ABSTRACT
Resumo A pandemia de covid-19 causou uma grave crise de saúde pública e a vacinação se tornou uma importante ação para o enfrentamento da doença. Entretanto, a hesitação vacinal representa uma barreira no esforço para alcançar a imunidade coletiva. Deve-se considerar que tal recusa é um direito decorrente da autonomia do paciente e pode ser influenciada por fatores como política, confiança nos governantes, ceticismo em relação à indústria farmacêutica e exposição midiática, no contexto da pandemia. Diante disso, conhecer tais aspectos faz-se necessário a fim de minimizar esse problema e promover maior aceitação da vacina, por meio de amplos esforços das autoridades de saúde pública.
Abstract Amidst the serious public health crises caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination became a key measure to combat the disease; however, vaccination refusal or hesitancy hinders the efforts to reach collective immunity. Such refusal is a right arising from patient autonomy and can be influenced by political factors, trust in governments, skepticism towards the pharmaceutical industry, and media exposure. Thus, knowledge of these aspects added to public health efforts is paramount to mitigate refusal and promote vaccination acceptance.
Resumen La pandemia de la covid-19 causó una grave crisis de salud pública, y la vacunación es una acción importante para enfrentar la enfermedad. Sin embargo, la vacilación ante la vacuna representa una barrera en el esfuerzo por lograr la inmunidad colectiva. Se puede considerar que esta negativa es un derecho que surge de la autonomía del paciente y que puede estar influenciada por los factores como la política, la confianza en los gobernantes, el escepticismo hacia la industria farmacéutica y la exposición a los medios en el contexto de la pandemia. Por lo tanto, conocer estos aspectos es necesario para minimizar el problema y promover una mayor aceptación de la vacuna mediante un gran esfuerzo por parte de las autoridades de salud pública.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Public Health , Bioethics , TrustABSTRACT
Tropical forests are among the most biodiverse biomes on the planet. Nevertheless, quantifying the abundance and species richness within megadiverse groups is a significant challenge. We designed a study to address this challenge by documenting the variability of the insect fauna across a vertical canopy gradient in a Central Amazonian tropical forest. Insects were sampled over two weeks using 6-m Gressitt-style Malaise traps set at five heights (0 m-32 m-8 m intervals) on a metal tower in a tropical forest north of Manaus, Brazil. The traps contained 37,778 specimens of 18 orders of insects. Using simulation approaches and nonparametric analyses, we interpreted the abundance and richness of insects along this gradient. Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera had their greatest abundance at the ground level, whereas Lepidoptera and Hemiptera were more abundant in the upper levels of the canopy. We identified species of 38 of the 56 families of Diptera, finding that 527 out of 856 species (61.6%) were not sampled at the ground level. Mycetophilidae, Tipulidae, and Phoridae were significantly more diverse and/or abundant at the ground level, while Tachinidae, Dolichopodidae, and Lauxaniidae were more diverse or abundant at upper levels. Our study suggests the need for a careful discussion of strategies of tropical forest conservation based on a much more complete understanding of the three-dimensional distribution of its insect diversity.
Subject(s)
Ecosystem , Insecta/classification , Rainforest , Animals , Biodiversity , Brazil , Conservation of Natural Resources , Tropical ClimateABSTRACT
Resumo: Introdução: A depressão é um grave problema de saúde pública, e o Brasil é o país com maior número de registros na América Latina. Entretanto, tal panorama ainda precisa ser mais problematizado no campo da educação médica, de modo a estimular o efetivo enfrentamento dos fatores que impactam a saúde mental dos estudantes. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a percepção dos estudantes de Medicina sobre a depressão, com ênfase no estigma e preconceito associados ao tema. Método: Trata-se de um estudo observacional, descritivo e quantitativo, realizado com a utilização de questionário em formato on-line. O estudo teve aprovação prévia de Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e contou com a participação de 131 discentes do curso de Medicina, matriculados nos ciclos básico, clínico e de internato. Resultado: A maioria dos acadêmicos definiu a depressão como uma doença (99,2%). Do total, apenas sete (5,3%) classificaram como excelentes os conhecimentos sobre a temática, ainda que a maioria tenha tido contato com o tema na graduação, principalmente no primeiro e terceiro anos. Também foi observada alta concordância com afirmativas relacionadas ao preconceito, ao estigma e à discriminação atribuídos a pessoas acometidas por depressão, além da interferência desses fatores na busca por ajuda profissional. Ademais, a depressão foi considerada uma condição negligenciada no ambiente acadêmico, o que se expressa na dificuldade de compartilhamento dos problemas enfrentados pelos estudantes, especialmente com professores e colegas de curso. Conclusão: A percepção dos estudantes demonstra que o estigma e preconceito relacionados à depressão se refletem no contexto da educação médica, havendo necessidade de intervenções que favoreçam um ambiente mais acolhedor aos alunos que enfrentam problemas dessa natureza.
Abstract: Introduction: Depression is a serious public health problem, and Brazil is the country with the highest number of cases in Latin America. However, this panorama needs to be further problematized in the field of medical education, in order to stimulate the effective confrontation of the factors that impact the mental health of students. Objective: The objective of this study was to know the perception of medical students about depression, with emphasis on the stigma and prejudice associated with the theme. Method: This is an observational, descriptive and quantitative study, carried out using a questionnaire in an online format. The study had prior approval from the Research Ethics Committee, and counted on the participation of 131 medical students, enrolled in the basic, clinical and internship cycles. Result: Most students defined depression as a disease (99.2%). Of the total, only seven (5.3%) classified their knowledge about the theme as excellent, even though most had contact with the theme during undergraduate studies, especially in the first and third years. High agreement was also observed with statements related to the prejudice, stigma, and discrimination attributed to people suffering from depression, as well as the interference of these factors in the search for professional help. Moreover, depression was considered a neglected condition in the academic environment, which is expressed in the difficulty of sharing the problems faced by students, especially with professors and classmates. Conclusion: The students' perception demonstrates that the stigma and prejudice related to depression are reflected in the context of medical education, with a need for interventions that favor a more welcoming environment for students who face problems of this nature.
ABSTRACT
A molecular phylogeny for the Taeniapterinae is presented based on mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COI), ribosomal (16S rRNA and 28S rRNA) and nuclear (EF-1 and CAD) genes of 48 specimens including 40 species. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference were used to analyze the total concatenated dataset of 8769 bp. The results confirm that tribal classifications in Taeniapterinae are artificial and support the separation of Paragrallomyia Hendel and Taeniaptera sensu Ferro Marshall (2020).
Subject(s)
Diptera , Animals , Bayes Theorem , Diptera/genetics , Phylogeny , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S , RNA, Ribosomal, 28SABSTRACT
A new diagnosis is provided for the genus Paragrallomyia, and the common and widely distributed species Paragrallomyia albibasis (Enderlein) and Paragrallomyia thiemei (Enderlein) are redefined as part of a group of 17 superficially similar Neotropical species. This group, here treated as the 'P. albibasis complex', includes P. albibasis, P. inpai (Albuquerque), P. teresacristinae (Albuquerque), P. thiemei, P. vulpes (Cresson) and 12 new species (P. aequorea, P. bifurcata, P. brasiliensis, P. caliensis, P. citrina, P. colombiana, P. diminuta, P. ecuadoriensis, P. nodulosa, P. pseudoalbibasis, P. quadrifurca and P. quaternaria). Paragrallomyia parens (Cresson) is newly recognized as a junior synonym of Paragrallomyia albibasis. Taeniaptera nigriceps Hennig and Taeniaptera vulpes Cresson are transferred to Paragrallomyia and 13 other species previously treated as Paragrallomyia are transferred to Poecilotylus Hennig (Grallomyia aeripennis Enderlein, Taeniaptera aliceae Albuquerque, Grallomyia dilutimacula Enderlein, Calobata latifascia Wulp, Grallomyia lauta Cresson, Grallomyia longifurca Hendel, Calobata nigritarsis Macquart, Calobata rufifacies Macquart, Grallomyia seiuncta Czerny, Tanypoda simillima Hendel, Grallomyia strigata Enderlein, Calobata tibialis Macquart, Calobata vittipennis Coquillett). Grallomyia lineata Enderlein is transferred from Taeniaptera to Poecilotylus. All named species remaining in Paragrallomyia are keyed out at least to the species complex level.
Subject(s)
Diptera , AnimalsABSTRACT
The Neotropical genus Cardiacephala Macquart (Diptera: Micropezidae, Taeniapterinae) is revised. Plocoscelus Enderlein is treated as a new junior synonym, and 15 new species (C. acuminata, C. aeruginosa, C. angularis, C. aspera, C. bulla, C. erugata, C. lobulosa, C. nicaraguensis, C. planivertex, C. rotunda, C. spinosa, C. umbra, C. velutinosa, C. venezuelensis and C. vitrata) are described. Plocoscelus nitidus Hennig is newly recognized as a synonym of C. camptomera, P. plurimaculatus Czerny is synonymized with C. arthritica (Wiedemann) and P. townsendi Cresson is synonymized with C. podagrica (Rondani).
Subject(s)
Animal Distribution , Diptera , Animals , Coleoptera , GastropodaABSTRACT
Solid organ transplantation provides life-saving therapy for patients with end-stage organ disease, and its outcomes have been improving dramatically over the past few decades. However, substantial morbidity results from chronic immunosuppressive therapy administered to prevent graft rejection. It predisposes patients to several life-threatening complications, such as opportunistic microbial infections and the development of different types of cancers. Here, we presented the case of a young man with probable Lynch syndrome, who developed an aggressive colon carcinoma after long-term immunosuppressive therapy due to a prior liver transplantation. Based on this case report, we attempt to find an answer to the question about the risk of cancer development or recurrence in patients with familial syndromes receiving long-term immunosuppressive therapy and to find out how it can be minimized. Answering these questions is particularly important, given the facts that disease course is substantially more aggressive among transplanted patients and that prognosis is poor due to lack of immunocompetence, especially in the setting of Lynch syndrome.
ABSTRACT
A pictorial key and diagnosis of the Brazilian genera of Micropezidae (Diptera, Nerioidea). This paper provides the first pictorial key and diagnosis for the Brazilian genera of the Micropezidae, based on external morphological characters illustrated with photographs. The key includes 13 genera: Cardiacephala Macquart, Cliobata Enderlein, Grallipeza Rondani, Metasphen Frey, Micropeza Meigen, Parasphen Enderlein, Planipeza Marshall, Plocoscelus Enderlein, Poecilotylus Hennig, Ptilosphen Enderlein, Rainieria Rondani, Scipopus Enderlein and Taeniaptera Macquart. For each genus, the species known to occur in Brazil are listed and their distribution records, including new ones, are provided.
