ABSTRACT
A series of 2-amino-5-arylthiobenzonitriles (1) was found to be active against HIV-1. Structural modifications led to the sulfoxides (2) and sulfones (3). The sulfoxides generally showed antiviral activity against HIV-1 similar to that of 1. The sulfones, however, were the most potent series of analogues, a number having activity against HIV-1 in the nanomolar range. Structural-activity relationship (SAR) studies suggested that a meta substituent, particularly a meta methyl substituent, invariably increased antiviral activities. However, optimal antiviral activities were manifested by compounds where both meta groups in the arylsulfonyl moiety were substituted and one of the substituents was a methyl group. Such a disubstitution led to compounds 3v, 3w, 3x, and 3y having IC50 values against HIV-1 in the low nanomolar range. When gauged for their broad-spectrum antiviral activity against key non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) related mutants, all the di-meta-substituted sulfones 3u-z and the 2-naphthyl analogue 3ee generally showed single-digit nanomolar activity against the V106A and P236L strains and submicromolar to low nanomolar activity against strains E138K, V108I, and Y188C. However, they showed a lack of activity against the K103N and Y181C mutant viruses. The elucidation of the X-ray crystal structure of the complex of 3v (739W94) in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase showed an overlap in the binding domain when compared with the complex of nevirapine in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. The X-ray structure allowed for the rationalization of SAR data and potencies of the compounds against the mutants.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/antagonists & inhibitors , Nitriles/chemical synthesis , Sulfones/chemical synthesis , Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Binding Sites , Cell Line, Transformed , Crystallography, X-Ray , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/chemistry , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics , Humans , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Structure , Nitriles/chemistry , Nitriles/pharmacology , Protein Conformation , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfones/chemistry , Sulfones/pharmacologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of in-frame deletions in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) on plasma viremia and phenotypic resistance to antiretroviral drugs. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: Plasma HIV-1 RNA was isolated from 168 antiretroviral therapy-experienced subjects for quantification of plasma viremia, RT sequence analysis, and phenotypic resistance assays. RESULTS: Four patients were found to harbor HIV-1 strains possessing in-frame, 3-nucleotide deletions at RT codons 67, 69, and 70. In these subjects, phenotypic resistance and high plasma viremia were observed only in a background of multiple resistance mutations. A recombinant virus engineered with an in-frame deletion of RT codon 67 did not have increased resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). CONCLUSIONS: Selection for deletions within the beta3-beta4 hairpin loop of the HIV-1 RT is an uncommon event most likely to occur in subjects with long-term antiretroviral experience. The codon 67 deletion does not appear to cause increased phenotypic resistance or increased viremia in the absence of concomitant RT mutations.
