ABSTRACT
Mutant B.4.1 , generated via EMS mutagenesis in Drosophila melanogaster , was studied by undergraduate students participating in the Fly-CURE. After inducing genetically mosaic tissue in the adult eye, B.4.1 mutant tissue displays a robust increase in cell division and a rough appearance. Complementation mapping and sequence analysis identified a nonsense mutation in the gene CG1603 , which we named clifford ( cliff ) due to observed increases in red-pigmented mutant tissue compared to controls. cliff encodes a zinc finger-containing protein implicated in transcriptional control. RNAi knockdown of cliff similarly results in rough eyes, confirming a role for Cliff in eye development.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in blacks and Hispanics is well-described, but racial differences in the risk of Barrett's esophagus (BE) have not been directly studied. It is important to determine whether race and ethnicity can be identified as risk factors for the development of metaplasia, neoplastic progression, or both. METHODS: We performed a single center retrospective cross-sectional analysis of all patients who underwent upper endoscopy during a 1-year period. Patients with a prior endoscopy within 5 years or known BE or EAC were excluded. Suspected cases of BE were confirmed by pathology report. RESULTS: A total of 2100 patients met inclusion criteria. Whites (37.7%), blacks (11.8%), and Hispanics (22.2%) comprised the majority. Whites had a significantly higher prevalence of BE than Hispanics (6.1% vs 1.7%, P = .0002) and blacks (6.1% vs 1.6%, P = .004). In multivariable analysis, factors associated with decreased risk of BE were black race (odds ratio [OR], 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.97) and Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.18-0.84). Male sex (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.20-2.87), reflux symptoms (OR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.84-4.45), hiatal hernia (OR, 3.53; 95% CI, 2.17-5.72), and older age were associated with increased risk of BE. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients who undergo upper endoscopy, blacks and Hispanics have a significantly lower prevalence of BE compared with whites. These differences in prevalence are comparable to the relative incidence rates observed with EAC, implying that progression from BE to adenocarcinoma does not vary by race/ethnicity. Reasons for lower rates of BE in Hispanics and blacks need further investigation.
