Expresión proteica de metaloproteinasa-2 (MMP-2) y su inhibidor tisular (TIMP-2) en aorta, fascia y plasma de pacientes con aneurisma de aorta abdominal / Protein expression of metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) and its tissue inhibitor (TIMP-2) in aorta, fascia and plasma of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

INTRODUCCIÓN: Existen datos que asocian los aneurismas de aorta abdominal (AAA) con un incremento de la prevalencia de la enfermedad herniaria. Una posible alteración estructural de la matriz extracelular puede ser común en el proceso degenerativo de la pared aórtica y de la fascia abdominal. OBJETIVO: Conocer la expresión de metaloproteinasas de matriz-2 (MMP-2) y el inhibidor tisular de metaloproteinasas-2 (TIMP-2) en pared aórtica, fascia abdominal y plasma de pacientes intervenidos de AAA frente a pacientes con enfermedad aórtica oclusiva (EAO). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio piloto, observacional prospectivo. Se analizó la expresión proteica de MMP-2 y TIMP-2 en 10 pacientes con AAA y 10 con EAO. Recogimos datos epidemiológicos, antecedentes de hernias y diámetros del AAA. El análisis se realizó por técnica de ELISA. RESULTADOS: En el subgrupo de AAA de mediano tamaño con antecedentes de hernia, encontramos sobreexpresión de MMP-2 en fascia y de TIMP-2 en aorta y fascia, respecto a EAO sin hernia (MMP-2 fascia: AAA = 4,53 [3,11-6,90]; EAO = 1,87 [1,45-2,90]; p = 0,04; TIMP-2 en aorta: AAA = 72,62 [9,26-161,12], EAO = 9,79 [5,55-25,61]; p = 0,04 y TIMP-2 en fascia: AAA = 35,24 [13,15-61,08], EAO = 4,98 [1,42-18,01]; p = 0,02). La MMP-2 y el TIMP-2 estaban aumentados en fascia de AAA con enfermedad herniaria frente a EAO sin hernia (MMP-2: 4,31 [3,35-6,35] versus 1,87 [1,45-2,90]; p = 0,009 y TIMP-2: 18,73 [7,76-57,97] versus 4,98 [1,42-18,01]; p = 0,08). En pared aórtica hubo aumento de TIMP-2 en AAA (29,27 [14,05-140,30] frente a EAO, 9,79 [6,19-32,74]; p = 0,06). CONCLUSIONES: La MMP-2 y el TIMP-2 están aumentados, en aorta y fascia de pacientes con AAA, sobre todo, en los de mediano tamaño, lo que indica cierto papel en la etiología. El incremento de MMP-2 y TIMP-2 en presencia de hernia potencia la idea de un mecanismo patogénico común

INTRODUCTION: There are data that associates abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) with an increased prevalence of hernia disease. A possible structural alteration of extracellular matrix may be common in the degenerative process of the aortic wall and the abdominal fascia. OBJECTIVE: Determine the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) in aortic wall tissue, abdominal fascia, and plasma of patients undergoing AAA versus patients with aortic occlusive disease (EAO). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A pilot, prospective observational study was conducted, in which the protein expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 was analyzed in 10 patients with AAA, and in 10 with EAO, using an ELISA technique. Epidemiological data, history of hernias, and AAA diameters were collected. RESULTS: In the subgroup of medium sized AAA with a history of hernia, over-expression of MMP-2 was found in fascia, and of TIMP-2 in aorta and fascia. As regards EAO without hernia (MMP-2 fascia: AAA = 4.53 [3.11-6.90], EAO = 1.87 [1.45-2.90], P=.04; TIMP-2 in aorta: AAA = 72.62 [9.26-161.12], EAO = 9.79 [5.55-25.61], P=.04, and TIMP-2 in fascia: AAA = 35.24 [13.15-61.08], EAO =4.98 [1.42-18.01], P=.02).The MMP-2 and TIMP-2 was increased in AAA fascia hernia disease compared with EAO without hernia (MMP-2: 4.31 [3.35-6.35] versus 1.87 [1.45-2.90], P=.009, and TIMP-2: 18.73 [7.76-57.97] versus 4.98 [1.42-18.01], P=.08).There was an increased TIMP-2 in the aortic wall, AAA (29.27 [14.05-140.30] vs. EAO 9.79 [6.19-32.74], P=.06). CONCLUSIONS: The MMP-2 and TIMP-2 are increased in aorta and fascia of patients with AAA, especially in the medium size, suggesting a role in the etiology. The increase in MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in the presence of hernia, enhances the idea of a common pathogenic mechanism

Los polifenoles del vino ejercen su efecto antineoplásico sobre la línea celular PC-3 andrógeno resistente a través de la inhibición de la actividad transcripcional del promotor de COX-2 mediada por NF-kBeta / Wine Polyphenols Exert Antineoplasic Effect on Androgen Resistant PC-3 Cell Line Through the Inhibition of the Transcriptional Activity of COX-2 Promoter Mediated by NF-kBeta

Objetivo: La dieta mediterránea puede tener un papel en la prevención del desarrollo y progresión del cáncer de próstata (CaP). La expresión de ciclooxigenasa-2 (COX-2) se asocia con proliferación celular aumentada, previene la apoptosis y favorece la invasión tumoral. Se intenta clarificar si el resveratrol y otros polifenoles del vino inhiben de forma efectiva la actividad de COX-2 e inducen apoptosis en la línea celular PC-3 de cáncer hormonorrefractario. Material y método: Células PC-3 fueron cultivadas y tratadas con diferentes concentraciones de ácido gálico, ácido tánico, quercetina y resveratrol en presencia del éster de forbol PMA (50 μg/ml) que induce la expresión de COX-2. Se extrajo ARN total y se analizó la expresión de COX-2 mediante cuantificación relativa por PCR a tiempo real (método ΔΔCt). La actividad COX-2 se determinó mediante detección de PGE-2 por ELISA. Se empleó ensayo de luminiscencia Caspasa 3/7 para evaluar la apoptosis. La transfección transitoria con plásmidos short human COX-2 (phPES2 –327/+59) y p5xNF-kβ-Luc determinó la actividad del promotor de COX-2 y de forma particular la dependiente de NF-kβ. Resultados: La expresión de COX-2 no se modificó en ausencia de PMA. No obstante, bajo la inducción con PMA, ácido tánico (2,08 ± 0,21), ácido gálico (2,46 ± 0,16), quercetina (1,78 ± 0,14), y especialmente resveratrol (1,15 ± 0,16) inhibieron significativamente la expresión de COX-2 respecto al control (3,14 ± 0,07), causando una reducción del 34, 23, 46 y 61%. La inhibición en los niveles de PGE-2 siguió un patrón similar. Todos los compuestos estudiados indujeron apoptosis a las 48 h, aunque en diferente proporción. PMA causó un aumento de la actividad de 7,4 ± 0,23 veces phPES2 -327/+59 y 2,0 ± 0,1 veces p5xNF-kβ-Luc a 6 h sobre los niveles basales. El resveratrol suprimió estos efectos 17,1 ± 0,21 y 32,4 ± 0,18 veces, respectivamente. De forma similar, aunque en menor medida, el resto de polifenoles evaluados disminuyeron el efecto inductor de PMA sobre la actividad de ambos promotores. Conclusiones: Los polifenoles inhiben la actividad transcripcional del promotor de COX-2 mediada por NF-kβ. Este efecto podría explicar, al menos en parte, la inducción in vitro de apoptosis por estas sustancias en CaP resistente a la castración

Objective: Mediterranean diet may play a role in the prevention of prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is associated with increased cellular proliferation, prevents apoptosis and favors tumor invasion. We intend to clarify whether resveratrol and other polyphenols effectively inhibit COX-2 activity and induce apoptosis in hormone-resistant PC-3 cell line. Material and method: PC-3 cells were cultured and treated with different concentrations of gallic acid, tannic acid, quercetin, and resveratrol in presence of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA; 50 μg/ml) that induces COX-2 expression. Total RNA was extracted and COX-2 expression was analyzed by relative quantification real-time PCR (ΔΔCt method). COX-2 activity was determined by PGE-2 detection using ELISA. Caspase 3/7 luminescence assay was used to disclose apoptosis. Transitory transfection with short human COX-2 (phPES2 −327/+59) and p5xNF-κβ-Luc plasmids determined COX-2 promoter activity and specifically that dependant of NF-κβ. Results: COX-2 expression was not modified in media devoid of PMA. However, under PMA induction tannic acid (2.08 ± 0.21), gallic acid (2.46 ± 0.16), quercetin (1.78 ± 0.14) and resveratrol (1.15 ± 0.16) significantly inhibited COX-2 mRNA with respect to control (3.14 ± 0.07), what means a 34%, 23%, 46% and 61% reduction, respectively. The inhibition in the levels of PGE-2 followed a similar pattern. All compounds studied induced apoptosis at 48 h, although at a different rate. PMA caused a rise in activity 7.4 ± 0.23 times phPES2 −327/+59 and 2.0 ± 0.1 times p5 × NF-κβ-Luc at 6 h compared to basal. Resveratrol suppressed these effects 17.1 ± .21 and 32.4 ± .18 times, respectively. Similarly, but to a lesser extent, the rest of evaluated polyphenols diminished PMA inductor effect on the activity of both promoters. Conclusions: Polyphenols inhibit transcriptional activity of COX-2 promoter mediated by NF-κβ. This effect could explain, at least in part, the induction of apoptosis in vitro by these substances in castration resistant PCa

Los efectos de resveratrol y otros polifenoles del vino sobre la proliferación, apoptosis y expresión de receptor androgénico en células LNCaP / Effects of resveratrol and other wine polyphenols on the proliferation, apoptosis and androgen receptor expression in LNCaP cells

Propósito: Abordar el efecto del resveratrol y otros polifenoles del vino tinto sobre la proliferación celular, la apoptosis y la expresión del receptor androgénico (RA) en células LNCaP de cáncer de próstata humano. Materiales y métodos: Las células LNCaP (5 × 102) se cultivaron en módulos de placas de microtitulación y se trataron con ácido gálico, ácido tánico y quercetina (1, 5 y 10 μM), rutina y morina (25, 50 y 75 μM) y resveratrol (5, 10 y 25 μM). Para abordar el alcance de la proliferación a las 24, 48, 72 y 96 h se utilizó un método de inmunoanálisis colorimétrico. Se utilizó un ensayo de detección de actividad de caspasa 3/7 para revelar la apoptosis a las 24, 48 y 72 h. Se determinaron niveles de ARNm de RA mediante RT-PCR a tiempo real. Resultados: Todos los polifenoles estudiados inhibieron significativamente (p < 0,05) la proliferación celular en comparación con el control. Sin embargo, hubo diferencias moderadas entre ellos. El resveratrol fue el inhibidor más fuerte en diferentes momentos y dosis. También la actividad de caspasa-3 y caspasa-7 era significativamente mayor (p < 0,05) que el control en la presencia de todos los compuestos, pero la respuesta anterior se logró por el resveratrol. El resveratrol, la quercetina y la morina fueron los únicos nutrientes que inhibían significativamente la expresión de ARNm de RA. Una vez más el resveratrol produjo la inhibición más alta (90-250 veces menor que el control), seguido por morina (67-100 veces) y quercetina (55-91 veces). Conclusiones: Todos los polifenoles estudiados mostraron importantes efectos antiproliferativos y apoptosis inducida cuando se añadieron al cultivo de células LNCaP. Confirmamos que el resveratrol, la morina y la quercetina pueden lograr tal efecto a través de la reducción de expresión de RA. Los efectos sinérgicos de estos compuestos y su potencial para prevenir la progresión del cáncer de próstata hormono-dependiente merecen ser estudiados en profundidad

Purpose: To address the effect of resveratrol and other red wine polyphenols on cell proliferation, apoptosis and androgen receptor (AR) expression in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Materials and methods: LNCaP cells (5 × 102) were cultured in microtiter plate modules and treated with gallic acid, tannic acid and quercetin (1, 5 and 10 μM), rutin and morin (25, 50 and 75 μM) and resveratrol (5, 10 and 25 μM). To address the extent of proliferation at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, a colorimetric immunoassay method was used. An activity caspase 3/7 detection assay was used to disclose apoptosis at 24, 48 and 72 h. AR mARN levels were determined by real time RT-PCR. Results: All polyphenols studied significantly inhibited (P < .05) cell proliferation compared to control. However, there were moderate differences between them. Resveratrol was the strongest inhibitor at different times and doses. Also, caspase-3 and caspase-7 activity was significantly higher (P < .05) than control in the presence of all the compounds, but the earlier response was achieved by resveratrol. Resveratrol, quercetin and morin were the only nutrients that significantly inhibited AR mRNA expression. Again resveratrol produced the highest inhibition (90-250 times less than control), followed by morin (67-100 times) and quercetin (55-91 times). Conclusions: All polyphenols studied showed important antiproliferative effects and induced apoptosis when added to LNCaP cells culture. We confirm that resveratrol, morin and quercetin may achieve such effect through reduced expression of AR. The synergistic effects of these compounds and their potential to prevent progression of hormone-dependent prostate cancer merit further study

Wine polyphenols exert antineoplasic effect on androgen resistant PC-3 cell line through the inhibition of the transcriptional activity of COX-2 promoter mediated by NF-kß.

OBJECTIVE: Mediterranean diet may play a role in the prevention of prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is associated with increased cellular proliferation, prevents apoptosis and favors tumor invasion. We intend to clarify whether resveratrol and other polyphenols effectively inhibit COX-2 activity and induce apoptosis in hormone-resistant PC-3 cell line. MATERIAL AND METHOD: PC-3 cells were cultured and treated with different concentrations of gallic acid, tannic acid, quercetin, and resveratrol in presence of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA; 50 µg/ml) that induces COX-2 expression. Total RNA was extracted and COX-2 expression was analyzed by relative quantification real-time PCR (ΔΔCt method). COX-2 activity was determined by PGE-2 detection using ELISA. Caspase 3/7 luminescence assay was used to disclose apoptosis. Transitory transfection with short human COX-2 (phPES2 -327/+59) and p5xNF-kß-Luc plasmids determined COX-2 promoter activity and specifically that dependant of NF-kß. RESULTS: COX-2 expression was not modified in media devoid of PMA. However, under PMA induction tannic acid (2.08 ±.21), gallic acid (2.46 ±.16), quercetin (1.78 ±.14) and resveratrol (1.15 ±.16) significantly inhibited COX-2 mRNA with respect to control (3.14 ±.07), what means a 34%, 23%, 46% and 61% reduction, respectively. The inhibition in the levels of PGE-2 followed a similar pattern. All compounds studied induced apoptosis at 48 h, although at a different rate. PMA caused a rise in activity 7.4 ±.23 times phPES2 -327/+59 and 2.0 ±.1 times p5xNF-kß-Luc at 6h compared to basal. Resveratrol suppressed these effects 17.1 ±.21 and 32.4 ±.18 times, respectively. Similarly, but to a lesser extent, the rest of evaluated polyphenols diminished PMA inductor effect on the activity of both promoters. CONCLUSIONS: Polyphenols inhibit transcriptional activity of COX-2 promoter mediated by NF-kß. This effect could explain, at least in part, the induction of apoptosis in vitro by these substances in castration resistant PCa.

Effects of resveratrol and other wine polyphenols on the proliferation, apoptosis and androgen receptor expression in LNCaP cells.

PURPOSE: To address the effect of resveratrol and other red wine polyphenols on cell proliferation, apoptosis and androgen receptor (AR) expression in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: LNCaP cells (5 × 102) were cultured in microtiter plate modules and treated with gallic acid, tannic acid and quercetin (1, 5 and 10 µM), rutin and morin (25, 50 and 75 µM) and resveratrol (5, 10 and 25 µM). To address the extent of proliferation at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, a colorimetric immunoassay method was used. An activity caspase 3/7 detection assay was used to disclose apoptosis at 24, 48 and 72 hours. AR mARN levels were determined by real time RT-PCR. RESULTS: All polyphenols studied significantly inhibited (P<.05) cell proliferation compared to control. However, there were moderate differences between them. Resveratrol was the strongest inhibitor at different times and doses. Also, caspase-3 and caspase-7 activity was significantly higher (P<.05) than control in the presence of all the compounds, but the earlier response was achieved by resveratrol. Resveratrol, quercetin and morin were the only nutrients that significantly inhibited AR mRNA expression. Again resveratrol produced the highest inhibition (90-250 times less than control), followed by morin (67-100 times) and quercetin (55-91 times). CONCLUSIONS: All polyphenols studied showed important antiproliferative effects and induced apoptosis when added to LNCaP cells culture. We confirm that resveratrol, morin and quercetin may achieve such effect through reduced expression of AR. The synergistic effects of these compounds and their potential to prevent progression of hormone-dependent prostate cancer merit further study.

El papel de la metaloproteinasa de la matriz MMP-9 y del inhibidor tisular de metaloproteinasa TIMP-2 como marcadores séricos de cáncer vesical / The role of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 and TIMP-2 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinasas as serum markers of bladder cancer

Introducción: El diagnóstico y la estadificación molecular del cáncer vesical basados en la detección de ARNm de gelatinasas (MMP-2 y MMP-9) en células circulantes y mononucleares de sangre periférica han mostrado resultados prometedores. Analizamos si la determinación de los correspondientes productos de síntesis proteica permite diagnosticar y caracterizar pacientes con neoplasia vesical. Material y método: Se ha llevado a cabo la cuantificación de los niveles séricos de MMP-2, MMP-9 y TIMP-2 en una serie de 42 individuos (31 pacientes con cáncer vesical en diversos estadios y 11 controles sanos) mediante técnica de ELISA. Se compararon las determinaciones entre casos y controles (U Mann-Whitney), así como entre diferentes grupos de tumores (U Mann-Whitney o Kruskal-Wallis), según las características clínico-patológicas (edad, sexo, categoría T, categoría M o grado). Se evaluó el rendimiento diagnóstico de estos marcadores mediante análisis de curvas ROC Resultados: Existe correlación entre las determinaciones de MMP-2 y TIMP-2 (R = 0,699; p > 0,0001) y de MMP-9 y TIMP-2 (R = 0,305; p = 0,049). Los pacientes con cáncer de vejiga presentan niveles más elevados de MMP-9 (p < 0,0001) y TIMP-2 (p = 0,047) que los controles. Así mismo, el cociente MMP-9/TIMP-2 también es superior en pacientes con cáncer (p < 0,001). No se detectan diferencias entre cáncer y control respecto a edad (p = 0,64) o sexo (p = 0,64). Tampoco se detectan diferencias con respecto a MMP-2 (p = 0,35) ni al cociente MMP-2/TIMP-2 (p = 0,45). Dentro de la población de pacientes con cáncer los valores de MMP-2 y MMP-9 difieren según categoría T (p = 0,022 y p = 0,038, respectivamente) y los de TIMP-2 según categoría M (p = 0,036). El análisis de curvas ROC mostró que tanto MMP-9 como el cociente MMP-9/TIMP-2 discriminan pacientes con cáncer y controles, con equivalente exactitud diagnóstica (ABC 0,953) y unos puntos de corte de 3,93 ng/ml (S 90%; E 81%) y de 0,053 ng/ml (S 96%; E 84%), respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que tanto MMP-9 como TIMP-2 séricos podrían tener una aplicación en la predicción del desarrollo y progresión del cáncer vesical, y potencial utilidad como marcadores clínicos de la enfermedad. Se requieren estudios multicéntricos prospectivos que confirmen estos resultados preliminares (AU)

Introduction: The diagnosis and molecular staging of bladder cancer based on the detection of gelatinases mRNA (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in peripheral blood circulating and mononuclear cells have shown promising results. We analyze if the determination of the corresponding protein synthesis products makes it possible to diagnose and characterize patients with bladder cancer. Material and method: Quantification of the serum levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 in a series of 42 individuals (31 patients with bladder cancer in different stages and 11 healthy controls) using the ELISA technique was carried out. The determinations were compared between cases and controls (Mann-Whitney U) and between different groups of tumors (Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis), according to the clinical-pathological characteristics (age, gender, T category, M category or grade). Diagnostic yield of these markers was evaluated by analysis of the ROC curves. Results: There is a correlation between the determinations of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 (R = 0.699; P > 0.0001) and MMP-9 and TIMP-2 (R = 0.305; P = 0.049). Patients with bladder cancer have higher levels of MMP-9 (p < 0.0001) and TIMP-2 (P = 0.047) than the controls. Furthermore, the MMP-9/TIMP-2 ratio is also superior in cancer patients (P < 0.001). Differences were not detected between cancer and controls regarding age (P = 0.64) or gender (P = 0.64). Differences were also not detected regarding MMP-2 (P = 0.35) or MMP-2/TIMP-2 rate (P = 0.45). Within the cancer patient population, the MMP-2 and MMP-9 values differ according to T category (P =0 .022 and P = 0.038, respectively) and those of the TIMP-2 according to M category (P = 0.036). ROC curve analysis showed that both MMP-9 and the MMP-9/TIMP-2 ratio discriminate patients with cancer and controls, with equivalent diagnostic accuracy (ABC 0.953) and cut offs of 3.93 ng/mL (S 90%; Sp 81%) and 0.053 ng/mL (S 96%; Sp 84%), respectively. Conclusions: The results obtained suggest that both serum MMP-9 and TIMP-2 would have an application in the prediction of the development and progression of bladder cancer, and a potential utility as clinical markers of the disease. Multicenter, prospective studies that confirm their preliminary results are necessary (AU)

The role of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 and TIMP-2 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases as serum markers of bladder cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis and molecular staging of bladder cancer based on the detection of gelatinases mRNA (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in peripheral blood circulating and mononuclear cells have shown promising results. We analyze if the determination of the corresponding protein synthesis products makes it possible to diagnose and characterize patients with bladder cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Quantification of the serum levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 in a series of 42 individuals (31 patients with bladder cancer in different stages and 11 healthy controls) using the ELISA technique was carried out. The determinations were compared between cases and controls (Mann-Whitney U) and between different groups of tumors (Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis), according to the clinical-pathological characteristics (age, gender, T category, M category or grade). Diagnostic yield of these markers was evaluated by analysis of the ROC curves. RESULTS: There is a correlation between the determinations of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 (R=.699; P>.0001) and MMP-9 and TIMP-2 (R=.305; P=.049). Patients with bladder cancer have higher levels of MMP-9 (p<0.0001) and TIMP-2 (P=.047) than the controls. Furthermore, the MMP-9/TIMP-2 ratio is also superior in cancer patients (P<.001). Differences were not detected between cancer and controls regarding age (P=.64) or gender (P=.64). Differences were also not detected regarding MMP-2 (P=.35) or MMP-2/TIMP-2 rate (P=.45). Within the cancer patient population, the MMP-2 and MMP-9 values differ according to T category (P=.022 and P=.038, respectively) and those of the TIMP-2 according to M category (P=.036). ROC curve analysis showed that both MMP-9 and the MMP-9/TIMP-2 ratio discriminate patients with cancer and controls, with equivalent diagnostic accuracy (ABC 0.953) and cut offs of 3.93 ng/mL (S 90%; Sp 81%) and 0.053 ng/mL (S 96%; Sp 84%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained suggest that both serum MMP-9 and TIMP-2 would have an application in the prediction of the development and progression of bladder cancer, and a potential utility as clinical markers of the disease. Multicenter, prospective studies that confirm their preliminary results are necessary.

Determinantes genéticos del riesgo y pronóstico del daño renal agudo: una revisión sistemática / Genetic determinants of acute renal damage risk and prognosis: a systematic review

Introducción: El daño renal agudo (DRA) es un síndrome frecuente en el paciente hospitalizado. Los factores de riesgo asociados a su desarrollo y evolución clásicamente aceptados se encuentran en relación con el ambiente o la enfermedad de base del paciente. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se ha reconocido la influencia de los factores genéticos. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de los polimorfismos genéticos en el riesgo de presentar y en la evolución del DRA. Fuente de datos: búsqueda electrónica en MEDLINE. Selección de estudios: manuscritos redactados en idioma inglés o español, publicados entre el 1/1/1995 y el 31/5/2011 y que analizaron la asociación entre polimorfismos genéticos y: (a) susceptibilidad a DRA entre pacientes versus controles sanos o entre diferentes grupos de pacientes; (b) gravedad del DRA. Criterios de exclusión: estudios publicados solo en forma de resumen, casos clínicos o estudios que incluyeran pacientes menores de 16 años, en diálisis crónica o con trasplante renal. Extracción de datos: al menos uno de los investigadores analizó cada artículo mediante formulario predefinido. Resultados: Se encontraron 12 trabajos que incluyeron 4.835 pacientes. Once genes contienen polimorfismos asociados a la susceptibilidad o gravedad del DRA. Hemos clasificado estos genes de acuerdo con su función en aquellos que participan en la respuesta hemodinámica (ACE, eNOS, FNMT y COMT), respuesta inflamatoria (TNFα, IL10, IL6, HIP-1A, EPO), estrés oxidativo (NAPH oxidasa) y en el metabolismo lipídico (APOE). Solo los genes de APOE, ACE y receptor AT1 han sido analizados en más de un estudio. Conclusión: La susceptibilidad y gravedad del DRA están relacionadas con factores genéticos que están implicados en distintos mecanismos fisiopatológicos (AU)

Introduction: Acute renal damage (ARD) is a frequent syndrome in hospitalized patients. It is well accepted that ARD susceptibility and outcome are related to environmental risk factors and to the patient premorbid status. Recently, host factors have also been recognized as important in ARD predisposition and evolution. Objective: To analyze genetic influences related to the risk and severity of ARD. Data sour MEDLINE search. Selection of studies: articles published in English or Spanish between 1/1/1995 and 31/5/2011, analyzing the association between genic polymorphisms and (a) ARD susceptibility in patients versus healthy controls or within groups of patients; or (b) ARD severity. Exclusion criteria: studies published only in abstract form, case reports or including patients less than 16 years of age, on chronic dialysis or having received a renal transplant. Dataextraction: at least one investigator analyzed each manuscript and collected the information using a predefined form. Results: We identified 12 relevant studies that included 4835 patients. Eleven genes showed polymorphisms related to ARD susceptibility or severity. They were related to cardiovascular regulation (ACE I/D, eNOS, FNMT and COMT), inflammatory response (TNFα, IL10, IL6, HIP-1α, EPO), oxidative stress (NAPH oxidase) and lipid metabolism (APO E). Only APO E, ACE and AT1 receptor have been analyzed in more than one study. Conclusion: ARD susceptibility and severity is influenced by genetic factors, which are multiple and involve different physiopathological mechanisms (AU)

[Genetic determinants of acute renal damage risk and prognosis: a systematic review]. / Determinantes genéticos del riesgo y pronóstico del daño renal agudo: una revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: Acute renal damage (ARD) is a frequent syndrome in hospitalized patients. It is well accepted that ARD susceptibility and outcome are related to environmental risk factors and to the patient premorbid status. Recently, host factors have also been recognized as important in ARD predisposition and evolution. OBJECTIVE: To analyze genetic influences related to the risk and severity of ARD. DATA SOURCE: MEDLINE search. SELECTION OF STUDIES: articles published in English or Spanish between 1/1/1995 and 31/5/2011, analyzing the association between genic polymorphisms and (a) ARD susceptibility in patients versus healthy controls or within groups of patients; or (b) ARD severity. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: studies published only in abstract form, case reports or including patients less than 16 years of age, on chronic dialysis or having received a renal transplant. DATA EXTRACTION: at least one investigator analyzed each manuscript and collected the information using a predefined form. RESULTS: We identified 12 relevant studies that included 4835 patients. Eleven genes showed polymorphisms related to ARD susceptibility or severity. They were related to cardiovascular regulation (ACE I/D, eNOS, FNMT and COMT), inflammatory response (TNFα, IL10, IL6, HIP-1α, EPO), oxidative stress (NAPH oxidase) and lipid metabolism (APO E). Only APO E, ACE and AT1 receptor have been analyzed in more than one study. CONCLUSION: ARD susceptibility and severity is influenced by genetic factors, which are multiple and involve different physiopathological mechanisms.

Lung histopathological findings in fatal pandemic influenza A (H1N1) / Resultados histopatológicos pulmonares en la gripe a (H1N1) pandémica letal

Objective: To describe the lung pathological changes in influenza A (H1N1) viral pneumonia. We studied morphological changes, nitro-oxidative stress and the presence of viral proteins in lung tissue. Methods and patients: Light microscopy was used to examine lung tissue from 6 fatal cases of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viral pneumonia. Fluorescence for oxidized dihydroethydium, nitrotyrosine, inducible NO synthase (NOS2) and human influenza A nucleoprotein (NP)(for analysis under confocal microscopy) was also studied in lung tissue specimens. Results: Age ranged from 15 to 50 years. Three patients were women, and 5 had preexisting medical conditions. Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) was present in 5 cases (as evidenced by hyaline membrane formation, alveolo-capillary wall thickening and PMN infiltrates), and interstitial fibrosis in one case. In the fluorescence studies there were signs of oxygen radical generation, increased NOS2 protein and protein nitration in lung tissue samples, regardless of the duration of ICU admission. Viral NP was found in lung tissue samples from three patients. Type I pneumocytes and macrophages harbored viral NP, as evidenced by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Conclusions: Lung tissue from patients with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viral pneumonia shows histological findings consistent with DAD. Prolonged nitro-oxidative stress is present despite antiviral treatment. Viral proteins may remain in lung tissue for prolonged periods of time, lodged in macrophages and type I pneumocytes (AU)

Objetivo: Describir la histopatología pulmonar de pacientes que fallecieron con neumonía por virus de la influenza A (H1N1), el tipo celular infectado por el virus y la presencia de stress oxidativo y nitrosativo. Métodos: Hemos examinado tejido pulmonar de 6 pacientes fallecidos en la UCI con el diagnóstico de infección por el virus influenza A (H1N1) (15-50 años de edad) mediante (i) microscopía óptica, (ii) microscopia confocal con tinciones específicas para diferentes tipos celulares (aquoporina 5, factor Von Willebr and, proteína D del surfactante), (iii) inmunofluorescencia (IF) parasonda de dihidroetidio oxidado, óxido nítrico sin tasa inducible (NOS2), anti-3-nitrotirosina y nucleoproteína (NP) del virus de la influenza A (H1N1).Resultados: (1) En 5 casos se encontró daño alveolar difuso (DAD), evidenciado mediante la observación de membranas hialinas, engrosamiento de la pared alveolo-capilar e infiltración de PMN, asociado con hemorragia intensa en un paciente. Un caso presentó fibrosis intersticial.(2) Se demostró en todos los casos aumento de la inmuno-reactividad para DHE oxidado, NOS2y 3-nitrotirosina independientemente de la duración de la estancia en la UCI. (3) Se encontró NP viral en tres pacientes. (4) El virus se localiza en los neumocitos tipo I y en macrófago salveolares. Conclusiones: El tejido pulmonar de pacientes fallecidos con neumonía por virus de la influenza A (H1N1) evidencia hallazgos histológicos compatibles con DAD. El estrés nitro-oxidativo prolongado está presente a pesar del tratamiento antiviral. Las proteínas virales pueden permanecer en el tejido pulmonar durante períodos prolongados de tiempo, albergándose en los macrófagos y neumocitos tipo I (AU)

Lung histopathological findings in fatal pandemic influenza A (H1N1).

OBJECTIVE: To describe the lung pathological changes in influenza A (H1N1) viral pneumonia. We studied morphological changes, nitro-oxidative stress and the presence of viral proteins in lung tissue. METHODS AND PATIENTS: Light microscopy was used to examine lung tissue from 6 fatal cases of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viral pneumonia. Fluorescence for oxidized dihydroethydium, nitrotyrosine, inducible NO synthase (NOS2) and human influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) (for analysis under confocal microscopy) was also studied in lung tissue specimens. RESULTS: Age ranged from 15 to 50 years. Three patients were women, and 5 had preexisting medical conditions. Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) was present in 5 cases (as evidenced by hyaline membrane formation, alveolo-capillary wall thickening and PMN infiltrates), and interstitial fibrosis in one case. In the fluorescence studies there were signs of oxygen radical generation, increased NOS2 protein and protein nitration in lung tissue samples, regardless of the duration of ICU admission. Viral NP was found in lung tissue samples from three patients. Type I pneumocytes and macrophages harbored viral NP, as evidenced by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Lung tissue from patients with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viral pneumonia shows histological findings consistent with DAD. Prolonged nitro-oxidative stress is present despite antiviral treatment. Viral proteins may remain in lung tissue for prolonged periods of time, lodged in macrophages and type I pneumocytes.

Detección y estadificación molecular del cáncer vesical mediante RT-PCR a tiempo real para gelatinasas (MMP-2, MMP-9) y TIMP-2 en sangre periférica / Detection and Molecular Staging of Bladder Cancer Using Real-Time RT-PCR for Gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) and TIMP-2 in Peripheral Blood

La estadificación molecular del cáncer vesical basada en la detección de ARNm de genes específicos de urotelio no ha sido concluyente. Analizamos si la evaluación de gelatinasas (MMP-9, MMP-2) y TIMP-2 en sangre periférica mediante RT-PCR a tiempo real permite diagnosticar y caracterizar pacientes con neoplasia vesical. Material y método: Se ha extraído ARN total a partir de células sanguíneas circulantes en 42 individuos (11 controles sanos, 31 pacientes con cáncer vesical en diversos estadios) y se ha llevado a cabo RT-PCR a tiempo real empleando cebadores específicos para MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-2 y 18S ribosomal. Los valores de cuantificación del ARNm se describen como relativos a ARNm 18S (método ΔΔCt comparativo) y los resultados se comparan de forma ciega con los datos obtenidos mediante diagnóstico histológico y estadificación clínica. Resultados: Los niveles normalizados de ARNm de MMP-9 y MMP-2 son más altos en pacientes con cáncer que en controles (1,82±0,6veces y 2,7±0,6veces, respectivamente; p<0,05). Los pacientes con enfermedad metastática también tienen niveles mayores de ARNm de MMP-9, MMP-2 y TIMP-2 (9,6±0,20veces, 5,22±0,26veces y 1,97±0,22veces, respectivamente; p<0,05). MMP-9 y MMP-2 también se asocian con estadio clínico y grado avanzado (p<0,05). Se propone un índice entre variables que aumenta la habilidad para segregar pacientes con tumores Ta, T1, T2-4M0 y T2-4M1. Conclusiones: La identificación de tumor vesical y la estadificación molecular de la enfermedad resulta posible mediante la detección de gelatinasas y TIMP-2 en sangre periférica empleando RT-PCR a tiempo real. La capacidad de distinguir enfermedad metastásica es mayor para MMP-9, pero MMP-2 discrimina mejor los niveles de invasión tumoral. La investigación futura en este campo podría aportar resultados prometedores en la evaluación molecular de la neoplasia vesical (AU)

Introduction: Molecular staging of bladder cancer based on the detection of mRNA of urothelial specific genes in circulating cancer cells has been inconclusive. We analyze whether real-time RT-PCR evaluation of gelatinases (MMP-9, MMP-2) and TIMP-2 in peripheral blood to diagnose and characterize patients with bladder neoplasm. Material and method: Total RNA is extracted from circulating blood cells in 42 individuals (11 healthy controls, 31 patients with bladder cancer of different stages) and real-time RT-PCR performed using specific primers for MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-2 and ribosomal 18S. The quantification values of mRNA are described as relative to 18S mRNA (ΔΔCt method) and the results are blindly compared with data obtained from histological diagnosis and clinical staging. Results: Normalized levels of MMP-9 and MMP-2 mRNA are higher in patients with cancer than controls (1.82±0.6-fold and 2.7±0.6-fold, respectively; P<0.05). Patients with metastatic disease also have increased MMP-9, MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA levels (9.6±0,20-fold, 5.22±0.26-fold and 1,97±0,22-fold, respectively; P<.05). MMP-9 and MMP-2 are also associated with advanced clinical stage and grade (P<0.05). A ratio between variables that increases the ability to segregate patients with Ta, T1, T2-4M0 and T2-4M1 tumours is proposed. Conclusions: Both non-invasive bladder tumor recognition and molecular staging of the disease is possible using real-time RT-PCR-based detection of gelatinases and TIMP-2 in peripheral blood. The ability to distinguish metastatic disease is higher for MMP-9 but MMP-2 discriminates better levels of tumour invasion. Further investigation in this field could yield promising results regarding molecular evaluation of bladder neoplasia (AU)

[Detection and molecular staging of bladder cancer using real-time RT-PCR for gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) and TIMP-2 in peripheral blood]. / Detección y estadificación molecular del cáncer vesical mediante RT-PCR a tiempo real para gelatinasas (MMP-2, MMP-9) y TIMP-2 en sangre periférica.

INTRODUCTION: Molecular staging of bladder cancer based on the detection of mRNA of urothelial specific genes in circulating cancer cells has been inconclusive. We analyze whether real-time RT-PCR evaluation of gelatinases (MMP-9, MMP-2) and TIMP-2 in peripheral blood to diagnose and characterize patients with bladder neoplasm. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Total RNA is extracted from circulating blood cells in 42 individuals (11 healthy controls, 31 patients with bladder cancer of different stages) and real-time RT-PCR performed using specific primers for MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-2 and ribosomal 18S. The quantification values of mRNA are described as relative to 18S mRNA (ΔΔCt method) and the results are blindly compared with data obtained from histological diagnosis and clinical staging. RESULTS: Normalized levels of MMP-9 and MMP-2 mRNA are higher in patients with cancer than controls (1.82±0.6-fold and 2.7±0.6-fold, respectively; P<.05). Patients with metastatic disease also have increased MMP-9, MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA levels (9.6±0,20-fold, 5.22±0.26-fold and 1,97±0,22-fold, respectively; P<.05). MMP-9 and MMP-2 are also associated with advanced clinical stage and grade (P<.05). A ratio between variables that increases the ability to segregate patients with Ta, T1, T2-4M0 and T2-4M1 tumours is proposed. CONCLUSIONS: Both non-invasive bladder tumor recognition and molecular staging of the disease is possible using real-time RT-PCR-based detection of gelatinases and TIMP-2 in peripheral blood. The ability to distinguish metastatic disease is higher for MMP-9 but MMP-2 discriminates better levels of tumour invasion. Further investigation in this field could yield promising results regarding molecular evaluation of bladder neoplasia.

Quantitative real-time reverse transcription: polymerase chain reaction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for detection of circulating prostatic cells in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical utility of using the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to quantify prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA in peripheral blood samples from patients with prostate cancer as a predictor of extraprostatic extension of the disease and to assess any correlations with known predictive markers of this condition. METHODS: Immediately before radical prostatectomy, peripheral blood samples were taken from 42 men with clinically localized prostate cancer and analysed for PSA and 18S ribosomal (endogenous control) genes using real-time RT-PCR (with gene expression assays and the comparative CT-cycle threshold-method for quantifying). A total of 30 healthy male blood donors aged <50 y was taken as a control group. The relationships between PSA mRNA values, pathological and clinical features were analysed. PSA mRNA value, PSA level and biopsy Gleason score were then compared as predictors of extraprostatic extension. RESULTS: PSA gene expression was 3.73 times significantly higher in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer than in healthy men (P<0.05). There was no relationship between PSA real-time RT-PCR values and pathological stage pT2 or pT3 (P=0.5), and no association between PSA mRNA value and serum PSA level (P=0.9) or the Gleason score of the preoperative biopsy (P=0.9). CONCLUSION: There was no significant advantage in using the real-time RT-PCR assay of PSA mRNA before surgery to stage prostate cancer and to discriminate between organ-confined and extraprostatic extension.

Prostate apoptosis after doxazosin treatment in the spontaneous hypertensive rat model.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) model for basic research into benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and to assess doxazosin-induced changes in prostatic structure and apoptotic status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four groups of rats were assessed: group 1, 15 SHRs treated with doxazosin; group 2, 14 SHRs with unilateral excision of the major pelvic ganglion; group 3, 14 untreated SHRs; and group 4, 16 intact Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. The doxazosin mesylate (0.03 mg daily) was given compacted in rat food for 3 months. The prostatic ventral lobe (VL) was excised and weighed. Stereological light microscopy, multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of prostate caspases, and caspase-3 activity (cellular enzymatic assay) were assessed. RESULTS: There was more development of the glandular epithelium (P < 0.001) in SHR rats than in controls, which was even greater after doxazosin exposure (P = 0.027). SHR animals had higher caspase expression (P < 0.05) and activity (P = 0.008) than WKY rats, but both were reduced after doxazosin therapy (P < 0.01 and 0.028, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed prostate hyperplasia in the SHR model. Doxazosin exposure did not reduce the volume of glandular epithelium and contributed to protecting against caspase-induced apoptosis. The SHR model may be not a valid option to study doxazosin-induced apoptosis in BPH.

The clinical utility of the prostate specific membrane antigen reverse-transcription/polymerase chain reaction to detect circulating prostate cells: an analysis in healthy men and women.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the overall specificity of nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSM) mRNA in peripheral blood samples of healthy donors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Peripheral blood samples were taken from 60 healthy blood-donors (30 men and 30 women aged < 50 years) and analysed for PSM-mRNA using nested RT-PCR (in 'hot-start' conditions and confirmed using nested EcoRI restriction enzyme). Intron-spanning primer pairs specific for human PSM were deduced from the GenBank sequence (M99487) using gene software. The outer primer pair for PSM was: fwd: 1368 5'-TCACCGGGACTCATGGGTGT-3'; reverse: 1860 5'-GCCTGAAGCAATTCCAAGTCGG-3'. Inner primer pair for PSM was: fwd: 1480 5'-AAGGAAGGGTGGAGACCTAG-3'; reverse: 5-ACTGAACTCTGGGGAAGGAC-3'. The integrity of cDNAs was checked using primer pairs specific for the housekeeping gene beta-actin. The specificity and false-positive rate were calculated assuming that the underlying prostate cancer incidence was nil. RESULTS: The first PCR was negative for all samples (100% specificity; 0% false-positive rate). The nested PCR detected 23 positive samples (23/60, 38%) with an overall specificity of 62% (false positive rate, 38%). CONCLUSION: Nested RT-PCR of PSM-mRNA in peripheral blood is highly unspecific. Its clinical utility in the management of prostate cancer must be low. Further development is needed of quantitative RT-PCR, primers that identify prostatic PSM or another prostate-specific marker gene to differentiate PSM mRNA from circulating prostate cells and from non-prostatic tissues.

Polyphenols in red wine inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of LNCaP cells.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of five polyphenol constituents of red wine (quercetin, morin, rutin, gallic acid and tannic acid) on the proliferation of LNCaP cells, and to quantify the extent of apoptosis with each polyphenol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: LNCaP cells (500) were cultured in microtitre plates and treated with gallic acid, tannic acid, quercetin (1, 5 and 10 micromol/L), rutin and morin (25, 50 and 75 micromol/L). A colorimetric immunoassay was then used to determine the extent of proliferation at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, and a cell-death detection assay to assess apoptosis at 24, 48 and 72 h. RESULTS: Gallic and tannic acid (5 and 10 micromol/L), morin (50 and 75 micromol/L), quercetin (5 and 10 micromol/L) and rutin (50 and 75 micromol/L) all significantly inhibited (P<0.05) cell proliferation compared with the control. Apoptotic indexes were significantly greater (P<0.01) in the presence of gallic (5 and 10 micromol/L) and tannic acid (5 and 10 micromol/L), and rutin (75 micromol/L, P<0.05) than in the control. The apoptotic effect of morin (75 micromol/L), although significant (P<0.01), only appeared at 72 h. Conversely, while significant (P<0.05) quercetin (5 and 10 micromol/L) had a transient (first 48 h) apoptotic effect compared with the control. CONCLUSION: Quercetin, rutin, morin, gallic acid and tannic acid inhibited the growth of LNCaP cells at different concentrations, and induced apoptosis. The results provide a strong rationale for studying the in vivo effects of these compounds.

Dose-dependent effects of lovastatin on cell cycle progression. Distinct requirement of cholesterol and non-sterol mevalonate derivatives.

The mevalonate pathway is tightly linked to cell proliferation. The aim of the present study is to determine the relationship between the inhibition of this pathway by lovastatin and the cell cycle. HL-60 and MOLT-4 human cell lines were cultured in a cholesterol-free medium and treated with increasing concentrations of lovastatin, and their effects on cell proliferation and the cell cycle were analyzed. Lovastatin was much more efficient in inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis than protein prenylation. As a result of this, lovastatin blocked cell proliferation at any concentration used, but its effects on cell cycle distribution varied. At relatively low lovastatin concentrations (less than 10 microM), cells accumulated preferentially in G(2) phase, an effect which was both prevented and reversed by low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. At higher concentrations (50 microM), the cell cycle was also arrested at G(1) phase. In cells treated with lovastatin, those arrested at G(1) progressed through S upon mevalonate provision, whereas cholesterol supply allowed cells arrested at G(2) to traverse M phase. These results demonstrate the distinct roles of mevalonate, or its non-sterol derivatives, and cholesterol in cell cycle progression, both being required for normal cell cycling.

Detecting circulating prostate cells in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: clinical implications for molecular staging.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical utility of using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA in peripheral blood samples from patients with prostate cancer, as a predictor of extraprostatic disease, and to assess any correlations with known predictive markers of this condition. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Immediately before radical prostatectomy, peripheral blood samples were taken from 25 men with clinically localized prostate cancer and analysed for PSA mRNA using RT-PCR (in 'hot-start' conditions and confirmed using ClaI restriction enzyme). The relationships between PSA mRNA positivity, pathological and clinical features were analysed; PSA mRNA positivity, PSA level and biopsy Gleason score were then compared as predictors of extraprostatic disease. RESULTS: There was no relationship between PSA mRNA positivity and pathological stage (pT2 or pT3), and no association between PSA mRNA positivity and serum PSA level, PSA density, the findings on a digital rectal examination or transrectal ultrasonography, and perineural invasion in the prostatic biopsy. However, there was a significant correlation between the Gleason score of the preoperative biopsy and PSA mRNA positivity. The best predictors of extraprostatic disease were the biopsy Gleason score and the PSA level. CONCLUSION: There was no significant advantage in using the RT-PCR assay of PSA mRNA before surgery to stage prostate cancer and to discriminate between organ-confined and extraprostatic neoplasms.