ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The draft genome sequence of Campylobacter jejuni (Cj26) was analysed to investigate genetic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, virulence-associated genes, and phylogenetic context. METHODS: Antimicrobial resistance was assessed by agar dilution and disk diffusion. Cj26 was sequenced using NovaSeq 6000 technology. The genome was assembled and annotated. Resistance genes and chromosomal mutations were analysed using the Center for Genomic Epidemiology services, and the multilocus sequence type, SVR-flaA, and porA were determined. The virulome was determined using the Virulence Factor Database. Plasmid detection and assembly were performed using Unicycler v0.5.0 software. To infer the core genome phylogeny, prokka v1.14.5 was employed in conjunction with IQtree v2.0.3. RESULTS: The Cj26 strain showed a high level of resistance to ciprofloxacin (32 µg/mL) and erythromycin (>128 µg/mL) and resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that the strain belonged to sequence type 353. The substitutions Tre-86-Ile in gyrA and A2075G in 23s RNA were detected, along with the genes tetO, aph(3')-III, ant(6)-Ia, and blaOXA 460. A consistent relationship among accessory and core genes was identified. When compared to other sequence type 353 genomes from Brazil, Cj26 clustered with strains that had more antimicrobial resistance genes than the other clusters. CONCLUSION: This report provides insight into the antimicrobial resistance determinants found in a C. jejuni strain and offers a valuable resource for further studies on Campylobacter genomics and antimicrobial resistance.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents , Campylobacter jejuni , Animals , Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology , Erythromycin , Poultry , Phylogeny , Brazil , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , GenomicsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Although rare, mycoplasmas are included among the causes of respiratory diseases in reptiles and, in the order Squamata, three reports of these microorganisms causing diseases in pythons have already been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of Mycoplasma species in captive snakes. A total of 26 snakes of the families Pythonidae (13), Boidae (7), Viperidae (5) and Colubridae (1) from RioZoo, Brazil, were evaluated. Animals were examined to determine clinical signs consistent with any infectious disease. Tracheal swab samples from snakes were collected in Frey medium and analyzed for the presence of Mycoplasma spp.by isolation and a genus-specific PCR. DNA sequencing analyses of six positive samples by PCR were carried out to identify the species. Using isolation 19.23% (5/26) was positive, while 65.38% (17/26) of the animals were positive by PCR. Based on the analyses of the six sequences obtained, there was similarity with a Mycoplasma spp. previously described in a phyton and, M. agassizii and M. testudineum reported in chelonians. This is the first report of Mycoplasma spp. in animals of the families Boidae and Viperidae. Mycoplasma spp. were detected in snakes with and without clinical signs. The mycoplasmas reported resented identity (range, 95% to 100%) to others already described in reptiles. There was no relationship between the presence of Mycoplasma spp. and clinical signs.
RESUMO: Embora raros, os micoplasmas estão incluídos entre as causas de doenças respiratórias em répteis e, na ordem Squamata, já foram realizados três relatos destes microrganismos causando doença em pítons. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência de espécies de Mycoplasma em serpentes em cativeiro. Foram avaliadas 26 serpentes das famílias Pythonidae (13), Boidae (7), Viperidae (5) e Colubridae (1) do RioZoo, Brasil. Os animais foram examinados para determinar sinais clínicos consistentes com qualquer doença infecciosa. Amostras de swab traqueal de cobras foram coletadas em meio Frey e analisadas por isolamento microbiológico e pela técnica da PCR para identificar Mycoplasma spp. As amostras positivas para o gênero Mycoplasma spp. foram submetidas ao sequenciamento genético para identificação das espécies. No isolamento, 19,23% (5/26) foram positivos, enquanto 65,38% (17/26) dos animais foram positivos por PCR. Com base nas análises das seis sequências obtidas, houve similaridade com o Mycoplasma spp. descrito anteriormente em um píton e M. agassizii e M. testudineum encontrados em quelônios. Este é o primeiro relato de Mycoplasma spp. em animais das famílias Boidae e Viperidae. Mycoplasma spp. foi detectado em serpentes com e sem sinais clínicos. Os micoplasmas encontrados apresentaram semelhança genética com outros já descritos em répteis. Não houve relação entre a presença de Mycoplasma spp. e sinais clínicos.
