Ácido fumárico e sua combinação com os ácidos butírico ou fórmico em dietas de leitões recém desmamados

Performance, morphological and morphometric characteristics of the small intestine of 210 recently weaned piglets, averaging 4.04 ± 0.66 kg, during two periods ( from 15 to 30 days of age and from 15 to 36 days of age) were evaluated in a randomized block experimental design with seven treatments, T1: control diet (CD); T2: CD + 0.5% fumaric acid; T3: CD + 1.0% fumaric acid; T4: CD + 0.5% fumaric acid + 0.1% butyric acid; T5: CD + 0.5% fumaric acid + 0.5% formic acid; T6: CD + 1,0% fumaric acid + 0.1% butyric acid and T7: CD + 1.0% fumaric acid + 0.5% formic acid, five replicates and six piglets per experimental unit. No effects of treatment (P 0.05) on body weight at 30 days of age was observed but significant differences between treatments were observed for daily weight gain and feed consumption from 15 to 30 days of age. Piglets fed supplemented acid fumaric diets had higher performance during this period. No significant effects of treatments on body weight at 36 days of age, daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion were observed (P>0.05) from 16 to 36 days of age. Significant differences (P 0.05) between treatments for duodenal epithelium height were observed, but not for jejunum and ileum epithelium heights. Normal villus patterns were observed in the electromicrographs of duodenum from piglets fed all different diets.

Avaliaram-se o desempenho e as características morfológicas e morfométricas do intestino delgado de 210 leitões, desmamados aos 15 dias de idade, com peso médio inicial 4,04±0,66kg, em dois períodos experimentais (15-30 e 15-36 dias de idade). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos (T1: ração-controle sem adição de acidificante; T2: ração-controle + 0,5% de ácido fumárico; T3: ração-controle + 1,0% de ácido fumárico; T4: ração-controle + 0,5% de ácido fumárico +0,1% de ácido butírico; T5: ração-controle + 0,5% de ácido fumárico + 0,5% de ácido fórmico; T6: ração-controle + 1,0% de ácido fumárico + 0,1% de ácido butírico e T7: ração-controle + 1,0% de ácido fumárico +0,5% de ácido fórmico), cinco repetições e seis animais por unidade experimental. O peso dos leitões aos 30 dias de idade não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos, mas houve efeito significativo de tratamento sobre ganho de peso e consumo alimentar diário no período de 15-30 dias de idade, com maior desempenho para os leitões alimentados com dietas suplementadas com ácido fumárico. Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos sobre o peso médio aos 36 dias, o ganho de peso, o consumo diário e a conversão alimentar dos leitões de 15 a 36 dias de idade. Houve diferença entre tratamentos para a altura do epitélio do duodeno, porém não houve diferença em relação à do jejuno e à do íleo. As eletromicrografias do duodeno dos leitões alimentados com as diferentes dietas experimentais revelaram vilosidades com características normais.

Boron supplementation in broiler diets

Boron supplementation in broiler feed is not a routine practice. However, some reports suggest a positive effect of boron on performance. This study assessed the effects of boron supplementation on broiler performance. Diets were based on maize and soybean meal, using boric acid P.A. as boron source. Six supplementation levels (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 ppm) were evaluated using 1,440 one-day old males housed at a density of 30 chickens in each of 48 experimental plots of 3m². A completely randomized block design was used with 8 replicates. Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were assessed in the periods from 1 to 7 days, 1 to 21 days and 1 to 42 days of age, and viability was evaluated for the total 42-day rearing period. No performance variable was affected by boron supplementation (p>0.05) in the period from 1 to 7 days. The regression analysis indicated an ideal level of 37.4 ppm of boron for weight gain from 1 to 21 days (p 0.05) without affecting feed conversion (p>0.05), although feed intake was reduced linearly with increased boron levels (p 0.05). In the total rearing period (1 to 42 days), the level of 57 ppm boron was adequate for weight gain (p 0.01) without affecting feed conversion (p>0.05). Ash and calcium percentages in the tibias of broilers and viability in the total rearing period were not affected by boron supplementation (p>0.05).

Boron supplementation in broiler diets

Boron supplementation in broiler feed is not a routine practice. However, some reports suggest a positive effect of boron on performance. This study assessed the effects of boron supplementation on broiler performance. Diets were based on maize and soybean meal, using boric acid P.A. as boron source. Six supplementation levels (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 ppm) were evaluated using 1,440 one-day old males housed at a density of 30 chickens in each of 48 experimental plots of 3m². A completely randomized block design was used with 8 replicates. Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were assessed in the periods from 1 to 7 days, 1 to 21 days and 1 to 42 days of age, and viability was evaluated for the total 42-day rearing period. No performance variable was affected by boron supplementation (p>0.05) in the period from 1 to 7 days. The regression analysis indicated an ideal level of 37.4 ppm of boron for weight gain from 1 to 21 days (p 0.05) without affecting feed conversion (p>0.05), although feed intake was reduced linearly with increased boron levels (p 0.05). In the total rearing period (1 to 42 days), the level of 57 ppm boron was adequate for weight gain (p 0.01) without affecting feed conversion (p>0.05). Ash and calcium percentages in the tibias of broilers and viability in the total rearing period were not affected by boron supplementation (p>0.05).

Cobalt and vitamin B12 in diets for commercial laying hens on the second cycle of production

The supplementation of cobalt and vitamin B12 in diets for commercial laying hens on the second production cycle was studied. Four hundred and eighty light commercial laying hens, Lohmann LSL, were used at initial phase of forced molting laying period. The trial was conducted in a randomized design. The plots were the treatments which were constituted by combination of five cobalt levels (0.00; 0.30; 0.60; 0.90 and 1.20ppm) and two vitamin B12 levels (without and with 10µ/kg), and the split-plots were four periods (21, 42, 63 and 84 days) during the second period of production, with 4 repetitions and 12 hens per experimental unit. Food and water were provided ad libitum and eggs were collected twice daily. Performance and egg quality parameters were evaluated. At the end of experimental period, two layers from each treatment were slaughtered, and liver and blood samples were taken for analysis. Performance and egg quality were not different (p>0.05) among cobalt supplementation levels, although egg damage data were different (p 0.05). Supplementation with vitamin B12 decreased egg weight. No influence of cobalt or vitamin B12 supplementation was seen on the concentration of cobalt in the liver and yolk as well as on blood analysis (hematrocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and leukocytes). The results revealed that vitamin B12 supplementation was important for commercial laying hens on the second cycle of production, but not cobalt supplementation.

Nutritional and microbiological evaluation of meat and bone meal produced in the state of Minas Gerais

The present study investigated the chemical composition and metabolizable energy levels of ten meat and bone meals (MBM) produced in Minas Gerais state (Experiment I) and evaluated the growth performance of broilers fed with diets containing those MBM (Experiment II). In the first experiment, energy values (apparent metabolizable energy [AME] and corrected apparent metabolizable energy [AMEn]) of ten different MBM were determined using the traditional method with total collection of excreta. Four hundred forty 21 day-old Hubbard broilers were used. A reference corn and soybean meal-based diet was replaced in 20% by the feed containing MBM to be tested. A completely randomized experimental design was used with eleven treatments (one reference diet and ten MBM), four repetitions per treatment and 10 birds per repetition (5 males and 5 females). In the second experiment, five MBMs from the ten analyzed in Experiment 1 were used as phosphorus source and compared to a diet containing bicalcium phosphate. The growth performance of the broilers fed with these diets was analyzed, considering two ages of the onset of MBM inclusion in the diet (1 or 7 days of age). One-day-old Hubbard broilers (1,320 birds) were housed in 44 plots with 30 birds per experimental unit. The experiment consisted of 11 treatments in a 5x2 factorial arrangement, with five sources of MBM, two ages for the onset of inclusion, and a reference treatment without addition of MBM. The results obtained showed a great variation in the chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy of the evaluated meals. No significant differences were found on the performance of broilers fed diets with different MBM or the diet with bicalcium phosphate as phosphorus source. The performance of broilers was not significantly influenced by the onset of MBM inclusion in the diets.

Nutritional and microbiological evaluation of meat and bone meal produced in the state of Minas Gerais

The present study investigated the chemical composition and metabolizable energy levels of ten meat and bone meals (MBM) produced in Minas Gerais state (Experiment I) and evaluated the growth performance of broilers fed with diets containing those MBM (Experiment II). In the first experiment, energy values (apparent metabolizable energy [AME] and corrected apparent metabolizable energy [AMEn]) of ten different MBM were determined using the traditional method with total collection of excreta. Four hundred forty 21 day-old Hubbard broilers were used. A reference corn and soybean meal-based diet was replaced in 20% by the feed containing MBM to be tested. A completely randomized experimental design was used with eleven treatments (one reference diet and ten MBM), four repetitions per treatment and 10 birds per repetition (5 males and 5 females). In the second experiment, five MBMs from the ten analyzed in Experiment 1 were used as phosphorus source and compared to a diet containing bicalcium phosphate. The growth performance of the broilers fed with these diets was analyzed, considering two ages of the onset of MBM inclusion in the diet (1 or 7 days of age). One-day-old Hubbard broilers (1,320 birds) were housed in 44 plots with 30 birds per experimental unit. The experiment consisted of 11 treatments in a 5x2 factorial arrangement, with five sources of MBM, two ages for the onset of inclusion, and a reference treatment without addition of MBM. The results obtained showed a great variation in the chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy of the evaluated meals. No significant differences were found on the performance of broilers fed diets with different MBM or the diet with bicalcium phosphate as phosphorus source. The performance of broilers was not significantly influenced by the onset of MBM inclusion in the diets.

Cobalt and vitamin B12 in diets for commercial laying hens on the second cycle of production

The supplementation of cobalt and vitamin B12 in diets for commercial laying hens on the second production cycle was studied. Four hundred and eighty light commercial laying hens, Lohmann LSL, were used at initial phase of forced molting laying period. The trial was conducted in a randomized design. The plots were the treatments which were constituted by combination of five cobalt levels (0.00; 0.30; 0.60; 0.90 and 1.20ppm) and two vitamin B12 levels (without and with 10µ/kg), and the split-plots were four periods (21, 42, 63 and 84 days) during the second period of production, with 4 repetitions and 12 hens per experimental unit. Food and water were provided ad libitum and eggs were collected twice daily. Performance and egg quality parameters were evaluated. At the end of experimental period, two layers from each treatment were slaughtered, and liver and blood samples were taken for analysis. Performance and egg quality were not different (p>0.05) among cobalt supplementation levels, although egg damage data were different (p 0.05). Supplementation with vitamin B12 decreased egg weight. No influence of cobalt or vitamin B12 supplementation was seen on the concentration of cobalt in the liver and yolk as well as on blood analysis (hematrocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and leukocytes). The results revealed that vitamin B12 supplementation was important for commercial laying hens on the second cycle of production, but not cobalt supplementation.

Suplementação de Ferro para Poedeiras Comerciais de Segundo Ciclo de Produção

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the supplementation of iron in ration based on corn and soybean meal, on the productive performance, egg quality , egg yolk iron deposition and blood parameters of commercial laying hens in second production cycle. 240 commercial Lohmann-LSL laying hens with 72 weeks of age were submitted to the forced molt. The hens were raised in the conventional cage by using three hens by cage (25 x 45 x 40cm). A completely randomized design was utilized, with treatments based on five iron supplementation levels (0, 20, 40 60 and 80ppm) in the ration, with four replications and three evaluations periods of 28 days each. The corn/soybean meal based diet were used, containing 127 ppm of analysed iron. The iron supplementation did not affect the productive performance and internal and external eggs quality and analysed blood parameters . The content of iron egg yolk (mg/100g) increased linearly when iron supplementation increased in the diet at the level of 80 ppm, used in this research.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de ferro, proveniente do sulfato ferroso (26% de ferro), em ração à base de milho e farelo de soja, sobre o desempenho, qualidade do ovo, deposição de ferro na gema e parâmetros sangüíneos de poedeiras comerciais no segundo ciclo de produção. Foram utilizadas 240 poedeiras comerciais Lohmann-LSL, oriundas de plantel comercial e submetidas a muda forçada com 72 semanas de idade, alojadas em galpão convencional de postura, em uma densidade de três aves por gaiola (25 x 45 x 40 cm). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos constando níveis de 0, 20, 40, 60 e 80 ppm de ferro suplementar, com quatro repetições de 12 aves, e três períodos de avaliações de 28 dias cada. A ração utilizada foi à base de milho e farelo de soja, contendo 127 ppm de ferro analisado. A suplementação de ferro não interferiu no desempenho, na qualidade interna e externa dos ovos e nos parâmetros sangüíneos das poedeiras. O conteúdo de ferro na gema (mg/100g) elevou-se linearmente quando houve aumento da suplementação deste até o nível de 80 ppm, utilizado no presente trabalho.

Suplementação de Ferro para Poedeiras Comerciais de Segundo Ciclo de Produção

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the supplementation of iron in ration based on corn and soybean meal, on the productive performance, egg quality , egg yolk iron deposition and blood parameters of commercial laying hens in second production cycle. 240 commercial Lohmann-LSL laying hens with 72 weeks of age were submitted to the forced molt. The hens were raised in the conventional cage by using three hens by cage (25 x 45 x 40cm). A completely randomized design was utilized, with treatments based on five iron supplementation levels (0, 20, 40 60 and 80ppm) in the ration, with four replications and three evaluations periods of 28 days each. The corn/soybean meal based diet were used, containing 127 ppm of analysed iron. The iron supplementation did not affect the productive performance and internal and external eggs quality and analysed blood parameters . The content of iron egg yolk (mg/100g) increased linearly when iron supplementation increased in the diet at the level of 80 ppm, used in this research.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de ferro, proveniente do sulfato ferroso (26% de ferro), em ração à base de milho e farelo de soja, sobre o desempenho, qualidade do ovo, deposição de ferro na gema e parâmetros sangüíneos de poedeiras comerciais no segundo ciclo de produção. Foram utilizadas 240 poedeiras comerciais Lohmann-LSL, oriundas de plantel comercial e submetidas a muda forçada com 72 semanas de idade, alojadas em galpão convencional de postura, em uma densidade de três aves por gaiola (25 x 45 x 40 cm). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos constando níveis de 0, 20, 40, 60 e 80 ppm de ferro suplementar, com quatro repetições de 12 aves, e três períodos de avaliações de 28 dias cada. A ração utilizada foi à base de milho e farelo de soja, contendo 127 ppm de ferro analisado. A suplementação de ferro não interferiu no desempenho, na qualidade interna e externa dos ovos e nos parâmetros sangüíneos das poedeiras. O conteúdo de ferro na gema (mg/100g) elevou-se linearmente quando houve aumento da suplementação deste até o nível de 80 ppm, utilizado no presente trabalho.