Influence of cerebral blood flow on volumetric loss related to Alzheimer's disease.

CBF measured with Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) obtained by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may become an important biomarker by showing changes in early stages of AD, such as in the prodromal stage of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Objective: Verify the correlation between atrophy and CBF in patients with MCI and mild phase ADD, to demonstrate whether changes in CBF can be considered as vascular biomarkers in the diagnosis of the DA continuum. Methods: 11 healthy volunteers, 16 MCI and 15 mild ADD were evaluated. Images of the brain were acquired, including CBF measured with Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL). Results: When comparing MCI with control, a reduction in normalized CBF was observed in left posterior cingulate (estimated difference -0.38; p=0.02), right posterior cingulate (estimated difference -0.45; p=0.02) and right precuneus (estimated difference -0.28; p <0.01); also increase in normalized CBF in right upper temporal pole (estimated difference 0.22; p=0.03). It was also observed that in MCI, the smaller the gray matter volume, the smaller the CBF in the left posterior cingulate; as well as the greater the cerebrospinal fluid volume, consequent to the encephalic volumetric reduction associated with atrophy, the greater the CBF in the right superior temporal pole. When comparing controls, MCI and mild AD, in relation to the other variables, no other correlations were observed between CBF and atrophy. Conclusion: In patients with MCI, the reduction of CBF in the left posterior cingulate correlated with gray matter atrophy, as well as the increase of CBF in the right upper temporal pole correlated with an increase in cerebrospinal fluid consequent to the encephalic volumetric reduction associated with atrophy, demonstrating the influence of CBF in AD related brain atrophy. These findings position CBF as a possible vascular biomarker for early-stage AD diagnoses.

A imagem por ressonância magnética (IRM) pode se tornar um importante biomarcador ao mostrar alterações nos estágios iniciais da doença de Alzheimer (DA). Objetivo: Sendo a atrofia cerebral um importante biomarcador de neurodegeneração na DA, o presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar se há correlação entre atrofia e fluxo sanguíneo cerebral (FSC) em pacientes com diagnóstico de CCL e demência da doença de Alzheimer (DDA) leve, com o objetivo de revelar se as alterações no FSC podem ser consideradas possíveis biomarcadores vasculares no diagnóstico do continuum da DA. Métodos: Foram avaliados 11 voluntários saudáveis, 16 CCL e 15 DDA leve. Imagens do cérebro foram adquiridas em um equipamento de 3 T, incluindo imagens ponderadas em T1 de alta resolução para avaliação anatômica e Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) para a quantificação de FSC. Resultados: Quando comparado CCL com controle, observou-se redução no FSC normalizado em cingulado posterior esquerdo (diferença estimada de -0,38; p=0,02), cingulado posterior direito (diferença estimada de -0,45; p=0,02) e precúneo direito (diferença estimada de -0,28; p <0,01); e aumento de FSC normalizado no polo temporal superior direito (diferença estimada de 0,22; p=0,03). No CCL, quanto menor o volume da substância cinzenta, menor o FSC no cingulado posterior esquerdo; quanto maior o volume de fluido cerebroespinhal, consequente à redução volumétrica encefálica, maior o FSC no polo temporal superior direito. Conclusão: Nos pacientes com diagnóstico de CCL, a redução de FSC no cingulado posterior esquerdo apresentou correlação com atrofia da substância cinzenta, assim como o aumento de FSC no polo temporal superior direito apresentou correlação com o aumento de fluido cerebroespinhal, demonstrando a provável influência do FSC na atrofia encefálica relacionada à DA.

Association between vertebral fragility fractures, muscle strength and physical performance: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the association between vertebral fragility fractures and lower limb muscle strength and physical performance in women with low bone mass. OBJECTIVES: To explore whether the presence of vertebral fracture is independently associated with poor physical performance and decreased lower limb muscle strength. To understand whether lower limb muscle strength is associated with physical performance in women with vertebral fracture. METHODS: Older women with low bone mass were divided into 2 groups: no vertebral fracture (NF) and presence of vertebral fragility fracture (VFF). Physical performance was evaluated using the Five Times Sit to Stand (5TSS) test, the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and a 5m walk test (5MWT). Lower limb muscle strength was assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer. RESULTS: We included 94 women with low bone mass (mean age 71.6 [SD 5.7] years, time since menopause 24.4 [7.1] years, mean BMI 27.5 [5.1] kgm-2). VFF was only associated with low peak hip abductor torque (p = 0.001) after adjustments. In the VFF group (n= 47), each 1 Nmkg-1 increase: in knee extensor torque was associated with improved 5MWT (p = 0.005), TUG (p = 0.002) and 5TSS (p = 0.005) performances; in knee flexor torque was associated with improved 5MWT speed (p = 0.003) and TUG time (p = 0.006); in hip abductor torque was associated with improved 5MWT speed (p = 0.003); and in hip extensor torque with improved TUG time (p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: VFF was associated with reduced hip abductor strength in older women. However, the number of vertebral fractures influenced the association. Additionally, lower limb muscle strength was associated with physical performance, regardless of the clinical characteristics of the fractures. Therefore, strength and power training programs for the lower limbs could improve physical performance.

Contribution of Hip Abductors Muscles on Bone Mineral Density and Functionality in Older Women.

BACKGROUND: Despite the well-established role of muscle in maintaining bone mass and physical performance, there are still few studies that assess the relationship between muscle groups and specific bone sites and its contribution to physical function in older people. The aim of the study is to verify the association between hip and knee's muscle strength and bone mineral density of the femoral neck (BMD-FN) and investigated which muscle strength that are related with BMD-FN is associated with physical function in older women. METHODOLOGY: This is a cross-sectional study of 94 women over the age of 60 years, physically independent. Muscle strength of the hip and knee was evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex, USA) to obtain peak torque (PT). The BMD-FN was obtained using dual-energy x-ray absorption densitometry (DXA). Physical function was evaluated by the Timed Up and Go (TUG), gait speed (GS), five times stand to sit (5TSS) and single-leg stance (SS). To verify the association between muscle strength (independent variable) and the BMD-FN (dependent variable) and the relationship between muscle strength (independent variable) and clinical tests (dependent variable), the multiple linear regression was carried out, adjusted for age, time of menopause, height and level of physical activity. All of the analyses were carried out by the SPSS 17.0 software, with a level of p < 0.05 significance. RESULTS: We found an association between the hip abductors PT and the BMD-FN and between hip abductors PT and all clinical tests. CONCLUSION: We observe that hip abductor muscle strength contributes to BMD-FN and to performance in several clinical tests in older women. These findings reinforce the importance of this musculature not only for improving balance and gait, but also it can be a strategy to maintain/improve bone mass in the femoral neck in this population.

Palliative Care in Advanced Alzheimer's Disease Dementia: Evaluation of the Answers Given by Caregivers and Physicians to the Accuracy of Surprise Question, as a Prognostic Tool.

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. The surprise question (SQ) "Would you be surprised if this patient were to die within the next 12 months?" was used to identify death-risk patients, who could benefit from palliative care. Objective: To examine the prognostic accuracy of the SQ by physicians and caregivers in outpatients with AD dementia. Methods: This is a longitudinal and prospective study involving 101 patients along 1 year, applying the SAS 9.2 software and adopting a .05 P-value to assess the variables that influenced answers to the accuracy of SQ using the chi-square test. Results: 27 patients (26.7%) died during the follow-up. When caregivers answered the SQ, it presented a 51.8% sensitivity (CI 31.9 - 71.3), a 66.7% negative predictive value (20.7 - 63.6), a 56.2% specificity (CI 29.8 - 80.2), and a 40.9% positive predictive value of (CI 43.0 - 85.4) with a 53.4% accuracy (CI 38.5 - 68.4). When physicians answered, the SQ had an 88.8% sensitivity (CI 70.8 - 97.6), a 40% negative predictive value (CI 5.2 - 85.3), a 12.5% specificity (CI 1.5 - 38.3), a 63.1% positive predictive value (CI 45.9 - 78.1) with a 60.4% accuracy (CI 45.8 - 75). Conclusion: SQ remains a good tool with high sensitivity for the identification of patients with advanced AD dementia when presented to the attending physician for planning palliative advanced care with accuracy of 60.4% and caregivers' accuracy of 53.4%.

Influence of cerebral blood flow on volumetric loss related to Alzheimer's disease / Influência do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral na perda volumétrica relacionada à doença de Alzheimer

ABSTRACT: CBF measured with Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) obtained by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may become an important biomarker by showing changes in early stages of AD, such as in the prodromal stage of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Objective: Verify the correlation between atrophy and CBF in patients with MCI and mild phase ADD, to demonstrate whether changes in CBF can be considered as vascular biomarkers in the diagnosis of the DA continuum. Methods: 11 healthy volunteers, 16 MCI and 15 mild ADD were evaluated. Images of the brain were acquired, including CBF measured with Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL). Results: When comparing MCI with control, a reduction in normalized CBF was observed in left posterior cingulate (estimated difference -0.38; p=0.02), right posterior cingulate (estimated difference -0.45; p=0.02) and right precuneus (estimated difference -0.28; p <0.01); also increase in normalized CBF in right upper temporal pole (estimated difference 0.22; p=0.03). It was also observed that in MCI, the smaller the gray matter volume, the smaller the CBF in the left posterior cingulate; as well as the greater the cerebrospinal fluid volume, consequent to the encephalic volumetric reduction associated with atrophy, the greater the CBF in the right superior temporal pole. When comparing controls, MCI and mild AD, in relation to the other variables, no other correlations were observed between CBF and atrophy. Conclusion: In patients with MCI, the reduction of CBF in the left posterior cingulate correlated with gray matter atrophy, as well as the increase of CBF in the right upper temporal pole correlated with an increase in cerebrospinal fluid consequent to the encephalic volumetric reduction associated with atrophy, demonstrating the influence of CBF in AD related brain atrophy. These findings position CBF as a possible vascular biomarker for early-stage AD diagnoses.

RESUMO: A imagem por ressonância magnética (IRM) pode se tornar um importante biomarcador ao mostrar alterações nos estágios iniciais da doença de Alzheimer (DA). Objetivo: Sendo a atrofia cerebral um importante biomarcador de neurodegeneração na DA, o presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar se há correlação entre atrofia e fluxo sanguíneo cerebral (FSC) em pacientes com diagnóstico de CCL e demência da doença de Alzheimer (DDA) leve, com o objetivo de revelar se as alterações no FSC podem ser consideradas possíveis biomarcadores vasculares no diagnóstico do continuum da DA. Métodos: Foram avaliados 11 voluntários saudáveis, 16 CCL e 15 DDA leve. Imagens do cérebro foram adquiridas em um equipamento de 3 T, incluindo imagens ponderadas em T1 de alta resolução para avaliação anatômica e Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) para a quantificação de FSC. Resultados: Quando comparado CCL com controle, observou-se redução no FSC normalizado em cingulado posterior esquerdo (diferença estimada de -0,38; p=0,02), cingulado posterior direito (diferença estimada de -0,45; p=0,02) e precúneo direito (diferença estimada de -0,28; p <0,01); e aumento de FSC normalizado no polo temporal superior direito (diferença estimada de 0,22; p=0,03). No CCL, quanto menor o volume da substância cinzenta, menor o FSC no cingulado posterior esquerdo; quanto maior o volume de fluido cerebroespinhal, consequente à redução volumétrica encefálica, maior o FSC no polo temporal superior direito. Conclusão: Nos pacientes com diagnóstico de CCL, a redução de FSC no cingulado posterior esquerdo apresentou correlação com atrofia da substância cinzenta, assim como o aumento de FSC no polo temporal superior direito apresentou correlação com o aumento de fluido cerebroespinhal, demonstrando a provável influência do FSC na atrofia encefálica relacionada à DA.

Difficulty in taking medication and stroke among older adults with systemic arterial hypertension: the Fibra Study.

This article aims to investigate whether difficulty in taking medication is associated with stroke among older adults with Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH) and to explore their association with living arrangements. Cross-sectional study was based on 3,502 older adults with SAH from the four universities pole of Frailty in Brazilian Older People (Fibra) Study, Brazil, including 14 municipalities of the five Brazilian regions. We used the medical diagnosis of stroke and difficulty in taking medications (self-reported difficulty and financial difficulty affording prescribed medications). Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression. Differently from women, older men with SAH, which report difficulty in taking medication (unintentional non-adherence), have higher odds of stroke. When stratified by living arrangements, those living with a partner have even higher odds of stroke compared to those without difficulty in taking medication and living alone. None association was found for difficulty affording prescribed medication for both men and women. Unintentional difficulty in taking medication plays a role in SAH treatment among men. Primary care strategies for controlling blood pressure should not be focus only on patients but targeting spouses as well.

Difficulty in taking medication and stroke among older adults with systemic arterial hypertension: the Fibra Study / Dificuldade em tomar medicamentos e acidente vascular encefálico em idosos com hipertensão arterial sistêmica: Estudo Fibra

Abstract This article aims to investigate whether difficulty in taking medication is associated with stroke among older adults with Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH) and to explore their association with living arrangements. Cross-sectional study was based on 3,502 older adults with SAH from the four universities pole of Frailty in Brazilian Older People (Fibra) Study, Brazil, including 14 municipalities of the five Brazilian regions. We used the medical diagnosis of stroke and difficulty in taking medications (self-reported difficulty and financial difficulty affording prescribed medications). Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression. Differently from women, older men with SAH, which report difficulty in taking medication (unintentional non-adherence), have higher odds of stroke. When stratified by living arrangements, those living with a partner have even higher odds of stroke compared to those without difficulty in taking medication and living alone. None association was found for difficulty affording prescribed medication for both men and women. Unintentional difficulty in taking medication plays a role in SAH treatment among men. Primary care strategies for controlling blood pressure should not be focus only on patients but targeting spouses as well.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é investigar se a dificuldade em tomar medicamentos está associada ao acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) entre idosos com hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e explorar esta associação com arranjos familiares. Estudo seccional baseado em 3.502 idosos com HAS dos quatro polos do Estudo Fibra, Brasil, incluindo 14 cidades das cinco regiões brasileiras. Foi usado o diagnóstico médico de AVE e a dificuldade em tomar medicamentos (dificuldade autorrelatada e dificuldade financeira). Utilizou-se a regressão logística na análise multivariada. Diferentemente das mulheres, homens com HAS que relataram dificuldade em tomar medicamentos (não adesão não intencional) apresentam maior chance de ter AVE. Quando estratificado por arranjos familiares, homens que moravam com o cônjuge apresentaram chance ainda maior de ter AVE, quando comparados com aqueles sem dificuldade em tomar medicamentos e que vivem sozinhos. Nenhuma associação foi encontrada para dificuldade financeira, tanto para mulheres quanto para homens. Dificuldades não intencionais em tomar medicamentos têm um papel importante no controle da HAS entre homens. Estratégias de controle da pressão arterial realizadas na atenção primária não devem focar apenas nos pacientes, mas nos cônjuges destes pacientes.

Agreement between the total energy expenditure calculated with accelerometry data and the BMR yielded by predictive equations v. the total energy expenditure obtained with doubly labelled water in low-income women with excess weight.

Low-income women are the group with the highest levels of obesity worldwide. In low-income settings, the use of predictive equations, which yield a measure of the individuals' BMR, is a feasible approach to estimate the individuals' total energy expenditure (TEE), using the factorial method (calculated-TEE = BMR × physical activity level), an important step of the obesity nutritional care. The present study aimed to identify the predictive equation that, in conjunction with metabolic equivalents of tasks (MET) data from accelerometers, yields the calculated-TEE with better agreement compared with the TEE measured by doubly labelled water (TEE-DLW). Forty-five women aged 19-45 years, with excess weight and mothers of undernourished children, were included. They received DLW to determine TEE (14 d); at the same time, they used triaxial accelerometers (7 d) to estimate their MET. The Bland-Altman method, paired-sample t tests, concordance correlation coefficient and root-mean-square error were used to assess the agreement. Maximum allowed differences were defined as 24 %, based on the within-variance coefficient of the energy intake of the sample. Eleven equations were studied. The calculated-TEE obtained by five equations showed non-significant bias: Dietary Reference Intake (Institute of Medicine (2005) Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids), FAO/WHO/UNU ((2001) Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series), Harris & Benedict ((1919) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA4, 370-373), Henry & Rees ((1991) Eur J Clin Nutr45, 177-185) and Schofield ((1985) Hum Nutr Clin Nutr39, 5-41). The mean percentage differences were -1·5, -0·8, 2·2, -2·2 and 2·0 %, respectively. Considering all parameters, FAO/WHO/UNU ((2001) Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series) equation performed slightly better than the others; nevertheless, no equation in conjunction with the estimated-MET showed a calculated-TEE with its CI for the Bland-Altman limits of agreement inside the pre-defined acceptable range.

Taurine supplementation increases irisin levels after high intensity physical training in obese women.

BACKGROUND: Irisin is a myokine/adipokine that under stimulus of physical exercise is able to improve thermogenic capacity in adipose tissue. Likewise, taurine supplementation has demonstrated similar effects on energy metabolism. Therefore, we hypothesized that taurine supplementation combined with physical training may induce an increase in irisin concentrations, optimizing energy metabolism in obese individuals. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if taurine supplementation associated with a high intensity physical training program increases irisin levels in obese women. METHODS: double-blind study with 22 obese women (BMI 32.4 ±â€¯2.0 kg/m2, 36.6 ±â€¯6.4 years and sedentary) who were randomly divided into two groups, control group (GC, n = 14), exercised and supplemented with placebo (3 g of starch), and taurine group (GTAU, n = 8), exercised and supplemented with taurine (3 g). The subjects performed high intensity physical training, Deep Water Running (DWR), for 8 weeks, 3 times/week, for 50 min per training session, at 70-85% maximum heart rate. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was evaluated by indirect calorimetry, body composition by deuterium oxide, plasma taurine by HPLC, plasma irisin by Multiplex Kit, and food consumption by food records. The results were analyzed by an ANOVA two way repeated measures mixed model, with the Sidak post hoc (p < 0.05). RESULTS: No changes were observed in body composition. DWR increased RMR independent of supplementation (p < 0.001) and irisin levels (pg/mL) showed a significant difference only in the GTAU in 1 h after exercise (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: DWR associated with taurine supplementation resulted in increased plasma irisin concentrations after physical training in obese adult women.

Performance of the 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection using a substrate synthesized in Brazil: A preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: The 13C-urea breath test is the main non-invasive test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. The availability of this test throughout the country is limited, mainly due to the difficulty in obtaining the labeled isotope from abroad. Recently, researchers from the Nuclear Energy Center in Agriculture at the University of São Paulo (CENA/USP) succeeded in synthesizing 13C-enriched urea for Helicobacter pylori diagnosis. The aim of the study was to compare the performance of the 13C-urea breath test using 13C-urea acquired abroad with that of a test using 13C-urea synthesized in Brazil. METHOD: Sixty-four dyspeptic patients participated in the study (24 men and 40 women). Initially, the patients performed the 13C-urea breath test using the imported substrate (Euriso-Top, France). Seven to fourteen days later, all the patients repeated the test using the Brazilian substrate. The samples from both examinations were processed in an infrared isotope analyzer (IRIS, Wagner Analisen Technik, Germany), and all delta over baseline (DOB) [%] values above four were considered positive results. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients (42%) exhibited negative results for Helicobacter pylori infection, and thirty-seven patients (58%) exhibited positive results when tested using the foreign substrate (gold standard). There was a 100% concordance regarding the presence or absence of infection when the gold standard results were compared with those obtained using the Brazilian substrate. CONCLUSIONS: Similar performance in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection was demonstrated when using the 13C-urea breath test with the Brazilian 13C-urea substrate and the test with the substrate produced abroad. This validation represents an important step toward increasing the availability of the 13C-urea breath test throughout the country, which will have a positive influence on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection.

Diagnosing Sarcopenia in Male Patients With Cirrhosis by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Estimates of Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass.

BACKGROUND: Ascites in cirrhotic patients interfere with accurate assessment of skeletal muscle when diagnosing sarcopenia. We hypothesized measurement of appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI) with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) improves the diagnosis of sarcopenia in cirrhotic patients as ASMI does not include the fluid-filled abdominal compartment. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if ASMI is influenced by ascites, lower limb edema (LLE) and predicts mortality alone or combined with handgrip strength (HGS) in cirrhotic patients. DESIGN: ASMI, HGS, and 36-month mortality were obtained in 144 men with cirrhosis. ASMI was compared before and after paracentesis in 20 men with ascites and to results from 20 matched controls. The prognostic value of ASMI alone and with HGS was tested in a survival. Survival probabilities were obtained for sarcopenia diagnosed by standard ASMI and HGS European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) cutoffs and a new cutoff calculated from our ASMI + HGS tertiles. RESULTS: ASMI did not change after paracentesis, was lower in patients than in controls (P < .001), and was not influenced by LLE (D = 0.30 kg/m2, P = .068; R2 = 2.40%). Mortality was influenced by ASMI and HGS (Pinteraction = 0.028). Sarcopenia diagnosed by EWGSOP was also diagnosed by our new cutoff; both predicted mortality with the latter more sensitive for mortality risk prediction (P = .011). CONCLUSIONS: DXA-measured ASMI is not influenced by ascites or LLE in cirrhotic patients; can diagnose low skeletal muscle/sarcopenia; and predicts mortality, particularly when combined with HGS.

Performance of the 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection using a substrate synthesized in Brazil: A preliminary study

OBJECTIVE: The 13C-urea breath test is the main non-invasive test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. The availability of this test throughout the country is limited, mainly due to the difficulty in obtaining the labeled isotope from abroad. Recently, researchers from the Nuclear Energy Center in Agriculture at the University of São Paulo (CENA/USP) succeeded in synthesizing 13C-enriched urea for Helicobacter pylori diagnosis. The aim of the study was to compare the performance of the 13C-urea breath test using 13C-urea acquired abroad with that of a test using 13C-urea synthesized in Brazil. METHOD: Sixty-four dyspeptic patients participated in the study (24 men and 40 women). Initially, the patients performed the 13C-urea breath test using the imported substrate (Euriso-Top, France). Seven to fourteen days later, all the patients repeated the test using the Brazilian substrate. The samples from both examinations were processed in an infrared isotope analyzer (IRIS, Wagner Analisen Technik, Germany), and all delta over baseline (DOB) [%] values above four were considered positive results. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients (42%) exhibited negative results for Helicobacter pylori infection, and thirty-seven patients (58%) exhibited positive results when tested using the foreign substrate (gold standard). There was a 100% concordance regarding the presence or absence of infection when the gold standard results were compared with those obtained using the Brazilian substrate. CONCLUSIONS: Similar performance in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection was demonstrated when using the 13C-urea breath test with the Brazilian 13C-urea substrate and the test with the substrate produced abroad. This validation represents an important step toward increasing the availability of the 13C-urea breath test throughout the country, which will have a positive influence on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection.

Characteristics of falls in elderly persons residing in the community: a population-based study / Características das quedas em idosos que vivem na comunidade: estudo de base populacional

Abstract Object: to examine the characteristics to the last fall of Brazilian elderly persons who experienced falls in 2008 and 2009, and to identify if there is a relationship with sociodemographic characteristics, physical health, comorbidities, clinical conditions and the circumstances of the falls. Methods: a cross-sectional, population based study was carried out with participants aged 65 and older from Barueri in the state of São Paulo and Cuiabá in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Households were enrolled within each census region according to population density and the number of elderly persons living in each region. A multidimensional questionnaire composed of sociodemographic factors and data regarding falls was used. Associations were analyzed using contingency tables, and Fisher's Exact or Pearson's Chi-square test was used. Results: 774 elderly people were included in the study, 299 of whom reported falling in the previous year. Of these, 176 (58.9%) had fallen once and 123 (41.1%) reported having fallen twice or more. Among fallers the mean age was 72.53 (±6.12) years and 214 (71.6%) were female. About 107 (35.8%) of the elderly reported having fallen forwards, 79 (26.4%) fell to the side and 42(14%) fell backwards. Regarding the circumstances of the falls, 107 (35.8%) reported having lost their balance, 79 (26.4%) said they had stumbled and 42 (14%) said they had slipped. There was an association between the mechanism and circumstances of the falls and having fallen once or twice or more. There was an association between the circumstances of falls and the number of medications taken. Conclusion: The characteristics of falls were different among elderly persons who had fallen once or twice or more, which may guide health professionals, the elderly and their families in relation to specific fall prevention strategies. AU

Resumo Objetivo: Explorar as características da última queda em idosos brasileiros que caíram em 2008 e 2009 e identificar se há relação com as características sociodemográficas, de saúde física, comorbidades, condições clínicas e com as circunstâncias de quedas. Método: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com idosos de 65 anos de idade ou mais, de Barueri, SP e Cuiabá, MT, Brasil. Foi utilizado um inquérito multidimensional contendo dados sociodemográficos, de saúde física e mental e de quedas. As associações foram analisadas por meio de tabelas de contingência e foi usado o teste Exato de Fisher ou de qui-quadrado de Pearson. Resultados: 774 idosos foram incluídos no estudo e destes, 299 (38,6%) relataram queda no último ano, sendo que 176 (58,9%) caíram uma vez e 123 (41,1%) relataram ter caído duas vezes ou mais. Entre os caidores, a idade média foi de 72,5 (±6,1) Cerca de 107 (35,8%) dos idosos relataram ter caído para frente,79 (26,4%) para os lados e 42 (14%) para trás. Quanto às circunstâncias, 107 (35,8%) idosos relataram ter perdido o equilíbrio, 79 (26,4%) referiram ter tropeçado e 42 (14%) ter escorregado. Houve associação entre o mecanismo e as circunstâncias das quedas e ter caído uma vez ou duas vezes ou mais. Houve associação entre as circunstâncias das quedas e o número de medicações. Conclusão: As características das quedas são diferentes para os idosos que caíram uma ou duas ou mais vezes, o que pode nortear os profissionais de saúde, idosos e seus familiares em relação a estratégias específicas para prevenção de quedas. AU

[Phenotype of frailty: the influence of each item in determining frailty in community-dwelling elderly - The Fibra Study]. / Fenótipo de fragilidade: influência de cada item na determinação da fragilidade em idosos comunitários ­ Rede Fibra.

The phenotype of frailty is used to assess frailty among the elderly by examining the following items: weight loss; exhaustion; low level of physical activity; weakness; and slow gait speed. The aim of the study was to evaluate the contribution of each item to determine the frailty syndrome among elderly Brazilians. The analysis was done using Multinomial Logistic Regression. The total sample of 5532 randomly selected elderly people in many cities in Brazil between December 2008 and September 2009 was assessed using the phenotype of frailty. The most frequent items were level of physical activity, followed by muscular weakness and slow gait speed. Items that were more likely to develop frailty, when positive, were slow gait speed (OR = 10.50, 95%CI 8.55 - 12.90, p <0.001) and muscular weakness (OR = 7.31, 95%CI 6,02 - 8,86, p <0.001). The final model with five items explained 99.6% of frailty in the sample. These results suggested that the level of physical activity, weakness and slow gait speed were the items that most influence the determination of frailty, however the application of all items of the phenotype of frailty is the best way to assess frailty.

Fenótipo de fragilidade: influência de cada item na determinação da fragilidade em idosos comunitários - Rede Fibra / Phenotype of frailty: the influence of each item in determining frailty in community-dwelling elderly - The Fibra Study

Resumo O fenótipo de fragilidade é uma ferramenta utilizada para avaliação da fragilidade em idosos, composto pelos itens perda de peso, exaustão, baixo nível de atividade física, fraqueza muscular e lentidão na marcha. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a participação de cada item na determinação da fragilidade em idosos brasileiros. A análise foi feita pela Regressão Logística Multinomial. A amostra total de 5532 idosos, selecionados aleatoriamente em diversas cidades brasileiras entre dezembro de 2008 e setembro de 2009, foi avaliada pelo fenótipo de fragilidade. Os itens mais frequentes na amostra foram o nível de atividade física, seguido da fraqueza muscular e lentidão da marcha. Os itens que apresentaram maior chance para o desenvolvimento da fragilidade foram a lentidão na marcha (OR = 10,50, IC95%8,55-12,90, p < 0,001) e a fraqueza muscular (OR = 7,31, IC95%6,02-8,86, p < 0,001). O modelo com os cinco itens explicou 99,6% da fragilidade na amostra. Tais resultados sugerem que o nível de atividade física, fraqueza muscular e lentidão na marcha são os itens que mais influenciam na determinação da fragilidade, mas a aplicação de todos os itens do fenótipo em conjunto é a melhor forma para a avaliação.

Abstract The phenotype of frailty is used to assess frailty among the elderly by examining the following items: weight loss; exhaustion; low level of physical activity; weakness; and slow gait speed. The aim of the study was to evaluate the contribution of each item to determine the frailty syndrome among elderly Brazilians. The analysis was done using Multinomial Logistic Regression. The total sample of 5532 randomly selected elderly people in many cities in Brazil between December 2008 and September 2009 was assessed using the phenotype of frailty. The most frequent items were level of physical activity, followed by muscular weakness and slow gait speed. Items that were more likely to develop frailty, when positive, were slow gait speed (OR = 10.50, 95%CI 8.55 - 12.90, p <0.001) and muscular weakness (OR = 7.31, 95%CI 6,02 - 8,86, p <0.001). The final model with five items explained 99.6% of frailty in the sample. These results suggested that the level of physical activity, weakness and slow gait speed were the items that most influence the determination of frailty, however the application of all items of the phenotype of frailty is the best way to assess frailty.

Association among measures of mobility-related disability and self-perceived fatigue among older people: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between self-perceived fatigue with different physical functioning tests and functional performance scales used for evaluating mobility-related disability among community-dwelling older persons. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional, population-based study. The sample was composed of older persons with 65 years of age or more living in Cuiabá, MT, and Barueri, SP, Brazil. The data for this study is from the FIBRA Network Study. The presence of self-perceived fatigue was assessed using self-reports based on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. The Lawton instrumental activities of daily living scale (IADL) and the advanced activities of daily living scale (AADL) were used to assess performance and participation restriction. The following physical functioning tests were used: five-step test (FST), the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and usual gait speed (UGS). Three models of logistic regression analysis were conducted, and a significance level of α<0.05 was adopted. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 776 older adults with a mean age (SD) of 71.9 (5.9) years, of whom the majority were women (74%). The prevalence of self-perceived fatigue within the participants was 20%. After adjusting for covariates, SPPB, UGS, IADL, and AADL remained associated with self-perceived fatigue in the final multivariate regression model. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that there is an association between self-perceived fatigue and lower extremity function, usual gait speed and activity limitation and participation restriction in older adults. Further cohort studies are needed to investigate which physical performance measure may be able to predict the negative impact of fatigue in older adults.

Association among measures of mobility-related disability and self-perceived fatigue among older people: a population-based study

Objective: To investigate the relationship between self-perceived fatigue with different physical functioning tests and functional performance scales used for evaluating mobility-related disability among community-dwelling older persons. Method: This is a cross-sectional, population-based study. The sample was composed of older persons with 65 years of age or more living in Cuiabá, MT, and Barueri, SP, Brazil. The data for this study is from the FIBRA Network Study. The presence of self-perceived fatigue was assessed using self-reports based on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. The Lawton instrumental activities of daily living scale (IADL) and the advanced activities of daily living scale (AADL) were used to assess performance and participation restriction. The following physical functioning tests were used: five-step test (FST), the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and usual gait speed (UGS). Three models of logistic regression analysis were conducted, and a significance level of α<0.05 was adopted. Results: The sample was composed of 776 older adults with a mean age (SD) of 71.9 (5.9) years, of whom the majority were women (74%). The prevalence of self-perceived fatigue within the participants was 20%. After adjusting for covariates, SPPB, UGS, IADL, and AADL remained associated with self-perceived fatigue in the final multivariate regression model. Conclusion: Our results suggest that there is an association between self-perceived fatigue and lower extremity function, usual gait speed and activity limitation and participation restriction in older adults. Further cohort studies are needed to investigate which physical performance measure may be able to predict the negative impact of fatigue in older adults. .

Nutritional status, fecal elastase-1, and 13C-labeled mixed triglyceride breath test in the long-term after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the body composition, dietary intake and serum levels of vitamins and minerals, and exocrine pancreatic function in patients late after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and healthy subjects. METHODS: Fifteen patients (PD group) who had undergone PD over 1 year before the study and 15 health volunteers (control group) were included in the study. All volunteers underwent dietary intake evaluation, body composition, laboratory data, exocrine pancreatic function by elastase-1, and carbon (C )-labeled triglycerides in breath tests. The PD group subjects also underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth analysis. RESULTS: Nutrient intake was adequate, and there were no differences in body mass index and mineral serum levels between the groups. The PD group showed lower serum levels of retinol, α-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth occurred in 39% of the patients. Fecal elastase-1 was lower in the PD group. The PD group had a higher C peak time; the cumulative label C recovery in 7 hours was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Fecal elastase-1 decreased, and the excretion of C in breath was similar to healthy controls. Although the data point toward an adaptation in the absorptive capacity of fats, A, C, and E hypovitaminosis indicate that some absorptive insufficiency persists late after PD.

High prevalence of dementia in a community-based survey of older people from Brazil: association with intellectual activity rather than education.

Although several surveys have been conducted around the world, few surveys have investigated the prevalence of dementia in Latin America. The aim of this study was to estimate dementia prevalence in a community sample in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, and to evaluate its distribution across several socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and habits. The population was aged 60 years and older and a representative sample from three different social regions. The screening instruments used in the first phase were the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Fuld Object-Memory Evaluation, the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly, and the Bayer Activities of Daily Living Scale. In the second phase, the Cambridge Examination was employed to diagnose dementia according to the DSM-IV criteria. The estimate of dementia prevalence was adjusted for screening instrument performance, using the positive and negative predictive values. The data were weighted to compare frequencies, considering the sampling and the non-response effect, and subjected to multivariate analysis. In all, 1.145 elderly subjects were evaluated (mean age: 70.9 years), of whom 63.4% were female and 52.8% had up to 4 years of schooling (participation rates at the first and the second phases were 62.6 and 60%, respectively). The observed and estimated prevalences of dementia were 5.9% and 12.5%, respectively (n = 68). Alzheimer's disease was the main cause (60.3%). Dementia was associated with old age, low education, stroke, absence of arthritis, and not reading books. The estimated prevalence of dementia was higher than the prevalence previously found. Associated factors confirmed the importance of intellectual activities in prevention.