The role of motivation and emotions in physical education: understanding academic achievement and the intention to be physically active.

Introduction: This study aims to understand how emotions and motivation influence the academic achievement of physical education (PE) students and their future intention to practice physical activity (PA). Despite the influence on student's behaviors and the reciprocal associations between motivation and emotion, the number of studies addressing both constructs at the same level is very limited. Methods: A structural equation model was used with 799 students aged 11-17 years (M = 13.16; SD = 1.17). Results and discussion: The results showed that the teacher support of the basic psychological needs (BPN) predicted students' BPN satisfaction, which in turn predicted their autonomous motivation and positive emotions, and negatively predicted their negative emotions. Finally, autonomous motivation predicted students' intention to be physically active, whereas academic achievement was predicted by both autonomous motivation and emotions. We conclude that to better understand the consequences of PE classes, it is necessary to consider both constructs.

Students' Motivational and Emotional Experiences in Physical Education across Profiles of Extracurricular Physical Activity: The Influence in the Intention to Be Active.

This study examined the relationship between extracurricular physical activity (PA) levels and students' motivational and emotional experience during physical education (PE) classes and how this psychological experience can predict the intention to be physically active. The sample consisted of 811 Spanish secondary education students (371 boys and 440 girls) aged between 11 and 17 years (M = 13.15, SD = 1.16). Students completed questionnaires about their PA levels, their intention to be physically active, and their motivational and emotional experience during PE classes. A cluster analysis was used to classify the students according to their level of extracurricular PA. Based on a regression analysis, the variables enjoyment, pride, hopelessness, competence, satisfaction, and autonomous motivation played the highest role, predicting the intention to be physically active in the future. Statistical differences were found among the different PA profiles in these variables during the PE classes (MANCOVA). In conclusion, hours of PA outside school have a high relationship with the students' emotional and motivational experience in their PE classes, which is related with the intention to practise PA in the future. A series of strategies have been proposed at both the institutional level and the teacher level to improve the PE psychological experience of those students who practise less extracurricular PA.

Perceived Performance, Intrinsic Motivation and Adherence in Athletes.

Sports performance depends on a complex interaction of variables, such as psychological, physical, technical and tactical abilities. The purpose of the three studies described in this article was to validate an instrument to measure perceived performance in athletes (studies 1 and 2), and to analyze the predictive power of perceived performance, basic psychological needs and intrinsic motivation on the intention to be physically active (which was used as a predictor of adherence to sport) (study 3). In study 1, the Perceived Performance in Sports Questionnaire was validated in the Spanish sports context, analyzing its factorial structure, reliability, and temporal stability with 146 soccer players. The objective of study 2 was to check the factorial structure of the questionnaire with an objective performance measure (points scored and time played). The sample was 180 young basketball players. The objective of study 3 was to analyze the predictive power of basic psychological needs in exercise, intrinsic motivation, and perceived performance on the intention to be physically active in 339 athletes of fifteen different sports. The results show the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, and positive correlations with the points scored. Finally, the analysis of the structural equation model showed that the satisfaction of the need for competence predicted perceived performance and intrinsic motivation predicted perceived performance and intention to remain physically active.

Validation of the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire for Physical Education (AEQ-PE).

The fundamental role of emotions in education has been revealed in recent years. The control-value theory of achievement emotions has been postulated as one of the most used theories in this field. Thanks to the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire (AEQ), achievement emotions have been measured in different subjects and countries. The purpose of this research was to adapt and validate this questionnaire to assess achievement emotions in physical education. The sample of participants consisted of 902 (Mage = 13.15, SD = 1.17) secondary education students from various secondary schools in Spain. The psychometric properties of the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire for Physical Education (AEQ-PE) indicate that the scales are reliable and valid, as demonstrated by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, temporal stability, internal consistency and regression analysis. Considering the results achieved in the present study, the AEQ-PE opens a range of possibilities for both teachers and researchers. This instrument will help to understand the role of emotions in student learning and their motivation towards physical education.

Perceived Novelty Support and Psychological Needs Satisfaction in Physical Education.

In recent years, novelty has been proposed as a potential fourth basic psychological need. In the present study, the behavior of novelty resulting from support from the Physical Education teacher was evaluated in 723 students with an average age of 13.30 years old. The first objective was to validate the Support for Basic Psychological Needs-4 (SBPN-4) in Physical Education questionnaire, which included support for the novelty factor. The second objective was to test the mediation model in order to confirm the effect of support for novelty in relation to basic psychological needs and intrinsic motivation. The results obtained show that the Support for Basic Psychological Needs-4 (SBPN-4) questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool. On the other hand, support for novelty predicts satisfaction of basic psychological needs, particularly novelty satisfaction, which in turn predicts intrinsic motivation. These results show how the students are capable of perceiving the teacher's support for novelty and how this positively influences their intrinsic motivation. Further investigations are required to continue developing our knowledge of the role of novelty as a basic psychological need.