ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in young adults. More than 50 genomic regions have been associated with MS susceptibility. Due the important immune-modulating properties of Vitamin D, Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms - which interfere with the actions of Vitamin D- could be related to increased risk of MS. METHODS: We studied 120 patients fulfilling the McDonald criteria for MS (81 females and 39 males) and 180 healthy unrelated controls, nested in a case-Control study, and were recruited from the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Manuel Velasco Suárez in Mexico City. Genotyping of VDR gene polymorphisms BsmI (rs1544410) and TaqI (rs731236) was performed using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay which consists of a predesigned mix of unlabeled polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and the TaqMan minor groove binding group (MGB) probe (FAM dye-labeled). RESULTS: There was a statistically significant, positive association between MS and the T/T genotype of BsmI polymorphism (OR=4.15; 95%CI 1.83-9.39), showing also a significant positive trend across genotypes (p<0.01). This association was also present evaluating the recessive inheritance model of the polymorphism (OR=3.91; 95%CI 1.77-8.64). When evaluating the association by alleles, the statistically significant positive association seen by genotypes was confirmed in the T allele carriers, showing an OR of 1.83 (95%CI 1.27-2.65) for MS. CONCLUSIONS: We found a positive association of the genetic VDR polymorphisms TaqI (rs731236) and BsmI (rs1544410), with the risk of MS in a sample of Mexican adults.
Subject(s)
Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Multiple Sclerosis/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Case-Control Studies , Female , Gene Frequency , Genetic Association Studies , Genotype , Humans , Male , Mexico , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Resistance to antibiotics is common in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection in more than one anatomic stomach site. We assessed whether the antibiotic resistance varies according to virulence factors of the bacteria as well as to the age and gender of individuals infected in two anatomic sites. METHODS: H. pylori strains were isolated from an antral and corpus biopsy from 90 patients with gastric ambulatory who had not received any previous therapy. Susceptibility to metronidazole and clarithromycin was assessed by E-test, and vacA and cagA genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Dual resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin was 3.3% in antrum and 4.4% in the corpus; heteroresistance was 19% and 5.5% for metronidazole and clarithromycin, respectively. Clarithromycin resistance significantly increased with age. Women showed a twofold increased risk for metronidazole-resistant strains in antrum (odds ratio = 2.85, 95% confidence interval 1.09 to 7.42). Virulence factors were not associated with antimicrobial resistance. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of resistance to clarithromycin may be increasing in this country. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests from different biopsy sites deserve attention.
