Electrochemical and Bioelectrochemical Sensing Platforms for Diagnostics of COVID-19.

Rapid transmission and high mortality rates caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus showed that the best way to fight against the pandemic was through rapid, accurate diagnosis in parallel with vaccination. In this context, several research groups around the world have endeavored to develop new diagnostic methods due to the disadvantages of the gold standard method, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in terms of cost and time consumption. Electrochemical and bioelectrochemical platforms have been important tools for overcoming the limitations of conventional diagnostic platforms, including accuracy, accessibility, portability, and response time. In this review, we report on several electrochemical sensors and biosensors developed for SARS-CoV-2 detection, presenting the concepts, fabrication, advantages, and disadvantages of the different approaches. The focus is devoted to highlighting the recent progress of electrochemical devices developed as next-generation field-deployable analytical tools as well as guiding future researchers in the manufacture of devices for disease diagnosis.

Investigation of the performance of cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) and poly(methacrylic acid) as efficient adsorbents in SPE columns for simultaneous preconcentration of tricyclic antidepressants in water samples.

A solid phase extraction-based (SPE) procedure for simultaneous preconcentration of five tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMT), nortriptyline hydrochloride (NOR), doxepin hydrochloride (DOX), imipramine hydrochloride (IMI), and clomipramine hydrochloride (CLO) from water samples with determination by HPLC-DAD is proposed. Polymers were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, and thermogravimetric analysis. SPE-based methods were carried out by the preconcentration of 320.0 mL of TCAs at pH 7.0 (buffered with 0.01 mol L-1 phosphate buffer) through 70.0 mg of adsorbent packed into a SPE cartridge, followed by elution with 1.0 mL of ACN : MeOH : acetic acid solution (45 : 45 : 10% v/v). Higher preconcentration factors were obtained ranging from 117.9 to 372.2 and 207.1 to 396.1 by using poly(MAA-co-EGDMA) and poly(AA-co-EGDMA), respectively, yielding lower limits of detection (0.03 to 0.12 µg L-1) and (0.03 to 0.15 µg L-1). These outcomes show satisfactory detectability of SPE-based methods, with slightly better performance using poly(MAA-co-EGDMA). On the other hand, poly(AA-co-EGDMA) was able to preconcentrate TCAs in the presence of humic acid (7.0 mg L-1) without interference. The precision of methods assessed as RSD (%) was very similar, ranging from 1.7% to 16.3% for poly(MAA-co-EGDMA) and 1.7% to 13.4% for poly(AA-co-EGDMA). SPE cartridges packed with the polymers showed high reusability (52 cycles of preconcentration and elution) without losing adsorption efficiency. The methods were applied to determine TCAs in tap, lake, and stream water samples and the accuracy was attested by addition and recovery tests (86.7-116.0%), with determined nortriptyline ranging from 0.48 to 0.52 µg L-1 in lake water samples.

Consumption, nicotine dependence and motivation for smoke cessation during early stages of COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic may have changed smoking habits. For the smoking population, information regarding smoking habits and the pandemic could potentially aid COVID-19 prevention and control measures. Our study aimed to analyze the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on tobacco consumption, nicotine dependence levels, and motivation for smoking cessation. We also collected information from smokers regarding their awareness of the consequences of tobacco use and the increased risks smokers have for severe complications from COVID-19. METHODS: In the survey for this observational cross-sectional study, 122 smokers responded to an online form. The participants provided general data about their smoking history, their smoking habits in the months of April and May 2020, and the effect of the pandemic on their smoking habits. They also completed a Fagerström test and were measured by the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale. RESULTS: When compared to pre-pandemic levels, the majority of smokers reported increased tobacco consumption of between 1 and 10 cigarettes per day (37.7%). Their motivation to quit smoking (59.8%) and desire to smoke (53.2%) were unchanged by the pandemic. Most participants demonstrated an awareness of the increased risks smokers have for severe COVID-19-related complications (p<0.001). We identified the following correlations: cigarettes/day before pandemic and motivation for smoking cessation (r=0.19; p=0.030), cigarettes/day and nicotine dependence level (r=0.61; p<0.001), and load consumption and nicotine dependence level (r=0.69; p<0.001). No significant correlations were observed between load consumption and motivation to quit (r=0.13; p=0.120). CONCLUSIONS: Most smokers are well aware of their increased risks for severe COVID-19-related complications. In the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, most smokers reported increased cigarette consumption. In addition, motivation to quit and desire to smoke were unchanged for the majority of smokers.

Investigação das contribuições do projeto Qualisus-Rede nas linhas do cuidado do câncer de mama e colo do útero / Investigation of the contributions of the Qualisus-Rede project in the lines of breast and cervical cancer care

O estudo teve como objetivo investigar as contribuições físico financeiras do subprojeto QualiSUS no município de Belém nas linhas do cuidado do câncer do colo de útero e de mama no município de Belém-PA, no período de 2014 a 2016, assim como analisar os indicadores de rastreamento do câncer de útero e de mama durante e após a execução do subprojeto, do tipo quanti-qualitativa, descritiva, documental e de campo, foram analisados instrumentos, indicadores e relatórios gerados do subprojeto , e entrevistas com técnicos e gerentes que participaram da execução do subprojeto atuantes na linha do cuidado do câncer de colo do útero e de mama, e as informações coletadas dos banco de dados dos sistemas de informação do câncer de mama e do colo do útero. O subprojeto teve contribuições na linha do câncer do colo de útero e de mama, quanto a melhoria da qualidade do serviço na UREMIA e Casa da mulher, aquisição de mamógrafos e ultrassons, no LACEN, a modernização da leitura do Papanicolau em meio liquido, e estruturação das salas de coleta das 24UBS do município de Belém, além das capacitações em coleta do Papanicolau e rastreamento do câncer. Conclui-se que houveram contribuições do subprojeto nas linhas do câncer, a análise dos indicadores mostrou que não houve diferença estatística nos períodos analisados, após aplicação de teste t-student e de regressão linear, mantiveram as mesmas taxas dos indicadores(AU)

The study aimed to investigate the physical financial contributions of the QualiSUS subproject in the city of Belém in the lines of care for cervical and breast cancer in the city of Belém-PA from 2014 to 2016, as well as to analyze the tracking indicators of the uterine and breast cancer during and after the execution of the subproject, of the quantitative-qualitative, descriptive, documental and field type, instruments, indicators and reports generated from the subproject were analyzed, and interviews with technicians and managers who participated in the execution of the subproject were analyzed. active in the care of cervical and breast cancer., and the information collected from the databases of the breast and cervical cancer information systems. The subproject had contributions in the line of cervical and breast cancer, in terms of improving the quality of service at URE-MIA and Casa da Mulher, acquisition of mammography and ultrasound at LACEN, the modernization of Pap smear reading in liquid medium, and structuring of the collection rooms of the 24UBS in the city of Belém, in addition to training in Pap smear collection and cancer screening. It is concluded that there were contributions of the subproject in the cancer lines, the analysis of indicapres showed that there was no statistical difference in the analyzed periods, after application of t-student test and linear regression, they kept the same rates of indicators(AU)

Methodological aspects of the assessment of dietary intake in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019): a population-based household survey.

This manuscript aims to describe the methodological, operational, and quality control aspects of the assessment of dietary intake in children under five years of age participating in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019), a household survey in a probability sample of Brazilian households. Two instruments were developed to assess child feeding practices - a structured, current status-type questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall (24HR), both installed in a mobile data collection device used by previously trained interviewers. A Photographic Manual for Quantification of Children's Dietary Intake was specifically developed for and used in the survey as a support aid to identify and quantify foods reported in the 24HR. During the fieldwork, continuous quality control of the records was performed. Data errors or incomplete data in the system were corrected, and the fieldwork team was systematically contacted and informed on their performance, with reiterated orientation on data collection. All children in the sample were evaluated with the two instruments, but data were obtained from the structured questionnaire on all children in the sample (n = 14,558) and 24HR on 14,541 children. ENANI-2019 developed innovative methods and materials based on the Brazilian and international literature to address knowledge gaps on under-five children's dietary intake. Unprecedented results will be produced, which will allow updating food and nutrition guidelines for children under five years of age in Brazil.

Chromosomal Evolution in Aspredinidae (Teleostei, Siluriformes): Insights on Intra- and Interspecific Relationships with Related Groups.

The family Aspredinidae comprises a clade of complex systematic relationships, both from molecular and morphological approaches. In this study, conventional and molecular cytogenetic studies coupled with nucleotide sequencing were performed in 6 Aspredininae species (Amaralia hypsiura, Bunocephalus cf. aloikae, Bunocephalus amaurus, Bunocephalus aff. coracoideus, Bunocephalus verrucosus, and Platystacus cotylephorus) from different locations of the Amazon hydrographic basin. Our results showed highly divergent diploid numbers (2n) among the species, ranging from 49 to 74, including the occurrence of an XX/X0 sex chromosome system. A neighbor-joining phylogram based on the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) showed that Bunocephalus coracoideus is not a monophyletic clade, but closely related to B. verrucosus. The karyotypic data associated with COI suggest an ancestral karyotype for Aspredinidae with a reduced 2n, composed of bi-armed chromosomes and a trend toward chromosomal fissions resulting in higher diploid number karyotypes, mainly composed of acrocentric chromosomes. Evolutionary relationships were discussed under a phylogenetic context with related species from different Siluriformes families. The karyotype features and chromosomal diversity of Aspredinidae show an amazing differentiation, making this family a remarkable model for investigating the evolutionary dynamics in siluriforms as well as in fish as a whole.

Effect of the Pilates Method on Sexual Function, Pelvic floor Muscle Strength and Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Survivors / Efeito do Método Pilates sobre a Função Sexual, a Força da Musculatura do Assoalho Pélvico e a Qualidade de Vida em Mulheres Sobreviventes do Câncer de Mama / Efecto del Método Pilates sobre la Función Sexual, la Fuerza Muscular del Piso Pélvico y la Calidad de Vida de las Sobrevivientes de Cáncer de Mama

Introduction: Surgical treatment of breast cancer and anti-estrogenic hormone therapy negatively impact quality of life and female sexual function. Considering that physical activity provides important benefits to minimize the physical and emotional impact of the treatment, the Pilates Method is a modality of physical exercises that could increase the quality of life parameters of women survivors of breast cancer. Objective: To study the impact of Pilates Method on pelvic floor muscle (PFMS) strength, sexual function (SF), and health related quality of life related (HRQL) of BC survivors. Method: Randomized clinical trial in which 24 mastectomized women were divided into two groups: Pilates (G1) and control group (G2) exercises for 8 weeks. SF was assessed by the FSFI questionnaire and HRQV by the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire. PFMS was assessed by perineometry and contractility using the PERFECT scheme. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Inferential analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test. Results: Women of the G1 showed better performance than those of the G2 for the following variables: sexual function, degree of muscle contraction; all items of the PERFECT scheme; QLQ-C30 questionnaire domains: global health status, physical functioning, emotional functioning; symptom scale items fatigue, nausea, and pain, and perception of financial difficulties (p < 0.05). Conclusion:The results show benefits of supervised Pilates exercises on pelvic floor muscle contractility, sexual function, and quality of life after cancer.

Introdução: O tratamento cirúrgico do câncer de mama e a hormonioterapia antiestrogênica impactam negativamente a qualidade de vida e a função sexual feminina. Considerando que a atividade física proporciona benefícios importantes para minimizar o impacto físico e emocional do tratamento, o método Pilates é uma modalidade de exercícios físicos que poderia incrementar os parâmetros de qualidade de vida das mulheres sobreviventes do câncer de mama. Objetivo: Estudar o impacto do método Pilates na força dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (FMAP), na função sexual (FS) e na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS) de mulheres sobreviventes de câncer de mama. Método: Ensaio clínico randomizado, no qual 24 mulheres mastectomizadas foram divididas em dois grupos: Pilates (G1) e grupo controle (G2) por oito semanas. A FS foi avaliada pelo questionário FSFI e a QVRS, pelo questionário EORTC QLQ-C30. A FMAP foi avaliada por perineometria e contratilidade usando o esquema PERFECT. Os valores foram expressos como média ± desvio-padrão. A análise inferencial foi realizada utilizando medidas repetidas Anova e pós-teste de Bonferroni. Resultados: As mulheres do G1 apresentaram melhor desempenho do que as do G2 nas seguintes variáveis: FS, grau de contração muscular; em todos os itens do esquema PERFECT; domínios do questionário QLQ-C30: status global de saúde, funcionamento físico, funcionamento emocional; itens da escala de sintomas fadiga, náusea e dor e percepção de dificuldades financeiras (p<0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados mostram benefícios dos exercícios supervisionados de Pilates na força dos músculos do assoalho pélvico, função sexual e qualidade de vida após o câncer.

Introducción: El tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer de mama y la terapia hormonal antiestrogénica tienen un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida y la función sexual femenina. Teniendo en cuenta que la actividad física proporciona importantes beneficios para minimizar el impacto físico y emocional del tratamiento, el método Pilates es una modalidad de ejercicios físicos que podría aumentar los parámetros de calidad de vida de las mujeres sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama. Objetivo: Estudiar el impacto do método Pilates en la fuerza muscular del piso pélvico (FMPP) la función sexual y (FS) la CV de las sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama. Método: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, en el que 24 mujeres mastectomizadas se dividieron en dos grupos: Pilates (G1) y grupo de control (G2) durante ocho semanas. La FS evaluó mediante el cuestionario FSFI y la CV a mediante el cuestionario EORTC QLQ-C30. La FMPP pélvico se evaluó mediante perineometría y contractilidad utilizando el esquema PERFECTO. Los valores se expresan como media ± desviación estándar. El análisis inferencial se realizó utilizando medidas repetidas Anova y la prueba posterior de Bonferroni. Resultados: Las mujeres en el G1 obtuvieron mejores resultados que las del G2 en las siguientes variables: índice de función sexual, grado de contracción muscular; todos los elementos en el esquema PERFECTO (potencia, repeticiones, resistencia y contracciones rápidas); Dominios del cuestionario QLQ-C30: estado de salud global, funcionamiento físico, funcionamiento emocional; ítems sobre la escala de síntomas de fatiga, náuseas y dolor y percepción de dificultades financieras (p<0,05). Conclusión: Los resultados muestran los beneficios de los EP en la contractilidad muscular del piso pélvico, FS y la CV después del cáncer.

Determinants of food and nutrition actions in primary healthcare clinics in the State of São Paulo, Brazil / Determinantes de las acciones de alimentación y nutrición en las clínicas de atención primaria en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil

The objective of the study was to test the link between the preparation of professionals and the operational conditions of food and nutrition actions in primary healthcare in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. This cross-sectional study involved 220 primary healthcare clinics in 65 municipalities of the state. Of the 1873 participating healthcare professionals, 71.8% reported having provided guidance on food and nutrition to different groups, ranging from 56% for pregnant women to 17% for families. Only 19% of the primary healthcare clinics employed nutritionists. Primary healthcare clinics with fewer than two partnerships with other institutions reported 28% and 41% fewer of food and nutrition actions for adults and for families, respectively. Among the variables applied to evaluate professional preparation and operational conditions, work guidance and community partnerships were important for food and nutrition actions, which remains incipient in primary healthcare.

El objetivo del estudio fue contrastar la asociación entre preparación profesional y condiciones operacionales de actuación con el ofrecimiento de acciones de alimentación y nutrición en la Atención Primaria a la Salud en el Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Estudio transversal, incluyendo 220 unidades de Atención Primaria a la Salud de 65 municipios del Estado. De los 1873 profesionales de salud participantes, 71,8% relataron haber realizado acciones de alimentación y nutrición, variando de 56% para gestantes a 17% para las familias entre las unidades de salud. Apenas 19% de las unidades de salud contaban con nutricionistas. En unidades de salud con menos de dos convenios hubo prevalencia de 28% y 41% menos de oferta de acciones de alimentación y nutrición para adultos y familias, respectivamente. Entre las variables utilizadas para evaluar la preparación profesional y las condiciones operacionales, la orientación para el trabajo y los convenios en la comunidad fueron determinantes para la oferta de acciones de alimentación y nutrición, aun incipientes en la Atención Primaria a la Salud.

Aliskiren Attenuates the Inflammatory Response and Wound Healing Process in Diabetic Mice With Periodontal Disease.

The aim of this study was to characterize the role of local RAS (renin-angiotensin system) in the inflammatory response of normal (N) and diabetic (D) mice with periodontal disease (PD). Diabetes Mellitus (DM) was induced by peritoneal injection of streptozotocin in Balb/c mice. PD was induced by ligature around the first molar in both N and D, irrespective of whether they were treated with aliskiren (50 mg/kg, Alisk). Mandibles were harvested for histomorphometric analyses, and gingival tissue (GT) was collected to evaluate gene expression and extracellular matrix components (ECM). Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses were used to localize RAS in GT. The production of C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-1ß, CXCL2, and CCL8 was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Renin was found to exacerbate the inflammation and periodontal bone loss at 14 days after PD, and Alisk inhibited this process in GT of N and D. PD increased CRP, CXCL2, CCL8, and IL-1ß production in both animals. Alisk could inhibit CRP, CXCL2, and CCL8 primarily in D animals. However, only CCL8 was decreased in N animals after Alisk pretreatment. PD enhanced expression and production of AGT, ACE, AT1R, and AT2R in both N and D. AT1R expression was higher in D with PD, and AT2R expression was higher in N with PD. ACE2 and receptor Mas (MasR) expression and production was elevated in the control group of both animals. PD inhibited ACE2 in N but not in D. MasR expression was unaffected in both N and D with PD. Alisk reduced expression and production of all RAS components in GT of both animals, except for ACE2 in N. RAS staining was observed in all layers of epithelium, basal cell layer, and lamina propria and was higher in N with PD. Col1a1, Col1a2, Col3a1, and fibronectin (Fn1) were increased in both animals with PD. Alisk inhibited Col1a1 and Fn in both animals, Col1a2 was decreased only in D, while levels of Col3a1 remained unchanged in all animal groups. In conclusion, these data demonstrated the presence and functional role of local RAS in GT, exacerbating the inflammatory response, periodontal bone loss, and wound healing processes in both N and D animal groups. In addition, Alisk was able to significantly reduce gingival inflammation, excessive wound healing processes, and periodontal bone loss.

Atuação do enfermeiro no cuidado ao paciente com câncer de pênis / Nursing performance in the care of patients with penile cancer

Objetivo: conhecer a atuação do enfermeiro no cuidado ao paciente com câncer de pênis. Metodologia: estudo descritivo, abordagem qualitativa, realizado com cinco enfermeiras, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e análise de prontuários, em um hospital de referência para o câncer em Belém do Pará. Utilizou-se o método de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. A pesquisa foi autorizada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade Metropolitana da Amazônia, com o número de parecer 2.574.409. Resultados: o cuidado de enfermagem se dá de forma sistematizada, respeitando a individualidade, mesmo não existindo um protocolo específico. Da análise de conteúdo surgiram quatro categorias: protocolo existente para o cuidado ao paciente com câncer de pênis, aplicação da Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem, identificação dos Diagnósticos de Enfermagem, aplicação das Intervenções de Enfermagem. Conclusão: sugere-se a elaboração e adoção de Procedimentos Operacionais Padrão para ser utilizado juntamente com a Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem, pois, não apenas uniformizam as ações dos profissionais, mas também contribuem com assistência de qualidade e a segurança do paciente.

Objective: to know the role of the nurse in the care of patients with penile cancer. Methodology: this is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach, performed with five nurses, through a semi-structured interview and analysis of medical records at a referral hospital for cancer in Belém, Pará. The Bardin content analysis method was used. The research was authorized by the Research Ethics Committee of the Metropolitan University of Amazonia, with the number of opinion 2,574,409. Results: Nursing care occurs in a systematized manner, respecting the individuality, even if there is no specific protocol. From the content analysis, four categories emerged: the existing protocol for the care of the patient with penile cancer, application of Nursing Care Systematization, identification of Nursing Diagnoses and application of Nursing Interventions. Conclusion: It is suggested that Standard Operational Procedures be developed and adopted to be used in conjunction with the Nursing Care Systematization, on this account they not only standardize the actions of the professionals, but also contribute with quality care and patient safety.

Food practices and their meanings in the daily routine of a university / Práticas alimentares e seus significados no cotidiano de uma universidade

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed at knowing and analyzing sociocultural meanings of the daily dietary practices revealed by a university community, in the context of a wellness program to their community and its surroundings. Methods The research team ran 28 workshops with the participation of 34 university units and 558 subjects in total. All workshops were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was performed with the identification of emerging themes and categories. Results From the analysis of this material four categories emerged. There is the desire caused by the pleasure of having meals in a group of people and consuming foods rich in fat and sugar, but with its consumption shrouded by guilt. Healthy foods were considered important but related to obligation and displeasure. The community also wants to consume healthy foods daily in the academic environment, however, pointed out barriers such as an increasing pace of work and lack of time. Conclusion It was possible to identify barriers and desires related to food practices in the daily life of the university. This study demonstrated that changing the eating behavior of an academic community is a major challenge for wellness programs, even for an institution that produces and disseminates scientific knowledge.

RESUMO Objetivo Este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer e analisar os significados socioculturais das práticas alimentares cotidianas revelados pela comunidade de uma universidade brasileira no contexto de um programa de bem estar para sua comunidade e entornos. Métodos Foram realizadas 28 oficinas com a participação de 34 unidades universitárias e 558 pessoas. Todas as oficinas tiveram seu áudio gravado e transcrito. Foi realizada análise de conteúdo com a identificação de temas e categorias emergentes. Resultados A partir da análise do material transcrito, emergiram os significados em quatro categorias. Há o desejo pelo prazer de realizar as refeições em grupo e consumir alimentos ricos em gordura e açúcar, mas envolto por culpa. Alimentos saudáveis foram considerados importantes, mas seu consumo foi relacionado à obrigação e desprazer. Contudo, a comunidade deseja consumi-los diariamente no ambiente acadêmico, mas aponta barreiras como o aumento do ritmo de trabalho e falta de tempo. Conclusão Foi possível identificar barreiras e desejos relacionados às práticas alimentares no cotidiano da universidade. Este estudo mostrou que transformar o comportamento alimentar de uma comunidade acadêmica é um grande desafio para os programas de bem-estar, mesmo para instituições que produzem e disseminam conhecimentos científicos.

Skateholders, spaces and policy network in health governance in two health regions of Legal Amazon. / Atores, espaços e rede de políticas na governança em saúde em duas regiões de saúde da Amazônia Legal.

Governance is a concept with different hues in public policies. In this study, it is conceived as a policy network, with stakeholders who manage interests depending on available resources, mediated by rules and by their degree of influence. This paper analyzes the stakeholders, spaces of articulation, norms, and processes in health governance in two regions of the Legal Amazon and how managers shape their social network. This is a qualitative study with regional analysis plan, using as sources documents and interviews. An analysis matrix was formulated with adapted realms of conceptual models of governance and policy networks. Results point to differentiated policy networks. In the metropolitan region, stakeholders' diversity was more associated with state management and capital, given the articulation capacity and available resources. In the international border region, the policy network of municipal managers integrates stakeholders from diverse sectors in the face of regional specificity and articulation capacity. Regions, living territories, single out technical processes, leading stakeholders to seek partners and spaces beyond those established, to weave strategies closer to reality.

Governança é um conceito com distintas matizes no campo das políticas públicas e, neste estudo, é concebido enquanto rede de políticas, com atores que manejam interesses a depender dos recursos disponíveis, mediados por regras e por seu grau de influência. O artigo analisa os atores, os espaços de articulação, as normas e os processos na governança em saúde em duas regiões da Amazônia legal e também como os gestores modelam sua própria rede social. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo com plano de análise regional utilizando como fontes documentos e entrevistas. Formulou-se uma matriz de análise com dimensões adaptadas de modelos conceituais de governança e redes de políticas. Resultados apontam redes de políticas diferenciadas. Na região metropolitana, a diversidade de atores esteve mais associada à gestão estadual e capital, face à capacidade de articulação e recursos disponíveis. Na região de fronteira internacional, a rede dos gestores municipais integra atores, de setores diversificados face à especificidade territorial e capacidade de articulação. Regiões, territórios-vivos, singularizam processos técnicos, levando atores a buscarem parceiros e espaços para além dos instituídos, a fim de tecer estratégias mais correlatas à realidade.

Cytogenetics of two Farlowella species (Loricariidae: Loricariinae): implications on the taxonomic status of the species

Farlowella is one of the most diverse genera of the Loricariinae, restricted to South America rivers. The taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships among its species are contentious and, while genetic studies would contribute to the understanding of their relationships, the only available datum refer to the karyotype description of only one species. In the present study two Amazonian species, Farlowella cf. amazonum and F. schreitmuelleri, were analyzed using conventional and molecular cytogenetic procedures. Both species had diploid chromosome number 58, but different fundamental numbers (NF) 116 and 112, respectively, indicative of chromosomal rearrangements. C-banding is almost poor, especially in F. cf. amazonum, and occurs predominantly in the centromeric and in some telomeric regions, although genome of F. schreitmuelleri possessed a much larger heterochromatin amount then those of F. cf. amazonum. The chromosomes bearing the NOR sites were likely the same for both species, corresponding to the 1st metacentric pair in F. cf. amazonum and to the 28th acrocentric in F. schreitmuelleri. The location of the 5S rDNA was species-specific marker. This study expanded the available cytogenetic data for Farlowella species and pointed the remarkable karyotype diversity among species/populations, indicating a possible species complex within genus.(AU)

Farlowella é um dos gêneros mais diversos de Loricariinae, restrito aos rios da América do Sul. As relações taxonômicas e filogenéticas entre suas espécies são contenciosas e, enquanto os estudos genéticos contribuem para a compreensão dessas relações, o único dado disponível refere-se à descrição cariotípica de apenas uma espécie. No presente estudo, foram analizadas duas espécies amazônicas Farlowella cf. amazonum e F. schreitmuelleri, empregando procedimentos citogenéticos convencionais e moleculares. Ambas as espécies apresentaram número diploide igual a 58 cromossomos, mas com números fundamentais diferentes (NF) de 116 e 112, respectivamente, indicando rearranjos cromossômicos. Bandas C são poucas, especialmente em F. cf. amazonum, e ocorre predominantemente nas regiões centroméricas e em algumas regiões teloméricas, embora F. schreitmuelleri apresenta uma quantidade de heterocromatina muito maior que F. cf. amazonum. Os cromossomos carreadores dos sítios da NOR foram provavelmente os mesmos para ambas as espécies, correspondendo ao primeiro par metacêntrico em F. cf. amazonum e ao 28º acrocêntrico em F. schreitmuelleri. A localização do DNAr 5S foi espécie-específico. Este estudo expandiu os dados citogenéticos disponíveis para espécies de Farlowella e apontou uma remarcável diversidade cromossômica entre espécies/populações, indicando um possível complexo de espécies neste gênero.(AU)

Atores, espaços e rede de políticas na governança em saúde em duas regiões de saúde da Amazônia Legal / Skateholders, spaces and policy network in health governance in two health regions of Legal Amazon

Resumo Governança é um conceito com distintas matizes no campo das políticas públicas e, neste estudo, é concebido enquanto rede de políticas, com atores que manejam interesses a depender dos recursos disponíveis, mediados por regras e por seu grau de influência. O artigo analisa os atores, os espaços de articulação, as normas e os processos na governança em saúde em duas regiões da Amazônia legal e também como os gestores modelam sua própria rede social. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo com plano de análise regional utilizando como fontes documentos e entrevistas. Formulou-se uma matriz de análise com dimensões adaptadas de modelos conceituais de governança e redes de políticas. Resultados apontam redes de políticas diferenciadas. Na região metropolitana, a diversidade de atores esteve mais associada à gestão estadual e capital, face à capacidade de articulação e recursos disponíveis. Na região de fronteira internacional, a rede dos gestores municipais integra atores, de setores diversificados face à especificidade territorial e capacidade de articulação. Regiões, territórios-vivos, singularizam processos técnicos, levando atores a buscarem parceiros e espaços para além dos instituídos, a fim de tecer estratégias mais correlatas à realidade.

Abstract Governance is a concept with different hues in public policies. In this study, it is conceived as a policy network, with stakeholders who manage interests depending on available resources, mediated by rules and by their degree of influence. This paper analyzes the stakeholders, spaces of articulation, norms, and processes in health governance in two regions of the Legal Amazon and how managers shape their social network. This is a qualitative study with regional analysis plan, using as sources documents and interviews. An analysis matrix was formulated with adapted realms of conceptual models of governance and policy networks. Results point to differentiated policy networks. In the metropolitan region, stakeholders' diversity was more associated with state management and capital, given the articulation capacity and available resources. In the international border region, the policy network of municipal managers integrates stakeholders from diverse sectors in the face of regional specificity and articulation capacity. Regions, living territories, single out technical processes, leading stakeholders to seek partners and spaces beyond those established, to weave strategies closer to reality.

Genomic Organization of Repetitive DNAs and Differentiation of an XX/XY Sex Chromosome System in the Amazonian Puffer Fish, Colomesus asellus (Tetraodontiformes).

The genus Colomesus is the sole representative of the family Tetraodontidae in the Amazon region. Here, Colomesus asellus was analyzed using conventional and molecular cytogenetic protocols. Its diploid chromosome number is 2n = 46 with 12 meta-, 10 submeta-, 16 subtelo-, and 8 acrocentric chromosomes and a fundamental number of FN = 84. An XX/XY sex chromosome system was identified. Mapping of 18S rDNA correlated with the nucleolus organizer regions (Ag-NORs) in the short arms of the 2 X chromosomes in females and in the Y chromosome in males. C-banding revealed heterochromatin in the centromeric regions of all chromosomes, except for pair 3. Prominent sex chromosome-specific heterochromatin amplification was observed, covering the short arms of the Y chromosome almost entirely. FISH with telomeric and tropomyosin (tpm1) sequences, respectively, revealed terminal signals in all chromosomes. The analysis of extended DNA fibers confirmed the colocalization and the interspersed pattern of the telomeric and tpm1 sequences. Thus, this study highlights the remarkable evolutionary dynamism presented by the Amazonian puffer fish regarding the differentiation of a heteromorphic XY sex chromosome system and a particular sex-specific amplification of rDNA sites. This is the first record of such an association in the Tetraodontidae family.

Effects of Neuroactive Drugs in the Discharge Patterns of Microsternarchus (Hypopomidae: Gymnotiformes) Electric Organ.

Considering the conserved nature of synaptic physiology among vertebrates, we tested the effects of three psychotropics (diazepam, doxapram, and nicotine) on Microsternarchus cf. bilineatus, measuring 10 parameters associated to the electric organ discharges rhythm and waveform before and after the administration of each drug and a control group. There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.005) among all the experimental groups, F (70, 22619.25) = 77.7, between the two experimental phases within their respective drug treatment, F (80, 24604.51) = 16.0, and among the six experimental hours within their respective phases and groups, F (320, 37124.15) = 4.1. We observed a common general trend of reduction in the electric organ's (EO) firing rate, regardless of the expected stimulant or depressor effect of the drugs on the central nervous system (CNS). The intensity of the response changed with the treatment. The observed changes in the fishes' behavior may be a result of the drugs' direct action on the CNS or a combination of this with systemic effects of each substance tested, also in the EO.

The Bunocephalus coracoideus Species Complex (Siluriformes, Aspredinidae). Signs of a Speciation Process through Chromosomal, Genetic and Ecological Diversity.

Bunocephalus is the most species-rich Aspredinidae genus, corresponding to a monophyletic clade with 13 valid species. However, many species have their classification put in question. Here, we analyzed individuals from four Amazonian populations of Bunocephalus coracoideus by cytogenetic and molecular procedures. The geographic distribution, genetic distances and karyotype data indicate that each population represents an Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU). Cytogenetic markers showed distinct 2n and karyotype formulas, as well as different numbers and locations of the rDNA sites among ESUs. One of such populations (ESU-D) highlighted an extensive polymorphic condition, with several cytotypes probably due to chromosomal rearrangements and meiotic non-disjunctions. This resulted in several aneuploid karyotypes, which was also supported by the mapping of telomeric sequences. Phylograms based on Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Neighbor Joining (NJ) analyses grouped each ESU on particular highly supported clades, with the estimation of evolutionary divergence indicating values being higher than 3.8-12.3% among them. Our study reveals a huge degree of chromosomal and genetic diversity in B. coracoideus and highly points to the existence of four ESUs in allopatric and sympatric speciation processes. In fact, the high divergences found among the ESUs allowed us to delimitate lineages with taxonomic uncertainties in this nominal species.

A new multiple sex chromosome system X1X1X2X2/X1Y1X2Y2 in Siluriformes: cytogenetic characterization of Bunocephalus coracoideus (Aspredinidae).

We analyzed one Bunocephalus coracoideus population from the Negro River basin using cytogenetic techniques. The results showed a diploid number of 42 chromosomes in both sexes, with the karyotypic formula 4m + 14sm + 24a and fundamental number (FN) = 60 for females and the formula 5m + 14sm + 23a and FN = 61 for males, constituting an X1X1X2X2/X1Y1X2Y2 multiple sex chromosome system. The constitutive heterochromatin is distributed in the pericentromeric regions of most of the chromosomes, except for the sex chromosomes, of which the X1, X2, and Y1 chromosomes were euchromatic and the Y2 chromosome was partially heterochromatic. 18S rDNA mapping confirmed the presence of nucleolar organizer regions on the short arms of the fifth chromosomal pair for both sexes. The 5S rDNA is present in the terminal regions of the short arms on the 2nd, 10th, and 12th pairs and on the X2 chromosome of both sexes; however, we observed variations in the presence of these ribosomal cistrons on the Y1 chromosome, on which the cistrons are pericentromeric, and on the Y2 chromosome, on which these cistrons are present in the terminal portions of the short and long arms. Telomeric sequences are located in the terminal regions of all of the chromosomes, particularly conspicuous blocks on the 10th and 12th pairs and internal telomeric sequences in the centromeric regions of the 1st, 6th, and 9th pairs for both sexes. This work describes an new sex chromosomes system for the Siluriformes and increases our genetic knowledge of the Aspredinidae family.

First Cytogenetic Description of Microsternarchus bilineatus (Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae) from Negro River (Brazilian Amazon).

Microsternarchus bilineatus is a neotropical electric fish species widely distributed in Amazonian ecosystems. This work reports the first karyotypic description of the species M. bilineatus, which presented 2n = 48 chromosomes, with a distinct karyotypic formula between the sexes: males with 21 metacentric (m)/submetacentric (sm) + 27 subtelocentric (st)/acrocentric (a) and fundamental number (FN) = 69 and females with 20 m/sm + 28 st/a and FN = 68. We found a probable recent sex system of XX/XY type. The nucleoli organizer regions (NORs) were multiple terminally located, and the heterochromatic blocks were mostly pericentromeric. The 18S rDNA markings confirmed NORs and their distinction between sexes, which suggested some differential role of this gene related to gender in this species. The 5S rDNA presented terminal markings on a single chromosome pair, with no distinction between sexes, and the telomeric probes have shown a uniform pattern in males and females.

Ocorrência de espécies fúngicas isoladas a partir de mãos e unhas de trabalhadores / Occurrence fungal species isolated from hands and nails of workers

Contexto: A infecção fúngica que acomete as mãos, além de funcionar como porta de entrada para infecções, também pode causar dor, desconforto, limitação física e ocupacional. As pesquisas de microrganismos nas mãos de trabalhadores e as recomendações relacionadas à higiene adequada das mãos valorizam mais o risco de contaminação de alimentos e objetos e a transmissão de infecções a terceiros, desconsiderando muitas vezes a importância de manter a saúde das mãos dos profissionais. É importante conhecer a legislação e as orientações pertinentes que regulamentam as atividades profissionais e os aspectos relacionados ao desempenho profissional para promover medidas de proteção e prevenção de agravos à saúde do trabalhador e no estabelecimento de nexo que possa existir com dermatose ocupacional. Objetivo: Pesquisar sobre estudos de espécies fúngicas isoladas a partir das mãos de manipuladores de alimentos e profissionais da área de saúde, comparar com espécies isoladas em outras populações, destacar as dermatoses cutâneas por agentes biológicos e mais especificamente por fungos dermatófitos e Candida, abordar aspectos relacionados à segurança, saúde e medicina do trabalho. Métodos: Revisão de literatura de artigos publicados nos bancos de dados da CAPES, sítio da biblioteca virtual em saúde, SciELO e pesquisas em livros específicos. Conclusões: Evidenciou-se diferenças na detecção de fungos nas mãos de trabalhadores, em manipuladores de alimentos os percentuais variaram de 26,3 a 63,4% e em profissionais de saúde a variação foi desde 6,7 até 93%; predominaram espécies de Candida. Observou-se, em outras populações, menor percentual de positividade dos exames laboratoriais e predomínio de dermatófitos.

Context: The fungal infection that affects the hands, in addition to functioning as a gateway for infection, can also cause pain, discomfort, physical and occupational limitations. Research of microorganisms in the hands of workers and recommendations related to proper hand hygiene value the risk of contamination of food and objects and transmission to third parties infections, often disregarding the importance of maintaining the health of the hands of professionals. It is important to know the relevant legislation and guidelines governing their professional activities and aspects related to the performance to promote protection and prevention of harm to workers? health and the nexus of business that might exist with occupational dermatosis. Objective: To analyse studies of fungal species isolated from the hands of food handlers and health professionals, to compare them to species from other populations, highlighting the skin dermatoses by biological agents and more specifically by dermatophytes and Candida, and to address aspects related to safety, health and occupational medicine. Methods: Literature review of articles published in the CAPES, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde website, and SciELO databases and also from specific books. Conclusions: Differences were identified in the detection of fungi in the hands of workers; in the food handlers the percentage ranged from 26.3 to 63.4%; and in health professionals the range was from 6.7% to 93%, with a prevalence of Candida species. It was observed, in other populations, lower percentage of positive laboratory tests and prevalence of dermatophytes.