic efficacy against HSV-1 infection. RESULTS: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the CHE was composed of phenolic acids (chlorogenic acids) and sesquiterpene lactones (parthenolide). Acute and subchronic toxicity and genotoxicity tests in vivo showed that oral CHE administration did not result in signs of toxicity, with no genotoxic potential. The CHE was also safe for topical administration, in which no irritation of the epidermis was observed in treated animals. Tests of topical and oral therapeutic efficacy showed that the CHE was effective against HSV-1 infection. Topical administration was the most effective, the results for which were comparable to acyclovir. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the CHE from aerial parts of Tanacetum parthenium has in vivo anti-HSV-1 activity and is safe for oral and topical application.

Removal of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria in urban wastewater using UVA/TiO2/H2O2 photocatalysis.

The dispersion of pollutants and proliferation of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the aquatic environment are an emerging health concern worldwide. In this sense, it is essential to develop new technologies to increase the quality of wastewater treatment, which is spread throughout the environment. The present study has demonstrated evidence of the existence of antibiotic and mercury-resistant bacteria in the aquatic environment. The application of heterogeneous photocatalysis with UVA/TiO2 P25 slurry (200 mg L-1), UVA/TiO2-immobilized, and UVA/TiO2-immobilized/H2O2 were evaluated for the simultaneous elimination of a mixture of contaminants of emerging concern (acetamiprid (ACP), imazalil (IMZ) and bisphenol A (BPA)) and inactivation of antibiotic and mercury-resistant bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis). UVA/TiO2-immobilized/H2O2 increased the inactivation and elimination of the contaminants. After the combined treatment, the mixture of BPA, IMZ and ACP decreased 62%, 21% and <5%, respectively, after 300 min at 13.10 kJ L-1 of accumulated UV energy. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain was inactivated after 120 min using 5.24 kJ L-1 of accumulated UV energy, whereas the Bacillus subtilis strain was shown to be extremely resistant, with a capacity to develop mechanisms to avoid the oxidation process.

Acyclic Sesquiterpenes from the Fruit Pericarp of Sapindus saponaria Induce Ultrastructural Alterations and Cell Death in Leishmania amazonensis.

Previous studies reported antiprotozoal activities of Sapindus saponaria L. The aim of this work was the evaluation of antileishmanial activity and mechanism of action of extract and fractions of S. saponaria L. Hydroethanolic extract (EHA) obtained from fruit pericarps was fractionated using solid-phase extraction in a reversed phase, resulting in fractions enriched with saponins (SAP fraction) and acyclic sesquiterpene oligoglycosides (OGSA fraction). The activities of EHA, SAP, and OGSA were evaluated by antiproliferative assays with promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms. Cytotoxicity on macrophages and hemolytic activity were also analyzed. Morphological and ultrastructural changes in Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes were evaluated by electron microscopy. Flow cytometry was used to investigate mitochondrial dysfunction and phosphatidylserine exposure. OGSA was more selective for parasites than mammalian J774A1 macrophage cells, with selectivity indices of 3.79 and 7.35, respectively. Our results showed that only the OGSA fraction did not present hemolytic activity at its IC50 for promastigote growth. Electron microscopy revealed changes in parasite flagellum, cell body shape, and organelle size, mainly mitochondria. Flow cytometry analysis indicated mitochondrial membrane and cell membrane dysfunction. OGSA showed antileishmanial activity, resulting in several changes to protozoa cells, including mitochondrial depolarization and early phosphatidylserine exposure, suggesting a possible apoptotic induction.

Candida albicans PROTEIN PROFILE CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO THE BUTANOLIC EXTRACT OF Sapindus saponariaL.

Candida albicans is an opportunistic human pathogen that is capable of causing superficial and systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. Extracts of Sapindus saponaria have been used as antimicrobial agents against various organisms. In the present study, we used a combination of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to identify the changes in protein abundance of C. albicans after exposure to the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) of the butanolic extract (BUTE) of S. saponaria and also to fluconazole. A total of six different proteins with greater than 1.5 fold induction or repression relative to the untreated control cells were identified among the three treatments. In general, proteins/enzymes involved with the glycolysis (GPM1, ENO1, FBA1), amino acid metabolism (ILV5, PDC11) and protein synthesis (ASC1) pathways were detected. In conclusion, our findings reveal antifungal-induced changes in protein abundance of C. albicans. By using the previously identified components of the BUTE of S. saponaria(e.g., saponins and sesquiterpene oligoglycosides), it will be possible to compare the behavior of compounds with unknown mechanisms of action, and this knowledge will help to focus the subsequent biochemical work aimed at defining the effects of these compounds.

A high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet method for Eschweilera nana leaves and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

BACKGROUND: Eschweilera nana Miers is a tree widely distributed in Cerrado, Brazil. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to describe its phytochemical properties and antioxidant and topical anti-inflammatory effects for the first time, as well validate an high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet/visible (HPLC-UV-Vis) method for the separation and quantification of the main components (hyperoside and rutin) in the hydroalcoholic extract of E. nana leaves. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Structural identification of compounds in E. nana extract was performed by analysis of spectral data by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance, (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance and/or ESI/EM. The HPLC-UV-Vis method was validated according International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) parameters. The 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method were used for determination of in vitro antioxidant activities and the croton oil-induced inflammation for evaluation of in vivo anti-inflammatory effects. RESULTS: Hyperoside, rutin, α-amirin, ß-amirin, ß-sitosterol, and stigmasterol were identified in the hydroalcoholic extract of E. nana leaves. HPLC-UV-Vis was validated according to ICH parameters. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that the hydroalcoholic extract and methanol fraction showed significant antioxidant and topical anti-inflammatory effects, as they were able to reduce ear edema induced by croton-oil application. CONCLUSIONS: This research showed the first phytochemical study of E. nana extract and their biological activities may be associated with the presence of flavonoids in the extracts.

Cellular Structural Changes in Candida albicans Caused by the Hydroalcoholic Extract from Sapindus saponaria L.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a disease caused by the abnormal growth of yeast-like fungi in the mucosa of the female genital tract. Candida albicans is the principal etiological agent involved in VVC, but reports have shown an increase in the prevalence of Candida non-C. albicans (CNCA) cases, which complicates VVC treatment because CNCA does not respond well to antifungal therapy. Our group has reported the in vitro antifungal activity of extracts from Sapindus saponaria L. The present study used scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to further evaluate the antifungal activity of hydroalcoholic extract from S. saponaria (HE) against yeast obtained from VVC and structural changes induced by HE. We observed the antifungal activity of HE against 125 vaginal yeasts that belonged to four different species of the Candida genus and S. cerevisae. The results suggest that saponins that are present in HE act on the cell wall or membrane of yeast at the first moments after contact, causing damage to these structures and cell lysis.

In vitro and in vivo antileishmania activity of sesquiterpene lactone-rich dichloromethane fraction obtained from Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip.

The discovery of new treatments for neglected diseases, including leishmaniasis, is a substantial challenge for scientific research. Plant extracts have shown potential in the selective treatment of tropical diseases. The present study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antileishmania effects of a sesquiterpene lactone-rich dichloromethane fraction (DF) obtained from the aerial parts of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. In vitro studies of the DF indicated an IC50 of 2.40±0.76 µg mL(-1) against the promastigote form and 1.76±0.25 µg mL(-1) against the axenic amastigote form of Leishmania amazonensis. In vivo intramuscular treatment with DF decreased the growth and size of footpad lesions in mice. The DF also significantly decreased the parasite population compared with animals that were treated with the reference drug. Plasma malondialdehyde levels were increased slightly by the DF, attributable to its parthenolide-rich composition that causes cellular apoptosis, compared with the control group, demonstrating treatment efficacy without toxicity or genotoxicity. Because the isolation and purification of plant compounds are costly and time-consuming and generate low yields, extract fractions, such as the DF studied herein, represent a promising alternative for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

Active polyketides isolated from Penicillium herquei.

In this work we are reporting the isolation by classical methods of chromatography of six polyketides from Penicillium herquei. The compounds citreorosein ( 1) , emodin ( 2) , janthinone ( 3) , citrinin ( 4) , citrinin H1 ( 5) and dicitrinol ( 6) were identified by spectral methods of 1D and 2D NMR and MS. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 were tested against promastigotes forms of Leishmania brasiliensis and 1 and 2 were also assayed against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis and showed good activity.

Spermicidal and anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity of Brazilian Sapindus saponaria.

BACKGROUND: Sapindus saponaria is used traditionally for curing ulcers, external wounds and inflammations. The spermicidal and anti-Trichomonas activity of S. saponaria and its effect on Lactobacillus acidophilus were evaluated. METHODS: Water-ethanol (WE) and butanolic (BE) extracts, as well as a purified sample of saponins (SP) from S. saponaria were tested for spermicidal and anti-Trichomonas activity and for their effect on L. acidophilus. RESULTS: WE, BE and SP immobilized spermatozoa at a minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 2.5 (gram %) for extracts and 1.25 (gram %) for SP. The effective concentrations that caused 50% immobilization of spermatozoa (EC50) were 0.5 (gram %) for WE and SP, and 0.1 (gram %) for BE. The compounds were effective against Trichomonas vaginalis (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration = 0.156 mg/mL for WE and BE, and 0.078 mg/mL for SP against a clinical strain (CS); and 0.312, 0.156 and 0.078 mg/mL for WE, BE and SP, respectively, against an ATCC strain). In all concentrations tested, the growth of L. acidophilus was not reduced. CONCLUSION: The in vitro study proved the spermicidal and anti-Trichomonas activity of S. saponaria. Complementary in vivo studies should be made for establish the use as a vaginal spermicide, particularly in Brazil and Latin America.

Fitodoenças em variedades crioulas e híbridos de milho cultivados em diferentes sistemas tecnológicos de manejo / Plant diseases in landrace varieties and hybrid maize cultivated using different technology levels

As diferentes características edafoclimáticas do país e as técnicas empregadas no milho influenciam o aparecimento de doenças. Nesse trabalho avaliou-se a incidência e a severidade de doenças em cultivares de milho cultivados em três sistemas de manejo. Foram utilizadas duas variedades crioulas do Norte de Minas Gerais, um híbrido duplo e um híbrido simples. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso em faixas (quatro variedades e três sistemas de manejo), com três repetições. Para as avaliações, amostrou-se 10 plantas ao acaso em cada parcela. A incidência foi determinada por meio do cálculo da porcentagem de plantas com sintomas e para a severidade utilizou-se uma escala diagramática que ordena os níveis dos sintomas de 0 a 5. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Foi possível concluir que os níveis tecnológicos de manejo empregados no cultivo do milho interferem na incidência e severidade da ferrugem polysora. A utilização mais intensa de tecnologia nessa cultura favorece o desenvolvimento dessa doença nos genótipos analisados. As variedades crioulas Argentino e BR da Várzea e o hibrido duplo SHS 4080 possuem maior resistência a ferrugem polysora do que o hibrido simples IAC 8333.

Local soil and climate conditions as well as management techniques used in maize cropping affect disease development. In the present study, the incidence and severity of diseases were evaluated in four maize genotypes cultured in three management systems with different technology levels. We tested two landrace varieties from the North of Minas Gerais state, one double-cross hybrid and 1 singlecross hybrid. The experiment was carried out using a randomized block in lays (four varieties and three management systems) and three repetitions. Disease incidence was determined by calculating the percentage of plants with symptoms, and its severity was assessed using a scale diagram to categorize symptom levels from 0 to 5. Results were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by mean contrasts using the Scott-Knott test at a significance level of 0.05. In conclusion, cropping system affects the incidence and severity of southern rust, which is increased by high technology systems. Landrace varieties Argentino and BR da Várzea and double-cross hybrid SHS 4080 have higher resistance to southern rust than single-cross hybrid IAC 8333.

Fitodoenças em variedades crioulas e híbridos de milho cultivados em diferentes sistemas tecnológicos de manejo / Plant diseases in landrace varieties and hybrid maize cultivated using different technology levels

As diferentes características edafoclimáticas do país e as técnicas empregadas no milho influenciam o aparecimento de doenças. Nesse trabalho avaliou-se a incidência e a severidade de doenças em cultivares de milho cultivados em três sistemas de manejo. Foram utilizadas duas variedades crioulas do Norte de Minas Gerais, um híbrido duplo e um híbrido simples. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso em faixas (quatro variedades e três sistemas de manejo), com três repetições. Para as avaliações, amostrou-se 10 plantas ao acaso em cada parcela. A incidência foi determinada por meio do cálculo da porcentagem de plantas com sintomas e para a severidade utilizou-se uma escala diagramática que ordena os níveis dos sintomas de 0 a 5. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Foi possível concluir que os níveis tecnológicos de manejo empregados no cultivo do milho interferem na incidência e severidade da ferrugem polysora. A utilização mais intensa de tecnologia nessa cultura favorece o desenvolvimento dessa doença nos genótipos analisados. As variedades crioulas Argentino e BR da Várzea e o hibrido duplo SHS 4080 possuem maior resistência a ferrugem polysora do que o hibrido simples IAC 8333. 

Local soil and climate conditions as well as management techniques used in maize cropping affect disease development. In the present study, the incidence and severity of diseases were evaluated in four maize genotypes cultured in three management systems with different technology levels. We tested two landrace varieties from the North of Minas Gerais state, one double-cross hybrid and 1 singlecross hybrid. The experiment was carried out using a randomized block in lays (four varieties and three management systems) and three repetitions. Disease incidence was determined by calculating the percentage of plants with symptoms, and its severity was assessed using a scale diagram to categorize symptom levels from 0 to 5. Results were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by mean contrasts using the Scott-Knott test at a significance level of 0.05. In conclusion, cropping system affects the incidence and severity of southern rust, which is increased by high technology systems. Landrace varieties Argentino and BR da Várzea and double-cross hybrid SHS 4080 have higher resistance to southern rust than single-cross hybrid IAC 8333.

Diplomas Normativos do Programa Saúde na Escola: análise de conteúdo associada à ferramenta ATLAS TI / Normative measures of the Health in the School Program: content analysis associated with ATLAS TI software

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os Diplomas Normativos emitidos sobre o Programa Saúde na Escola a fim de observar a contribuição e a participação dos Setores de Saúde e Educação na construção e implementação do Programa, já que seu êxito foi alicerçado na intersetorialidade entre estes. Para a investigação, utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin, associada ao programa computacional ATLAS TI 5.2. O estudo revelou que a participação da Saúde e da Educação no Programa Saúde na Escola não é equânime, apontando para o protagonismo da Saúde em áreas como o financiamento das ações, centralização no processo de adesão e coordenação da Comissão Intersetorial de Educação e Saúde na Escola.

The scope of this study was to analyze the normative measures issued about the Health in the School Program in order to ascertain the contribution and participation of the health and education sectors in the creation and implementation of the Program, since its success was based upon intersectoral action between them. The technique of content analysis proposed by Bardin, associated with ATLAS TI 5.2 software was used to conduct the research. The study revealed that the participation of the health and education sectors in the Health in the School Program is not well-balanced, pointing to the predominant role of health in areas such as financing and the centralization of the adhesion and coordination process of the Intersectoral Commission on Education and Health in the School.

[Normative measures of the Health in the School Program: content analysis associated with ATLAS TI software]. / Diplomas Normativos do Programa Saúde na Escola: análise de conteúdo associada à ferramenta ATLAS TI.

The scope of this study was to analyze the normative measures issued about the Health in the School Program in order to ascertain the contribution and participation of the health and education sectors in the creation and implementation of the Program, since its success was based upon intersectoral action between them. The technique of content analysis proposed by Bardin, associated with ATLAS TI 5.2 software was used to conduct the research. The study revealed that the participation of the health and education sectors in the Health in the School Program is not well-balanced, pointing to the predominant role of health in areas such as financing and the centralization of the adhesion and coordination process of the Intersectoral Commission on Education and Health in the School.

Trypanocidal activity of guaianolide obtained from Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. and its combinational effect with benznidazole.

In the present study, we evaluated the in vitro antiprotozoal activity of a guaianolide (11,13-dehydrocompressanolide) isolated from Tanacetum parthenium against Trypanosoma cruzi and investigated the possible combinational effect of guaianolide and benznidazole. The isolated compound was shown to be effective against T. cruzi, with IC50 values of 18.1±0.8 and 66.6±1.3 µM against the multiplicative epimastigote and amastigote forms, respectively. The best results were obtained against trypomastigotes, with an EC50 of 5.7±0.7 µM. The guaianolide presented no toxicity in LLCMK2 cells (CC50 of 93.5 µM) and was 16.4-fold more selective for trypomastigotes. The study of the combinational effect of benznidazole and guaianolide revealed the presence of a synergistic effect against the epimastigote form and marginal additive effect against the trypomastigote form. Striking morphological changes were observed in epimastigotes treated with guaianolide, such as thinning and stretching of the cell body and flagellum and changes in the format of the cell body with apparent leakage of the cytoplasmic content in trypomastigote forms. The ultrastructural analysis of epimastigotes revealed the presence of membranes that involved organelles and formation of myelin-like figures. Flow cytometry revealed a cell volume reduction and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. However, no major changes in cell membrane integrity were found in the epimastigote form treated with guaianolide.

Effect of HIV protease inhibitors on New World Leishmania.

The incidence of HIV/Leishmania co-infection decreases after antiretroviral drug therapy; therefore, the in vitro and in vivo activity of three antiretroviral drugs against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis was evaluated. Different concentrations of indinavir (IDV), atazanavir (ATV), and ritonavir (RTV) were added to promastigote cultures, and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined. IDV and RTV were also evaluated against intracellular amastigotes, and the Infection Index determined. BALB/c mice, infected with L. (L.) amazonensis in the left footpad, were treated orally with IDV and RTV for 30 days, and monitored by measuring the footpad thickness and parasite load of regional lymph nodes and spleen. For promastigotes, IDV exhibited an IC50 value of 100 µM against L.(L.) amazonensis. The RTV IC50 for L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (V.) braziliensis were 40 and 2.3 µM, respectively, and the ATV IC50 for L. (V.) braziliensis was 266 µM. For intracellular amastigotes, IDV (25, 50, and 100 µM) significantly decreased the Infection Index of L. (L.) amazonensis (56.8%, 47.9%, and 65.0%) and L. (V.) braziliensis (37.8%, 48.7%, and 43.2%). RTV (12.5, 25, and 50 µM) decreased the infection index of L. (L.) amazonensis by 26.3%, 42.4%, and 44.0%, and that of L. (V.) braziliensis by 27.6%, 37.3%, and 39.2%. Antiretroviral-treated mice had a significant reduction in footpad thickness after the third week of IDV and after the fifth week of RTV treatment. However, there was no reduction in parasite load. These results suggest that IDV and RTV have anti-Leishmania activity, but only in higher concentrations.

In vivo activity of Sapindus saponaria against azole-susceptible and -resistant human vaginal Candida species.

BACKGROUND: Study of in vivo antifungal activity of the hydroalcoholic extract (HE) and n-BuOH extract (BUTE) of Sapindus saponaria against azole-susceptible and -resistant human vaginal Candida spp. METHODS: The in vitro antifungal activity of HE, BUTE, fluconazole (FLU), and itraconazole (ITRA) was determined by the broth microdilution method. We obtained values of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) for 46 strains of C. albicans and 10 of C. glabrata isolated from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). VVC was induced in hyperestrogenic Wistar rats with azole-susceptible C. albicans (SCA), azole-resistant C. albicans (RCA), and azole-resistant C. glabrata (RCG). The rats were treated intravaginally with 0.1 mL of HE or BUTE at concentrations of 1%, 2.5% and 5%; 100 µg/mL of FLU (treatment positive control); or distilled water (negative control) at 1, 24, and 48 h after induction of the infection, and the progress of VVC was monitored by culturing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The toxicity was evaluated in cervical cells of the HeLa cell line. RESULTS: The extracts showed in vitro inhibitory and fungicidal activity against all the isolates, and the MIC and MFC values for the C. glabrata isolates were slightly higher. In vivo, the SCA, RCA, and RCG infections were eliminated by 21 days post-infection, with up to 5% HE and BUTE, comparable to the activity of FLU. No cytotoxic action was observed for either extract. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that HE and BUTE from S. saponaria show inhibitory and fungicidal activity in vitro, in addition to in vivo activity against azole-resistant vaginal isolates of C. glabrata and azole-susceptible and resistant isolates of C. albicans. Also considering the lack of cytotoxicity and the low concentrations of the extracts necessary to eliminate the infection in vivo, HE and BUTE show promise for continued studies with purified antifungal substances in VVC yeast isolates.