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1.
Front Psychiatry ; 13: 941808, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35966468

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the demographic, clinical and cognitive correlates of functional capacity and its awareness in people with dementia (PwD; n = 104), mild cognitive impairment (PwMCI; n = 45) and controls (healthy older adults; n = 94) in a sample from a middle-income country. Methods: Dementia and MCI were diagnosed, respectively, with DSM-IV and Petersen criteria. Performance in activities of daily living (ADL) at three different levels [basic (The Katz Index of Independence), instrumental (Lawton instrumental ADL scale) and advanced (Reuben's advanced ADL scale)], measured through self- and informant-report, as well as awareness (discrepancy between self- and informant-report), were compared between groups. Stepwise regression models explored predictors of ADL and their awareness. Results: PwD showed impairment in all ADL levels, particularly when measured through informant-report. No differences were seen between controls and PwMCI regardless of measurement type. PwD differed in awareness of instrumental and basic, but not of advanced ADL, compared to controls. Age, gender, education and fluency were the most consistent predictors for ADL. Diagnosis was a significant predictor only for instrumental ADL. Awareness of basic ADL was predicted by memory, and awareness of instrumental ADL was predicted by general cognitive status, educational level, and diagnosis. Conclusion: Results reinforce the presence of lack of awareness of ADL in PwD. Use of informant-reports and cognitive testing for fluency are suggested for the clinical assessment of ADL performance. Finally, assessment of instrumental ADL may be crucial for diagnostic purposes.

3.
Dement Neuropsychol ; 15(3): 366-372, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34630925

ABSTRACT

The ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) is an important marker within the aging process, as it reflects the level of independence to perform in the real world. However, there is a scarcity of studies that investigate the different performance profiles among older adults. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the heterogeneity present in the community of elderly people, grouping them based on characteristics and patterns observed through an objective performance-based assessment. METHODS: Participants were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: fluency in Portuguese, 360 years, regular participation in a social program offered by the government of Rio de Janeiro, and absence of a caregiver. The evaluation of IADLs was determined by the total and brief version of the University of California, San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA) and the Lawton and Brody IADL scale. The Brief Cognitive Screening Battery and the Mini-Mental State Examination were used to characterize the sample, in addition to the Geriatric Depression Scale. A total of 61 elderly people with an average age of 72.5 years, predominantly females (85.2%), and average education of 11.2 were evaluated and grouped according to their performance at UPSA through clustering analysis. RESULTS: The analysis revealed three grouping patterns, subdividing the sample into subgroups that differed significantly in terms of age, education, global cognition, and all instrumental activities assessed by UPSA - planning, finance, communication, transportation, and household chores. CONCLUSIONS: This study was able to identify the heterogeneity present between the elderly people in the different factors that compose the IADLs through a performance-based assessment.


A capacidade para realização das atividades instrumentais da vida diária (AIVDs) é um importante marcador no envelhecimento, uma vez que reflete o grau de independência para atuação no mundo real. No entanto, há uma escassez de estudos que se proponham a investigar os diferentes perfis de desempenho entre idosos. OBJETIVO: Investigar a heterogeneidade presente em idosos da comunidade, agrupando-os a partir de características e padrões observados através de uma avaliação objetiva baseada em desempenho. MÉTODOS: Participantes foram selecionados conforme critérios de inclusão: ter fluência no Português; ter 60 ou mais anos; participar de forma regular no programa de casas de convivência do Rio de Janeiro e não possuir cuidador. A avaliação das AIVDs foi determinada pela versão total e breve do The University of California, San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA) e pela escala AIVD de Lawton e Brody. A Bateria Breve de Rastreio Cognitivo e o Miniexame do Estado Mental foram utilizados para caracterização da amostra, além da Escala de Depressão Geriátrica. Um total de 61 idosos com idade média de 72,5 anos, predominantemente do sexo feminino (85,2%) e escolaridade média de 11,2 foram avaliados e agrupados de acordo com o seu desempenho no UPSA por meio de uma análise de cluster. RESULTADOS: A análise revelou três padrões de agrupamento, subdividindo a amostra em subgrupos que se diferenciaram significativamente em termos de idade, escolaridade, cognição global e todas as atividades instrumentais avaliadas pelo UPSA ­ planejamento, finanças, comunicação, transporte e habilidades domésticas. CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo foi capaz de identificar a heterogeneidade presente na população idosa entre os diferentes fatores que compõe as AIVDs por meio de uma avaliação baseada em desempenho.

4.
Dement. neuropsychol ; 15(3): 366-372, Sept. 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1339788

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) is an important marker within the aging process, as it reflects the level of independence to perform in the real world. However, there is a scarcity of studies that investigate the different performance profiles among older adults. Objective: To investigate the heterogeneity present in the community of elderly people, grouping them based on characteristics and patterns observed through an objective performance-based assessment. Methods: Participants were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: fluency in Portuguese, 360 years, regular participation in a social program offered by the government of Rio de Janeiro, and absence of a caregiver. The evaluation of IADLs was determined by the total and brief version of the University of California, San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA) and the Lawton and Brody IADL scale. The Brief Cognitive Screening Battery and the Mini-Mental State Examination were used to characterize the sample, in addition to the Geriatric Depression Scale. A total of 61 elderly people with an average age of 72.5 years, predominantly females (85.2%), and average education of 11.2 were evaluated and grouped according to their performance at UPSA through clustering analysis. Results: The analysis revealed three grouping patterns, subdividing the sample into subgroups that differed significantly in terms of age, education, global cognition, and all instrumental activities assessed by UPSA — planning, finance, communication, transportation, and household chores. Conclusions: This study was able to identify the heterogeneity present between the elderly people in the different factors that compose the IADLs through a performance-based assessment.


RESUMO A capacidade para realização das atividades instrumentais da vida diária (AIVDs) é um importante marcador no envelhecimento, uma vez que reflete o grau de independência para atuação no mundo real. No entanto, há uma escassez de estudos que se proponham a investigar os diferentes perfis de desempenho entre idosos. Objetivo: Investigar a heterogeneidade presente em idosos da comunidade, agrupando-os a partir de características e padrões observados através de uma avaliação objetiva baseada em desempenho. Métodos: Participantes foram selecionados conforme critérios de inclusão: ter fluência no Português; ter 60 ou mais anos; participar de forma regular no programa de casas de convivência do Rio de Janeiro e não possuir cuidador. A avaliação das AIVDs foi determinada pela versão total e breve do The University of California, San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA) e pela escala AIVD de Lawton e Brody. A Bateria Breve de Rastreio Cognitivo e o Miniexame do Estado Mental foram utilizados para caracterização da amostra, além da Escala de Depressão Geriátrica. Um total de 61 idosos com idade média de 72,5 anos, predominantemente do sexo feminino (85,2%) e escolaridade média de 11,2 foram avaliados e agrupados de acordo com o seu desempenho no UPSA por meio de uma análise de cluster. Resultados: A análise revelou três padrões de agrupamento, subdividindo a amostra em subgrupos que se diferenciaram significativamente em termos de idade, escolaridade, cognição global e todas as atividades instrumentais avaliadas pelo UPSA — planejamento, finanças, comunicação, transporte e habilidades domésticas. Conclusões: O presente estudo foi capaz de identificar a heterogeneidade presente na população idosa entre os diferentes fatores que compõe as AIVDs por meio de uma avaliação baseada em desempenho.


Subject(s)
Humans , Population Characteristics , Aged , Physical Functional Performance , Cluster Analysis
5.
Dement Neuropsychol ; 15(2): 173-185, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34345358

ABSTRACT

Diagnosis of cognitive impairment is usually difficult in low-educated individuals. The Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB) was designed as a screening tool for the evaluation of cognitive impairment in low-educated individuals, but it may also be used for evaluating individuals with high educational level. OBJECTIVES: To perform a narrative review analyzing the origin of the BCSB, to report all studies that have used the Figure Memory Test (FMT) of the BCSB, and to demonstrate that it is a useful battery for regions where populations have heterogeneous educational background. METHODS: We performed a search in PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS using the terms "Brief Cognitive Screening Battery" and "Brief Cognitive Battery". RESULTS: We obtained 49 papers from PubMed, 32 from SciELO, and 28 from LILACS. After the exclusion of duplicate papers, 54 publications were obtained; five more studies were included from previous knowledge of the authors. Twenty-four papers were related to the impact of education on performance, diagnostic accuracy, cutoff scores and normative studies. The delayed recall of the FMT showed the best accuracy for the diagnosis of dementia with a cutoff score of ≤5 in different education levels. In 35 papers, the FMT of the BCSB was used in clinical studies with different settings, from outpatient memory clinics to epidemiological studies and evaluation of Amazon river basin dwelling individuals, and it was always considered to be easy to apply. CONCLUSIONS: The FMT of the BCSB is an easy and short tool for the diagnosis of dementia in populations with heterogeneous educational background.


O diagnóstico de comprometimento cognitivo costuma ser difícil em indivíduos de baixa escolaridade. A Bateria Breve de Rastreio Cognitivo (BBRC) foi elaborada como uma ferramenta de triagem para avaliação do comprometimento cognitivo em indivíduos de baixa escolaridade, mas também pode ser utilizada para avaliar indivíduos com alto nível educacional. OBJETIVOS: Realizar uma revisão narrativa da origem da BBRC, relatar todos os estudos que utilizaram o Teste de Memória de Figuras (TMF) da BBRC e demonstrar que essa é uma bateria útil para regiões cuja população possui formação educacional heterogênea. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma busca no PubMed, SciELO e LILACS utilizando os termos "Brief Cognitive Screening Battery" e "Brief Cognitive Battery". RESULTADOS: Um total de 49 artigos no PubMed, 32 na SciELO e 28 na LILACS foram obtidos. Após a exclusão de artigos duplicados, totalizaram-se 54 publicações; mais cinco estudos foram incluídos com base no conhecimento prévio dos autores. Vinte e quatro artigos foram relacionados ao impacto da educação no desempenho, à precisão, pontuações de corte e estudos normativos. A recordação diferida do TMF mostrou a melhor precisão para o diagnóstico de demência com uma pontuação de corte de ≤5 em diferentes níveis educacionais. Em 37 artigos, o TMF da BBRC foi utilizado em estudos clínicos em diferentes ambientes, de ambulatórios de clínicas especializadas a estudos epidemiológicos e na avaliação de indivíduos residentes nas margens de rios da bacia amazônica, e sempre foi considerado de fácil aplicação. CONCLUSÕES: O TMF da BBRC é uma ferramenta simples e rápida para o diagnóstico de demência em população com heterogeneidade educacional.

6.
Dement. neuropsychol ; 15(2): 173-185, Apr.-June 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1286204

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT. Diagnosis of cognitive impairment is usually difficult in low-educated individuals. The Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB) was designed as a screening tool for the evaluation of cognitive impairment in low-educated individuals, but it may also be used for evaluating individuals with high educational level. Objectives: To perform a narrative review analyzing the origin of the BCSB, to report all studies that have used the Figure Memory Test (FMT) of the BCSB, and to demonstrate that it is a useful battery for regions where populations have heterogeneous educational background. Methods: We performed a search in PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS using the terms "Brief Cognitive Screening Battery" and "Brief Cognitive Battery". Results: We obtained 49 papers from PubMed, 32 from SciELO, and 28 from LILACS. After the exclusion of duplicate papers, 54 publications were obtained; five more studies were included from previous knowledge of the authors. Twenty-four papers were related to the impact of education on performance, diagnostic accuracy, cutoff scores and normative studies. The delayed recall of the FMT showed the best accuracy for the diagnosis of dementia with a cutoff score of ≤5 in different education levels. In 35 papers, the FMT of the BCSB was used in clinical studies with different settings, from outpatient memory clinics to epidemiological studies and evaluation of Amazon river basin dwelling individuals, and it was always considered to be easy to apply. Conclusions: The FMT of the BCSB is an easy and short tool for the diagnosis of dementia in populations with heterogeneous educational background.


RESUMO. O diagnóstico de comprometimento cognitivo costuma ser difícil em indivíduos de baixa escolaridade. A Bateria Breve de Rastreio Cognitivo (BBRC) foi elaborada como uma ferramenta de triagem para avaliação do comprometimento cognitivo em indivíduos de baixa escolaridade, mas também pode ser utilizada para avaliar indivíduos com alto nível educacional. Objetivos: Realizar uma revisão narrativa da origem da BBRC, relatar todos os estudos que utilizaram o Teste de Memória de Figuras (TMF) da BBRC e demonstrar que essa é uma bateria útil para regiões cuja população possui formação educacional heterogênea. Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca no PubMed, SciELO e LILACS utilizando os termos "Brief Cognitive Screening Battery" e "Brief Cognitive Battery". Resultados: Um total de 49 artigos no PubMed, 32 na SciELO e 28 na LILACS foram obtidos. Após a exclusão de artigos duplicados, totalizaram-se 54 publicações; mais cinco estudos foram incluídos com base no conhecimento prévio dos autores. Vinte e quatro artigos foram relacionados ao impacto da educação no desempenho, à precisão, pontuações de corte e estudos normativos. A recordação diferida do TMF mostrou a melhor precisão para o diagnóstico de demência com uma pontuação de corte de ≤5 em diferentes níveis educacionais. Em 37 artigos, o TMF da BBRC foi utilizado em estudos clínicos em diferentes ambientes, de ambulatórios de clínicas especializadas a estudos epidemiológicos e na avaliação de indivíduos residentes nas margens de rios da bacia amazônica, e sempre foi considerado de fácil aplicação. Conclusões: O TMF da BBRC é uma ferramenta simples e rápida para o diagnóstico de demência em população com heterogeneidade educacional.


Subject(s)
Humans , Dementia , Education , Alzheimer Disease , Cognitive Dysfunction
7.
Psicol. clín ; 32(3): 577-598, set.-dez. 2020. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, Index Psychology - journals | ID: biblio-1149487

ABSTRACT

The research describes the development of the Phone Screening Interview (PSI) for screening for Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) symptoms. Thirty-seven parents of ASD children (2 to 12 years old) from the Applied Psychology Service of PUC-Rio were interviewed. The children were evaluated by psychiatrists and the CARS scale was applied to determine the severity of the disorder. Multivariate descriptive and inferential statistical analyses (ANOVA and hierarchical clusters) were performed. The results indicate that performance in PSI is invariant regarding age, education, severity, and linguistic and motor development. Cluster analysis for variables uncovered a grouping of social communication symptoms and another of stereotyped pattern ones. Cluster analysis of parents' responses in PSI found two groups that differ in the degree of difficulty in communication and social skills. In conclusion, PSI is shown as: (1) easy to apply; (2) brief; (3) encompassing a broad age range (2 to 12 years); (4) applicable to mild to moderate ASD symptoms; (5) including verbal and nonverbal children; (6) consistent with DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. The study discusses the accuracy of the caregiver's perception regarding signs of ASD, as well as the heterogeneity of the ASD phenotype.


A pesquisa descreve o desenvolvimento da Phone Screening Interview (PSI) para detecção telefônica de sintomas do Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). Trinta e sete pais de crianças (2 a 12 anos) com TEA do Serviço de Psicologia Aplicada da PUC-Rio foram entrevistados. As crianças foram avaliadas por psiquiatras e a escala CARS foi aplicada para determinar a gravidade do transtorno. Análises estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais multivariadas (ANOVA e conglomerados hierárquicos) foram realizadas. Os resultados apontam que o desempenho na PSI não varia em função da idade, escolaridade, gravidade e desenvolvimento linguístico ou motor. A análise de conglomerado para variáveis mostrou um agrupamento de sintomas de comunicação social e outro de padrão estereotipado. A análise de conglomerado das respostas dos pais na PSI mostrou dois grupos que diferem no grau de dificuldade nas habilidades comunicativas e sociais. Concluindo, a PSI mostrou-se: (1) de fácil aplicação; (2) breve; (3) abrangendo faixa etária ampla (2 a 12 anos); (4) aplicável a sintomas de TEA leves a moderados; (5) incluindo crianças verbais e não verbais; (6) consistente com os critérios diagnósticos do DSM-5. O estudo discute a precisão da percepção do cuidador quanto aos sintomas de alerta centrais, bem como a heterogeneidade do fenótipo de TEA.


La investigación describe el desarrollo de la Phone Screening Interview (PSI) para la detección telefónica de los síntomas de los Trastornos del Espectro Autista (TEA). Se entrevistó a 37 padres de niños (de 2 a 12 años) con TEA del Servicio de Psicología Aplicada de la PUC-Rio. Los niños fueron evaluados por psiquiatras y se aplicó la escala CARS para definir la gravedad del trastorno. Se realizaron análisis estadísticos descriptivos e inferenciales multivariados (ANOVA y conglomerados jerárquicos). Los resultados muestran que el rendimiento en la PSI no varía según la edad, la educación, la gravedad y el desarrollo lingüístico o motor. El análisis de conglomerado para las variables mostró una agrupación de los síntomas de los medios de comunicación y otra de los patrones estereotipados. El análisis de conglomerado de las respuestas de los padres en la PSI mostró dos grupos que difieren en el grado de dificultad en las habilidades sociales y de comunicación. En conclusión, la PSI resultó: (1) fácil de aplicar; (2) breve; (3) con amplio rango de edad (2 a 12 años); (4) aplicable a síntomas de TEA de leves a moderados; (5) incluyendo niños verbales y no verbales; (6) consistente con los criterios de diagnóstico del DSM-5. El estudio discute la exactitud de la percepción del cuidador respecto a los síntomas centrales de alerta, además de la heterogeneidad del fenotipo de TEA.

8.
Dement Neuropsychol ; 13(4): 367-377, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31844489

ABSTRACT

The impairments in cognitive functions such as memory, executive function, visuospatial skills and language in Parkinson's disease (PD) are drawing increasing attention in the current literature. Studies dedicated to investigating the relationship between subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) and cognitive functioning are contradictory. This systematic review aims to analyze the impact on the cognitive functioning of patients with PD and STN-DBS. Articles published in the 2007-2017 period were retrieved from the Medline/Pubmed databases using PRISMA criteria. The analysis of 27 articles revealed many conflicting results, precluding a consensus on a cognitive functioning standard and hampering the establishment of a neuropsychological profile for PD patients who underwent STN-DBS surgery. Further studies investigating this relationship are needed.


As deficiências nas funções cognitivas, como memória, função executiva, habilidades visuoespaciais e linguagem na doença de Parkinson (DP), estão cada vez mais chamando a atenção na literatura atual. Estudos dedicados a investigar a relação entre a estimulação cerebral profunda do núcleo subtalâmico (ECP-NST) e o funcionamento cognitivo são contraditórios. Esta revisão sistemática tem como objetivo analisar o impacto no funcionamento cognitivo de pacientes com DP e ECP-NST. Os artigos foram coletados nas bases de dados Medline / Pubmed publicadas no período de 2007-2017, utilizando os critérios do PRISMA. Após a análise de 27 artigos observou-se muitos resultados opostos, não sendo possível convencionar um padrão de funcionamento cognitivo o que dificulta o estabelecimento de um perfil neuropsicológico para pacientes com essa doença que foram submetidos à cirurgia de ECP-NST, sendo necessários mais estudos.

9.
Dement. neuropsychol ; 13(4): 367-377, Oct.-Dec. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1056011

ABSTRACT

Abstract The impairments in cognitive functions such as memory, executive function, visuospatial skills and language in Parkinson's disease (PD) are drawing increasing attention in the current literature. Studies dedicated to investigating the relationship between subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) and cognitive functioning are contradictory. This systematic review aims to analyze the impact on the cognitive functioning of patients with PD and STN-DBS. Articles published in the 2007-2017 period were retrieved from the Medline/Pubmed databases using PRISMA criteria. The analysis of 27 articles revealed many conflicting results, precluding a consensus on a cognitive functioning standard and hampering the establishment of a neuropsychological profile for PD patients who underwent STN-DBS surgery. Further studies investigating this relationship are needed.


Resumo As deficiências nas funções cognitivas, como memória, função executiva, habilidades visuoespaciais e linguagem na doença de Parkinson (DP), estão cada vez mais chamando a atenção na literatura atual. Estudos dedicados a investigar a relação entre a estimulação cerebral profunda do núcleo subtalâmico (ECP-NST) e o funcionamento cognitivo são contraditórios. Esta revisão sistemática tem como objetivo analisar o impacto no funcionamento cognitivo de pacientes com DP e ECP-NST. Os artigos foram coletados nas bases de dados Medline / Pubmed publicadas no período de 2007-2017, utilizando os critérios do PRISMA. Após a análise de 27 artigos observou-se muitos resultados opostos, não sendo possível convencionar um padrão de funcionamento cognitivo o que dificulta o estabelecimento de um perfil neuropsicológico para pacientes com essa doença que foram submetidos à cirurgia de ECP-NST, sendo necessários mais estudos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Parkinson Disease , Cognition , Subthalamic Nucleus , Deep Brain Stimulation
10.
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry ; 33(6): 807-813, 2018 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28786127

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have indicated that dementia and depression have a considerable impact on the functional capacity of older adults, also influencing awareness about ability. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the impact of dementia, depression and awareness on activities of daily living (ADL) in a sample from a middle-income country. METHODS: The current study explored impairments in basic, instrumental and advanced ADL using a factorial design comparing four groups: people with dementia and depression, people with dementia without depression, older adults with depression but no dementia and healthy older adults. For each type of ADL, self-report and informant report was contrasted in order to investigate the issue of lack of awareness in relation to ADL. RESULTS: Results indicate that dementia is associated with impairments in all types of ADL. Advanced ADL were also reduced in depressed participants. In addition, in the case of instrumental and basic ADL, informant report indicated less preserved abilities than participant self-report, particularly in people with dementia. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the importance of developing interventions and compensatory strategies to prevent loss of ADL in dementia, also suggesting that early intervention in older adults with depression should focus on advanced ADL to prevent social isolation and withdrawal. Finally, the findings indicate that self-information about ADL may be compromised in dementia, so clinicians exploring disability should consider fully different aspects of ADL in this group. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Subject(s)
Activities of Daily Living/psychology , Awareness , Dementia/psychology , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brazil , Case-Control Studies , Developing Countries , Disabled Persons , Female , Humans , Income , Male
11.
Psico USF ; 21(2): 293-304, May.-Aug. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | Index Psychology - journals | ID: psi-69622

ABSTRACT

Abstract This study investigated the performance of children from the Brazilian Northeast region, from 7 to 10 years in phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks. The participants were 102 subjects (62 girls and 40 boys) who performed three phonemic and three semantic fluency tasks. The results were submitted to correlational and variance analysis to investigate the influence of the variables age and gender on the subjects performance. There was no effect of gender on the results. Significant contrasts between age groups were found, and better performance was observed on phonemic tasks. Also, the performance in this task changed along development, in contrast to what happened with the semantic fluency. The findings seem to be in accordance to neurodevelopmental aspects, taken into account that explicit memory systems show more precocious maturational course, with earlier consolidation, in comparison to the executive functions and frontal lobes, which go on developing until adult ages.


Resumo O presente estudo investigou o desempenho de crianças da região Nordeste, entre 7 e 10 anos, em tarefas de fluência verbal fonológica e semântica. Participaram da pesquisa 102 sujeitos de ambos os sexos, os quais realizaram três tarefas de fluência fonológica e três de fluência semântica. Os dados encontrados foram submetidos a análises correlacionais e de variância, considerando a influência das variáveis idade e sexo sobre o desempenho dos participantes. Não houve efeito do sexo sobre o desempenho das crianças. Contrastes significativos entre as faixas etárias foram verificados, observando-se melhor desempenho nas tarefas do componente fonológico com o avanço da idade e em comparação com o semântico. Os resultados encontrados parecem estar respaldados por aspectos neurodesenvolvimentais, visto que os sistemas de memória explícita apresentam curso maturacional mais precoce e de consolidação anterior em relação às funções executivas e os lobos frontais, cujo desenvolvimento se estende à idade adulta.


Resumen El presente estudio investigó el desempeño de 102 niños de la región nordeste, entre 7 y 10 años, en tareas de fluidez verbal fonética y semántica. Participaron 102 sujetos de ambos sexos, que realizaron tres tareas de fluencia fonética y tres de fluencia semántica. Los datos encontrados fueron sometidos a análisis correlacionales y de varianza, teniendo en cuenta la influencia de las variables edad y sexo sobre el desempeño de los participantes. El sexo no influyó en el desempeño de los niños. Fueron verificados contrastes significativos entre las edades, con un mejor desempeño en tareas del componente fonológico a medida que avanza la edad comparándolo con el semántico. Los resultados encontrados parecen estar respaldados por aspectos neurológicos del desarrollo, dado que los sistemas de memoria explícita presentan un proceso de maduración más precoz y de consolidación anterior en relación a las funciones ejecutivas y los lóbulos frontales, cuyo desarrollo se extiende a la edad adulta.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Neuropsychology , Child Development , Semantics , Analysis of Variance
12.
Psico USF ; 21(2): 293-304, mai.-ago. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-796185

ABSTRACT

Abstract This study investigated the performance of children from the Brazilian Northeast region, from 7 to 10 years in phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks. The participants were 102 subjects (62 girls and 40 boys) who performed three phonemic and three semantic fluency tasks. The results were submitted to correlational and variance analysis to investigate the influence of the variables age and gender on the subjects performance. There was no effect of gender on the results. Significant contrasts between age groups were found, and better performance was observed on phonemic tasks. Also, the performance in this task changed along development, in contrast to what happened with the semantic fluency. The findings seem to be in accordance to neurodevelopmental aspects, taken into account that explicit memory systems show more precocious maturational course, with earlier consolidation, in comparison to the executive functions and frontal lobes, which go on developing until adult ages.


Resumo O presente estudo investigou o desempenho de crianças da região Nordeste, entre 7 e 10 anos, em tarefas de fluência verbal fonológica e semântica. Participaram da pesquisa 102 sujeitos de ambos os sexos, os quais realizaram três tarefas de fluência fonológica e três de fluência semântica. Os dados encontrados foram submetidos a análises correlacionais e de variância, considerando a influência das variáveis idade e sexo sobre o desempenho dos participantes. Não houve efeito do sexo sobre o desempenho das crianças. Contrastes significativos entre as faixas etárias foram verificados, observando-se melhor desempenho nas tarefas do componente fonológico com o avanço da idade e em comparação com o semântico. Os resultados encontrados parecem estar respaldados por aspectos neurodesenvolvimentais, visto que os sistemas de memória explícita apresentam curso maturacional mais precoce e de consolidação anterior em relação às funções executivas e os lobos frontais, cujo desenvolvimento se estende à idade adulta.


Resumen El presente estudio investigó el desempeño de 102 niños de la región nordeste, entre 7 y 10 años, en tareas de fluidez verbal fonética y semántica. Participaron 102 sujetos de ambos sexos, que realizaron tres tareas de fluencia fonética y tres de fluencia semántica. Los datos encontrados fueron sometidos a análisis correlacionales y de varianza, teniendo en cuenta la influencia de las variables edad y sexo sobre el desempeño de los participantes. El sexo no influyó en el desempeño de los niños. Fueron verificados contrastes significativos entre las edades, con un mejor desempeño en tareas del componente fonológico a medida que avanza la edad comparándolo con el semántico. Los resultados encontrados parecen estar respaldados por aspectos neurológicos del desarrollo, dado que los sistemas de memoria explícita presentan un proceso de maduración más precoz y de consolidación anterior en relación a las funciones ejecutivas y los lóbulos frontales, cuyo desarrollo se extiende a la edad adulta.

13.
Temas psicol. (Online) ; 22(3): 539-553, dez. 2014. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-777756

ABSTRACT

There is increasing use of technological innovations in assessment and neuropsychological rehabilitation in research and clinical practice. Thus, the purpose of this narrative review is to present what and how new technologies has been historically embedded in clinical and experimental neuropsychology, with a demonstrated academic production increased in the last 10 years. The literature presents that neuropsychological assessment highlights the use of computerized versions of instruments which traditionally are used in pencil and paper; cognitive simulations, artificial intelligence, and problem solving tasks. However, computerized tests are the most established technologies in this field. Further, a considerable part of the studies are performed in adults and elderly people, but few validations in children. In rehabilitation, the use of new technologies is more diversified, such as electronic devices and cell phones, tablet computers, video games, virtual reality, robots, and videofeedback neurofeedback, transcranial direct current stimulation, among others. In neuropsychological rehabilitation, the new technologies have facilitated the development of compensatory strategies and real-world simulations. From this review we discuss the new possibilities of technological interfaces in neuropsychology, as well the need for development and validation of computerized batteries and more dynamic and versatile rehabilitation protocols.


Nas últimas décadas, observa-se um crescente uso de inovações tecnológicas na avaliação e reabilitação neuropsicológica em pesquisas e na prática clínica. Sendo assim, o objetivo da presente revisão narrativa é apresentar quais são e como as novas tecnologias vem sendo inseridas historicamente na neuropsicologia clínica e experimental, com um aumento da produção acadêmica evidenciada nos últimos 10 anos. A literatura evidencia que a avaliação neuropsicológica destaca o uso de versões computadorizadas de instrumentos, que tradicionalmente utilizavam o lápis e papel; simulações cognitivas; inteligência artificial; e tarefas de resolução de problemas. Contudo, a que se mostra mais consolidada é o uso de baterias de testes computadorizados. Além disso, uma parte considerável de estudos é feito com adultos e idosos, sendo as validações para crianças mais escassas. Na reabilitação, o uso de inovações tecnológicas se mostra mais diversificado, tais como a utilização de dispositivos eletrônicos e celulares, computadores e tablets, videogames, realidade virtual, robôs, videofeedback e neurofeedback, estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua e direta, entre outros. Na reabilitação neuropsicológica, as novas tecnologias têm facilitado o desenvolvimento de estratégias compensatórias e simulações de situações do cotidiano. A partir desta revisão discute-se sobre as novas possibilidades das interfaces tecnológicas na neuropsicologia bem como a necessidade do desenvolvimento e validação de baterias computadorizadas e protocolos de reabilitação mais dinâmicos e versáteis.


En las últimas décadas, hay un uso creciente de las innovaciones tecnológicas en la evaluación y rehabilitación neuropsicológica en la práctica clínica y la investigación. Por lo tanto, el propósito de esta revisión narrativa es presentar qué y cómo las nuevas tecnologías se han incorporado históricamente en neuropsicología clínica y experimental, con una producción académica demostrada aumentado en los ultimos 10 años. La literatura muestra que o más consolidado es el uso de baterías de pruebas computarizadas. Además, una parte considerable de los estudios se realizan con los adultos y ancianos, y con los ninos una validacion escasa. En la rehabilitación, la utilización de innovaciones tecnológicas se muestra más diversificada. Los estudios apuntan a utilizar: los dispositivos electrónicos y teléfonos celulares, y computadoras tablet, videojuegos, realidad virtual, robots y neurofeedback videofeedback, estimulación transcraneal de corriente continua y directa, entre otros. En la rehabilitación neuropsicológica, las nuevas tecnologías han facilitado el desarrollo de estrategias de compensación, simulaciones de situaciones reales. De esta revisión se discute que otros estudios deben llevarse a cabo para el desarrollo y validación de constructo de las baterías computarizadas y protocolos de rehabilitación que utilizan las nuevas tecnologías de tratamiento de la información y la comunicación.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adult , Aged , Technological Development , Nervous System Diseases/rehabilitation , Neuropsychology , Rehabilitation , Technology
14.
Temas psicol. (Online) ; 22(3): 539-553, dez. 2014. ilus
Article in English | Index Psychology - journals | ID: psi-65579

ABSTRACT

There is increasing use of technological innovations in assessment and neuropsychological rehabilitation in research and clinical practice. Thus, the purpose of this narrative review is to present what and how new technologies has been historically embedded in clinical and experimental neuropsychology, with a demonstrated academic production increased in the last 10 years. The literature presents that neuropsychological assessment highlights the use of computerized versions of instruments which traditionally are used in pencil and paper; cognitive simulations, artificial intelligence, and problem solving tasks. However, computerized tests are the most established technologies in this field. Further, a considerable part of the studies are performed in adults and elderly people, but few validations in children. In rehabilitation, the use of new technologies is more diversified, such as electronic devices and cell phones, tablet computers, video games, virtual reality, robots, and videofeedback neurofeedback, transcranial direct current stimulation, among others. In neuropsychological rehabilitation, the new technologies have facilitated the development of compensatory strategies and real-world simulations. From this review we discuss the new possibilities of technological interfaces in neuropsychology, as well the need for development and validation of computerized batteries and more dynamic and versatile rehabilitation protocols.(AU)


Nas últimas décadas, observa-se um crescente uso de inovações tecnológicas na avaliação e reabilitação neuropsicológica em pesquisas e na prática clínica. Sendo assim, o objetivo da presente revisão narrativa é apresentar quais são e como as novas tecnologias vem sendo inseridas historicamente na neuropsicologia clínica e experimental, com um aumento da produção acadêmica evidenciada nos últimos 10 anos. A literatura evidencia que a avaliação neuropsicológica destaca o uso de versões computadorizadas de instrumentos, que tradicionalmente utilizavam o lápis e papel; simulações cognitivas; inteligência artificial; e tarefas de resolução de problemas. Contudo, a que se mostra mais consolidada é o uso de baterias de testes computadorizados. Além disso, uma parte considerável de estudos é feito com adultos e idosos, sendo as validações para crianças mais escassas. Na reabilitação, o uso de inovações tecnológicas se mostra mais diversificado, tais como a utilização de dispositivos eletrônicos e celulares, computadores e tablets, videogames, realidade virtual, robôs, videofeedback e neurofeedback, estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua e direta, entre outros. Na reabilitação neuropsicológica, as novas tecnologias têm facilitado o desenvolvimento de estratégias compensatórias e simulações de situações do cotidiano. A partir desta revisão discute-se sobre as novas possibilidades das interfaces tecnológicas na neuropsicologia bem como a necessidade do desenvolvimento e validação de baterias computadorizadas e protocolos de reabilitação mais dinâmicos e versáteis.(AU)


En las últimas décadas, hay un uso creciente de las innovaciones tecnológicas en la evaluación y rehabilitación neuropsicológica en la práctica clínica y la investigación. Por lo tanto, el propósito de esta revisión narrativa es presentar qué y cómo las nuevas tecnologías se han incorporado históricamente en neuropsicología clínica y experimental, con una producción académica demostrada aumentado en los ultimos 10 años. La literatura muestra que o más consolidado es el uso de baterías de pruebas computarizadas. Además, una parte considerable de los estudios se realizan con los adultos y ancianos, y con los ninos una validacion escasa. En la rehabilitación, la utilización de innovaciones tecnológicas se muestra más diversificada. Los estudios apuntan a utilizar: los dispositivos electrónicos y teléfonos celulares, y computadoras tablet, videojuegos, realidad virtual, robots y neurofeedback videofeedback, estimulación transcraneal de corriente continua y directa, entre otros. En la rehabilitación neuropsicológica, las nuevas tecnologías han facilitado el desarrollo de estrategias de compensación, simulaciones de situaciones reales. De esta revisión se discute que otros estudios deben llevarse a cabo para el desarrollo y validación de constructo de las baterías computarizadas y protocolos de rehabilitación que utilizan las nuevas tecnologías de tratamiento de la información y la comunicación. (AU).


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adult , Aged , Technological Development , Technology , Neuropsychology , Rehabilitation , Nervous System Diseases/rehabilitation
15.
Ann Indian Acad Neurol ; 17(1): 71-6, 2014 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24753664

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: A number of studies have shown the impact of cognitive abilities on instrumental activities of daily living, in particular executive functions. Nevertheless, it is not clear to what extent these results can be generalized, given that most samples studied have not included people with a low educational level. OBJECTIVES: The current study aims to investigate the association between cognitive abilities and activities of daily living in older adults - with and without dementia - from a middle-income country. SAMPLE: The sample consisted of 48 healthy older adults and 29 people with dementia, who were evaluated in an Outpatient Care Unit in a University Reference Center in Rio de Janeiro. RESULTS: Regression analyses indicated that the best predictors for activities of daily living were performance in immediate verbal memory in the case of controls and in a categorical fluency task in the patient group. The educational level itself was not a significant predictor of functional ability in either sample, but showed moderate correlation with the predictors. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that educational level may be a mediating factor in the association of cognitive variables and activities of daily living, and indicate a potential dissociation in terms of predictors according to the diagnostic status, pointing to relevant treatment directions.

16.
Psychol. neurosci. (Impr.) ; 4(2): 245-253, 2011. ilus, tab
Article in English | Index Psychology - journals | ID: psi-51921

ABSTRACT

Dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease, has a high prevalence in the elderly population. Therefore, identifying individuals who are at a high risk for early diagnosis is crucial to allow both pharmacological and behavioral therapeutic interventions, which in some cases can delay the progression of dementia. This paper describes neuropsychological and neurobiological markers for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and presents the main risk factors, including neuropathological, neuroanatomical, neurofunctional, genetic, and neuropsychological. The literature shows that the combination of these markers is the best method for predicting Alzheimer's disease, years before its clinical manifestation. The most prevalent neurobiological and neuropsychological risk factors include (1) senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the medial temporal lobe and cortical regions, (2) low concentrations of Aâ1-42 peptide and high concentrations of total tau protein and phosphorylated tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid, (3) reduced global cerebral volume, increased ventricular volume, and atrophy in the hippocampal formation and entorhinal cortex, (4) global reductions in cerebral metabolism and perfusion in the temporoparietal junction, temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes, hippocampal formation, and posterior cingulate cortex, (5) the presence of the apolipoprotein E å4 allele, and (6) verbal anterograde episodic long-term memory impairment and executive dysfunction. The present review discusses the evidence for markers that identify individuals who are at a high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and the importance of longitudinal studies in this context.(AU)


Subject(s)
Risk Factors , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Biological Factors , Neuropsychology , Early Diagnosis , Longitudinal Studies
17.
Psychol. neurosci. (Impr.) ; 4(2): 245-253, 2011. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-611100

ABSTRACT

Dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease, has a high prevalence in the elderly population. Therefore, identifying individuals who are at a high risk for early diagnosis is crucial to allow both pharmacological and behavioral therapeutic interventions, which in some cases can delay the progression of dementia. This paper describes neuropsychological and neurobiological markers for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and presents the main risk factors, including neuropathological, neuroanatomical, neurofunctional, genetic, and neuropsychological. The literature shows that the combination of these markers is the best method for predicting Alzheimer's disease, years before its clinical manifestation. The most prevalent neurobiological and neuropsychological risk factors include (1) senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the medial temporal lobe and cortical regions, (2) low concentrations of Aâ1-42 peptide and high concentrations of total tau protein and phosphorylated tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid, (3) reduced global cerebral volume, increased ventricular volume, and atrophy in the hippocampal formation and entorhinal cortex, (4) global reductions in cerebral metabolism and perfusion in the temporoparietal junction, temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes, hippocampal formation, and posterior cingulate cortex, (5) the presence of the apolipoprotein E å4 allele, and (6) verbal anterograde episodic long-term memory impairment and executive dysfunction. The present review discusses the evidence for markers that identify individuals who are at a high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and the importance of longitudinal studies in this context.


Subject(s)
Biological Factors , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Early Diagnosis , Neuropsychology , Risk Factors , Longitudinal Studies
18.
Psychol. neurosci. (Impr.) ; 3(1): 79-84, Jan.-June 2010. tab
Article in English | Index Psychology - journals | ID: psi-50975

ABSTRACT

The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) is an episodic memory test that is influenced by demographic variables, such as age, education, and gender. Classic word list learning has also been well documented to be an experimental cognitive paradigm that is very useful for the detection of Alzheimer's disease. The present study analyzed the performance of healthy elderly subjects on the RAVLT, describing the effects of age, education, and gender. To verify its construct validity, the RAVLT was compared with delayed recall and recognition scores on the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (DR-BCSB). The sample comprised 183 cognitively healthy elderly subjects from outpatient care units of two university reference centers in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil. All participants were subjected to physical and neurological evaluation and neuropsychological assessment. Pearson's correlation and Student's t-test were used to investigate the influence of demographic variables on RAVLT performance. To verify convergent-type construct validity, a correlation between RAVLT and DR-BCSB scores was calculated. Significant correlations were found between age and ΣA1-A5 (r = -.383, p < .01), A5-A1 (r = -.054, p < .01), A7 (r = -.361, p < .01), and REC A (r = -.288, p < .01). Educational level correlated with ΣA1-A5 (r = .405, p < .01), A5-A1 (r = .184, p < .01), A7 (r = .334, p < .01), and REC A (r = .329, p < .01). No correlation was found between gender and RAVLT performance. A significant correlation was also found between RAVLT and DR-BCSB performance (r = .5, p < .01). These results revealed some normative data and convergent-type construct validity of the RAVLT for a Brazilian elderly population.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Reproducibility of Results , Neuropsychological Tests , Memory, Episodic , Brazil , Demography
19.
Psychol. neurosci. (Impr.) ; 3(1): 79-84, Jan.-June 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-604505

ABSTRACT

The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) is an episodic memory test that is influenced by demographic variables, such as age, education, and gender. Classic word list learning has also been well documented to be an experimental cognitive paradigm that is very useful for the detection of Alzheimer's disease. The present study analyzed the performance of healthy elderly subjects on the RAVLT, describing the effects of age, education, and gender. To verify its construct validity, the RAVLT was compared with delayed recall and recognition scores on the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (DR-BCSB). The sample comprised 183 cognitively healthy elderly subjects from outpatient care units of two university reference centers in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil. All participants were subjected to physical and neurological evaluation and neuropsychological assessment. Pearson's correlation and Student's t-test were used to investigate the influence of demographic variables on RAVLT performance. To verify convergent-type construct validity, a correlation between RAVLT and DR-BCSB scores was calculated. Significant correlations were found between age and ΣA1-A5 (r = -.383, p < .01), A5-A1 (r = -.054, p < .01), A7 (r = -.361, p < .01), and REC A (r = -.288, p < .01). Educational level correlated with ΣA1-A5 (r = .405, p < .01), A5-A1 (r = .184, p < .01), A7 (r = .334, p < .01), and REC A (r = .329, p < .01). No correlation was found between gender and RAVLT performance. A significant correlation was also found between RAVLT and DR-BCSB performance (r = .5, p < .01). These results revealed some normative data and convergent-type construct validity of the RAVLT for a Brazilian elderly population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Memory, Episodic , Neuropsychological Tests
20.
Dement Neuropsychol ; 3(1): 55-60, 2009.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29213611

ABSTRACT

Phonemic verbal fluency tests assess the production of words beginning with specific letters. Of these letters, the most frequently used are F, A and S. It is a sensitive test for assessing frontal lobe functions. OBJECTIVE: To provide normative data for the elderly Brazilian population on the FAS test and to investigate the effects of age and schooling on test performance. METHODS: The individuals were divided into three age groups (60-69, 70-79 and =80 years), and into four groups according to education (1-3, 4-7, 8-11 and 12 years). All subjects were assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination and the FAS. Data were analyzed with Student's t test, ANOVA, simple linear regression and Spearman's correlation. RESULTS: We evaluated 345 cognitively healthy volunteers, 66.66% being female, aged 60 to 93 years, with an educational level ranging from one to 24 years. The average (number of items) ±SD for the whole sample was 28.28±11.53. No significant effect of gender was observed (p=0.5). Performance on the MMSE and education exerted a direct influence on FAS scores (p<0.001), with education being the most significant factor. A positive correlation was found between FAS and the MMSE (r=0.404; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The performance of Brazilian elderly on the phonemic verbal fluency tests-FAS is significantly influenced by education, where individuals with higher educational level present better performance than those with fewer years of schooling. Age and gender did not prove significant with the FAS.


Testes de fluência verbal fonêmica avaliam a produção de palavras que se iniciam com determinadas letras. Destas, as mais utilizadas são F, A e S. É um teste sensível para avaliar funções do lobo frontal. OBJETIVO: Estabelecer dados normativos para a população idosa brasileira no teste de fluência verbal fonêmica FAS e investigar os efeitos da idade e escolaridade no mesmo teste. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Os sujeitos foram divididos em três grupos de idade (60­69, 70­79 e =80 anos) e quatro de escolaridade (1­3, 4­7, 8­11, ≥12 anos). Todos foram avaliados pelo Mini-Exame do Estado Mental e fluência verbal fonêmica FAS. Os dados foram analisados com o test t de Student, ANOVA, regressão linear simples e correlação de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 345 idosos cognitivamente saudáveis, 66,66% do gênero feminino, idade entre 60 e 93 anos e escolaridade entre 01 e 24 anos. A média (número de itens) ±DP na amostra toda foi 28.28±11.53. Não houve influência do gênero nos resultados (p=0.5). A performance no MEEM e o nível educacional exerceram influência direta nos escores do FAS (p<0.001), com a educação sendo o fator mais importante. Uma correlação positiva foi encontrada entre os escores no FAS e MEEM (r=0.404; p<0.001). CONCLUSÃO: O desempenho de idosos brasileiros no Teste de Fluência Verbal Fonêmica ­ FAS é significativamente influenciado pelo grau de escolaridade, com os indivíduos com nível educacional mais elevado apresentando desempenho superior àqueles com menos tempo de estudo formal. Idade e gênero não apresentaram significância com o FAS.

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