Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Factors in Farmers in Southeastern Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study.

(1) Background: Metabolic syndrome is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease thus the objective of the study was to verify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in farmers, as well as to verify the association with sociodemographic, work and lifestyle factors. (2) Methods: Cross-sectional, observational study, conducted with 790 individuals. For the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria were used. Pearson's chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to verify factors associated with metabolic syndrome (3) Results: The prevalence of MS according to the IDF criteria was 16.3% overall, with 9.7% of women (95% CI: 6.66-16.16) and 6.6% of men (95% CI: 5.17-11.97). According to the NCEP/ATP III criterion, it was 12.3% overall, with 7.5% corresponding to women (95% CI: 6.62-13.13) and 4.8% to men (95% CI: 3.5-8.70). With regard to the conditions that make up metabolic syndrome, it was found that high density lipoprotein, high blood pressure and high waist circumference were the most prevalent. (4) Conclusions: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is considerable in the population when compared to other regions, both rural and urban, in Brazil.

Self-rated health status and associated factors in rural workers.

BACKGROUND: Self-rated health status can be considered a good predictor of morbidity and mortality and has been used due to its easy assessment and applicability. The instrument is efficient for understanding sociodemographic, environmental and clinical conditions that may be related to the self-rated health status. Thus, this study aims to analyze the self-assessment of health status in rural workers and its association with socioeconomic characteristics, lifestyle, clinical condition and work characteristics. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study carried out with 787 male and female rural reporting agriculture as their main source of income in the municipality of Santa Maria de Jetibá. A simple and direct question was used "In general, compared to people your age, how do you rate your own state of health?" to see how rural workers rate their current health status. The independent variables analyzed were socioeconomic, clinical, health and work conditions. The magnitude of the associations was evaluated by means of hierarchical logistic regression. RESULTS: It was found that 42.1% of rural workers self-rated their health status as regular or poor. Belonging to socioeconomic classes C (OR = 1.937; 95% CI = 1.009-3.720) or D/E (OR = 2.280; 95% CI = 1.178-4.415), being overweight (or having excess weight) (OR = 1.477; 95% CI = 1.086-2.008), multimorbidity (OR = 1.715; 95% CI = 1.201-2.447) and complex multimorbidity (OR = 1.738; 95% CI = 1.097-2.751) were risk factors for worse self-rated health. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that chronic diseases, socioeconomic status and overweight are risk factors for negative self-rated health. The identification of these determinants through self-rated status can support the planning of actions aimed at improving the health of the rural population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Health Sciences Center of the Federal University of Espírito Santo (Protocol No. 2091172; CAAE No. 52839116.3.0000.5060). All research participants gave their informed consent.

Cut points of the conicity index as an indicator of abdominal obesity in individuals undergoing hemodialysis: An analysis of latent classes.

OBJECTIVES: Abdominal obesity favors the involvement of cardiometabolic complications in renal patients on hemodialysis. Thus, the aim of the study was to identify the cut-points of the conicity index in individuals undergoing hemodialysis. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study carried out with 953 individuals undergoing hemodialysis in clinics in a metropolitan region of southeastern Brazil. The conicity index was calculated using the following mathematical equation: waist circumference/0.109 × âˆšweight/height. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated from the analysis of latent classes by cross-validation through a latent variable of abdominal obesity. This latent variable was defined using the response pattern of the observed anthropometric variables considering the presence and absence of abdominal obesity: waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and body shape index. The cut-points identified were elucidated by the area under the curve (AUC), Youden index, sensitivity, and specificity. RESULTS: The cut-points for the conicity index found for both sexes were similar, resulting in a cut-point for men of 1.275 (AUC, 0.921; Youden index, 0.666), with a sensitivity and specificity of 83% and 83.6%, and a cut-point for women of 1.285 (AUC, 0.921; Youden index, 0.679), with a sensitivity and specificity of 78.6% and 89.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The conicity index showed high discriminatory power for the identification of abdominal obesity in hemodialysis patients, therefore it can be a simple and easily accessible tool to be incorporated into clinical practice in this population.

Cumulative Coffee Consumption as a Protective Factor for Head and Neck Cancer in Brazil.

There is still no consensus in the literature regarding the role of coffee in head and neck cancer. Thus, we sought to analyze the cumulative consumption of coffee as a protective factor in the genesis of head and neck cancer in Brazil, one of the main coffee producing countries, from January 2011 to February 2017. We carried out a case-control study in 5 referral centers for head and neck cancer with 839 cases and 842 non-cancer hospital controls matched by sex, data collection center and age group. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the cumulative consumption of >2 cups of coffee per day is an important protective factor (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.5-0.9) against head and neck cancer. Smoking increased the risk by 22 times (OR: 22.19; 95% CI: 13.7-35.8) in individuals who smoke more than 50 packs per year, and the habit of ingesting more than 155 ml of alcohol per day represented approximately twice as high risk (OR: 2.20; 95% CI: 1.4-3.4). In summary, this study suggests that coffee consumption is associated with a lower chance of head and neck cancer.

Insulin resistance by the triglyceride-glucose index in a rural Brazilian population

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) in a rural population in Brazil, to verify its association with sociodemographic, labor, lifestyle, and health factors. Subjects and methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 790 farmers in the state of Espírito Santo/Brazil. Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) was calculated and a cut-off point of Ln 4.52 was used. A hierarchical logistic regression for the association of insulin resistance with sociodemographic, labor, lifestyle and health variables of farmers living in Espírito Santo was performed. Results: The prevalence of insulin resistance was 33.7% (n = 266), and the association with insulin resistance was found in the age group 31 to 40 years of age (OR = 1.85; 95% CI 1.19-2.87); in smokers or former smokers (OR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.08-2.48) and overweight (OR = 3.06; 95% CI 2.22-4.23). Conclusion: The prevalence of insulin resistance was high in a rural population of Brazil, and was mainly associated with age, smoking and obesity. The use of TyG as an instrument for assessing the health of individuals living in areas where access to health services is difficult, such as rural areas, can represent an important advance in terms of health promotion, protection and recovery. In addition, by identifying the risk factors associated with IR, as well as their consequences, a more adequate scheme for the prevention and treatment of these comorbidities can be defined.

Cut Points of the Conicity Index and Associated Factors in Brazilian Rural Workers.

(1) Background: Metabolic syndrome is associated with cardiovascular complications. Therefore, this study aims to establish cut points for the conicity index based on the components of metabolic syndrome and to associate it with characteristic sociodemographic, food consumption and occupational factors in Brazilian rural workers; (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out with farmers. The receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated and the cut-off points for the conicity index were identified by the area under the curve, sensitivity and specificity. The variables included in the binary logistic regression analysis were selected by considering p < 0.20 in the bivariate test; (3) Results: The cut points were similar in females according to both criteria, resulting in a single cut-off of 1.269. In males, the cut points showed differences, resulting in 1.272 according to the NCEP-ATP III and 1.252 according to the IDF. We have shown that younger people, those who work more than 40 h a week and the lowest contribution of culinary ingredients are associated with increased odds of abdominal obesity, while the consumption of the products they sell or produce decreases these chances; (4) Conclusions: The conicity index showed high discriminatory power for the identification of abdominal obesity in rural workers. Therefore, there is a need to improve eating habits and promote healthier eating environments for individuals, respecting traditional food culture, mainly to contain the advance of MS in rural areas.

Insulin resistance by the triglyceride-glucose index in a rural Brazilian population.

Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) in a rural population in Brazil, to verify its association with sociodemographic, labor, lifestyle, and health factors. Subjects and methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 790 farmers in the state of Espírito Santo/Brazil. Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) was calculated and a cut-off point of Ln 4.52 was used. A hierarchical logistic regression for the association of insulin resistance with sociodemographic, labor, lifestyle and health variables of farmers living in Espírito Santo was performed. Results: The prevalence of insulin resistance was 33.7% (n = 266), and the association with insulin resistance was found in the age group 31 to 40 years of age (OR = 1.85; 95% CI 1.19-2.87); in smokers or former smokers (OR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.08-2.48) and overweight (OR = 3.06; 95% CI 2.22-4.23). Conclusion: The prevalence of insulin resistance was high in a rural population of Brazil, and was mainly associated with age, smoking and obesity. The use of TyG as an instrument for assessing the health of individuals living in areas where access to health services is difficult, such as rural areas, can represent an important advance in terms of health promotion, protection and recovery. In addition, by identifying the risk factors associated with IR, as well as their consequences, a more adequate scheme for the prevention and treatment of these comorbidities can be defined.

Cutoff point of TyG index for metabolic syndrome in Brazilian farmers

ABSTRACT Objective: Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the cutoff point of the TyG index for the diagnosis of insulin resistance (IR), according to two different diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome in a rural Brazilian population. Materials and methods: The study population consisted of 790 family farmers from 18 to 59 years old. The triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) was calculated, and the Metabolic Syndrome was defined using the NCEP-ATPIII and IDF criteria. Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the association of quantitative and qualitative variables. When the qualitative variable had three or more categories, the comparison between the means was performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test (using the Mann-Whitney U Test two by two to identify the differences). For correlations, Spearman's correlation test was used. The cutoff values of TyG index for MetS were obtained using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with the area under the curve (AUC) and the Youden Index. Results: The median TyG values increased according to the aggregation of the components of MetS. The AUCs and Youden's cutoff point for TyG index according to the NCEP and IDF diagnostic criteria were 0.873, Ln 4.52 (sensitivity: 84.30%; specificity: 75.75%), and 0.867, Ln 4.55 (sensitivity: 80.0%; specificity: 79.82%), respectively. Conclusion: A cutoff point of Ln 4.52 was defined, and it can be used both in clinical practice and epidemiological studies. It represents an important tool for promotion, protection and recovery health of rural populations.

Cutoff point of TyG index for metabolic syndrome in Brazilian farmers.

OBJECTIVE: Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the cutoff point of the TyG index for the diagnosis of insulin resistance (IR), according to two different diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome in a rural Brazilian population. METHODS: The study population consisted of 790 family farmers from 18 to 59 years old. The triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) was calculated, and the Metabolic Syndrome was defined using the NCEP-ATPIII and IDF criteria. Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the association of quantitative and qualitative variables. When the qualitative variable had three or more categories, the comparison between the means was performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test (using the Mann-Whitney U Test two by two to identify the differences). For correlations, Spearman's correlation test was used. The cutoff values of TyG index for MetS were obtained using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with the area under the curve (AUC) and the Youden Index. RESULTS: The median TyG values increased according to the aggregation of the components of MetS. The AUCs and Youden's cutoff point for TyG index according to the NCEP and IDF diagnostic criteria were 0.873, Ln 4.52 (sensitivity: 84.30%; specificity: 75.75%), and 0.867, Ln 4.55 (sensitivity: 80.0%; specificity: 79.82%), respectively. CONCLUSION: A cutoff point of Ln 4.52 was defined, and it can be used both in clinical practice and epidemiological studies. It represents an important tool for promotion, protection and recovery health of rural populations.

Prevalência do fenótipo cintura hipertrigliceridêmica e fatores associados: estudo transversal em bancários da região metropolitana de Vitória, ES, Brasil / Prevalence of hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype and associated factors: cross-sectional study of bank workers in the metropolitan region of Vitória, ES, Brazil

Objetivo: Este artigo investiga a prevalência de cintura hipertrigliceridêmica em bancários e sua associação com fatores socioeconômicos, laborais, comportamentais, antropométricos e de condições de saúde. Método: trata-se de um estudo transversal com 525 bancários. Para avaliação do fenótipo cintura hipertrigliceridêmica foi considerada a associação de circunferência da cintura e hipertrigliceridemia. Resultados: A investigação resultou em uma prevalência de fenótipo de 19,4%, sendo maior em homens, pessoas em idades avançadas, que vivem maritalmente e que trabalham na agência há mais de cinco anos. O fenótipo também se associou ao excesso de peso, HDL-c (high density lipoprotein) baixo, hiperlipidemia mista, elevada relação triglicerídeos/HDL-c e hipertensão arterial. Ter mais de 50 anos e estar acima do peso aumentava as chances de os bancários apresentarem o fenótipo. Ser do sexo feminino e ter níveis adequados de HDL-c mostraram-se fatores de proteção contra o fenótipo. Conclusão: A prevalência de cintura hipertrigliceridêmica entre bancários é alta e associa-se principalmente ao excesso de peso e perfil lipídico desfavorável desta população. (AU)

Objective: This paper investigates the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemic waist in bank workers and its association with socioeconomic, labor, behavioral, anthropometric and health condition factors. Method: This is a cross-sectional study based on information from 525 bank workers. To investigate the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype, it was necessary to consider the association between waist circumference and high levels of serum triglycerides. Results: The investigation resulted in a phenotype prevalence of 19.4%, being higher in men, elderly, married and working in the bank for more than five years. The phenotype was also associated with overweight, low HDL-c (high-density lipoprotein), mixed hyperlipidemia, high triglyceride/HDL-c ratio and arterial hypertension. Being over 50 years of age and being overweight increased the chances of the bankers presenting the phenotype. Being female and having adequate levels of HDL-c were shown to be protective factors against the phenotype. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemic waist is high and is associated mainly with the excess weight and unfavorable lipid profile of this population. (AU)