Chemical characterization, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Justicia pectoralis Jacq and Croton jacobinensis Baill extracts

Abstract In this research, aqueous and ethanolic extracts from Justicia pectoralis Jacq and Croton Jacobinensis Baill were characterized. The UPLC-QTOF-MSE analysis was performed on the extracts identified, predominantly, flavonoids, tannins and acids. The extracts did not indicate toxicity in human epithelial cells. C. jacobinensis presented a concentration of phenolics 60.5% higher than J. pectoralis in all scenarios evaluated and, for both samples, the hydroalcoholic extract at 70% exhibited the best efficiency in the extraction (14501.3 and 32521.5 mg GAE 100 g-1 for J. pectoralis and C. jacobinensis, respectively). The antioxidant activity presented a positive correlation with the concentration of phenolics, being 1.186,1 and 1.507,9 µM of Trolox for J. pectoralis and C. jacobinensis at 70% of ethanol; however, it was not verified statistical difference between the ethanolic solutions (p < 0.05). The antimicrobial activity of J. pectoralis extracts was highlighted once was the most effective against gram-positive bacteria. The results suggest that both J. pectoralis and C. jacobinensis extracts present the potential to be applied as natural additives due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and safety. Thus, it is suggesting the development of studies that could investigate the interaction of these plant extracts with food matrices is required

Modeling the effect of Croton blanchetianus Baill essential oil on pathogenic and spoilage bacteria.

This study aimed to evaluate and model the antimicrobial action of different concentrations of Croton blanchetianus essential oil (CBEO) on the behavior of six bacterial species in vitro. CBEO extraction was performed by hydrodistillation and characterized by CG-MS. CBEO solutions in culture media were tested at 0.90, 1.80, 2.71, and 4.51 mg of CBEO/mL, against foodborne bacteria: pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Enteritidis at 35 °C), a non-pathogenic Escherichia coli (at 35 °C), and spoilage bacteria (Weissella viridescens and Leuconostoc mesenteroides at 30 °C). The CBEO major compounds were eucalyptol, α-pinene, sativene, E-caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene, and spatulenol. Baranyi and Roberts (growth) and Weibull (inactivation) primary models, along with power and hyperbolic secondary models, were able to describe the data. CBEO inactivated L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, L. mesenteroides and W. viridescens at all applied concentrations. CBEO did not inactivate S. Enteritidis and E. coli, but their growth rates were reduced.

Antimicrobial activity and chemical characterization of the bark decoction of cumaru stem / Atividade antimicrobiana e caracterização química do decocto da casca do caule de cumaru

The plant, Amburana cearensis A. C. Smith (Fabaceae), commonly called cumaru, is widespread in the Caatinga cearense, a less known ecosystem in Brazil. A. cearensis is rich in several compounds like protocatechuic acid, tannins, coumarin, flavonoids and phenolic heterosides, such as amburosides A and B, that have been isolated. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial potential and draw the chemical profile of the distinct characteristics of A. cearensis stem bark decoction, for its possible potential as a food conservation agent. The chemical compounds were characterized by one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR analyses and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS). The compounds of coumarin, amburosides A and B, and glycosylated (Z)-o-coumaric acid. Using the plaque microdilution technique, the antimicrobial action was tested on Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. The decoction demonstrated antimicrobial activity on Gram-positive bacteria. This was encouraging because natural antimicrobials are beneficial for food production, as they can inhibit the pathogenic microorganisms and boost the quality of hygiene and cleanliness.(AU)

Amburana cearensis A. C. Smith (Fabaceae) é uma planta comum na Caatinga cearense, onde é popularmente conhecida como cumaru. Vários compostos têm sido isolados de A. cearensis, incluindo ácido protocatecúico, taninos, cumarina, flavonóides e heterosídeos fenólicos, como por exemplo os amburosídeos A e B. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano e caracterizar o perfil químico do decocto da casca do caule de A. cearensis, visando a sua possível utilização na conservação de alimentos. A caracterização dos compostos químicos foi realizada pelas análises de RMN uni e bidimensionais de 1H e 13C, e cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massa. Foram identificados a cumarina, os amburosídeos A e B, e o ácido (Z)-o-cumárico glicosilado. A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada pela metodologia de microdiluição em placa sobre Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus e Listeria monocytogenes. O decocto mostrou atividade antimicrobiana sobre bactérias Gram-positivas. Antimicrobianos naturais podem oferecer vantagens para a produção de alimentos, inibindo microorganismos patogênicos e melhorando a qualidade higiênico-sanitária.(AU)

Graviola Fruit Bar Added Acerola By-Product Extract Protects Against Inflammation and Nociception in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Studies involving foods associated with pain reversal and anti-inflammatory effects using zebrafish are rarely reported in the literature. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of graviola (Annona muricata L.) fruit bar (GFB) and GFB added with acerola (Malpighia glabra L) seed extract (ASE) on acute nociception and abdominal inflammation in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Acute nociception was induced by formalin, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, acidic saline, glutamate (cutaneous models), and hypertonic saline (corneal model), and inflammation was induced by carrageenan. Both GFB and ASE exhibited antinociceptive effect modulated by the nitrergic system, guanylate cyclase, and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 and acid-sensing ion channels. The antinociceptive effect of GFB also appears to be modulated by the opioid system and glutamatergic receptors (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor). Only ASE presented corneal antinociceptive effect. Both samples showed anti-inflammatory effect, being more significant the effect of GFB. The addition of acerola by-product extract in GFB results in a product with greater biological potential.

Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit as a new source of milk-clotting cysteine proteases.

This work reports the characterisation of caseinolytic and milk-clotting activities of proteases extracted from ripe fruits of Morinda citrifolia L., as a potential of their use in cheese production. Noni puree extract (NPE) was obtained by homogenising the fresh puree in 150 mM NaCl/50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The resulting protein concentration was of 0.367 ±â€¯0.006 mg/mL, and an electrophoretic profile of the extract revealed protein bands ranging from 14 to 55 kDa. The proteolytic activity of NPE was higher when the extract had been previously incubated at pH 6.0 (8.859 ±â€¯0.216 U/mg), whereas the optimum caseinolytic activity was observed at 50 °C. Noni puree proteases were strongly (98%) inhibited by iodoacetamide and E-64, suggesting the presence of only cysteine proteases in the crude extract. NPE proteases showed a milk-clotting activity (MCA) of 238.80 ±â€¯5.29 U/mL, a specific milk-clotting activity (SMCA) of 9950.17 ±â€¯220.74 U/mg, and an SMCA/PA ratio of 1124.31 ±â€¯24.94, this last being comparable to those of commercial calf rennet. The cheese manufactured using NPE presented brittle and soft texture, high humidity, and showed sanitary conditions compatible with current Brazilian regulations. The product showed a slightly bitter taste, but still good acceptability, rating between 6 and 7 in the hedonic scale for flavour, texture, and overall acceptance. Lastly, there was 60% of positive purchase intent, demonstrating that noni fruit is a promising source of milk-clotting enzymes for the dairy industry.

Antimicrobial activity and chemical characterization of the bark decoction of cumaru stem / Atividade antimicrobiana e caracterização química do decocto da casca do caule de cumaru

ABSTRACT: The plant, Amburana cearensis A. C. Smith (Fabaceae), commonly called cumaru, is widespread in the Caatinga cearense, a less known ecosystem in Brazil. A. cearensis is rich in several compounds like protocatechuic acid, tannins, coumarin, flavonoids and phenolic heterosides, such as amburosides A and B, that have been isolated. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial potential and draw the chemical profile of the distinct characteristics of A. cearensis stem bark decoction, for its possible potential as a food conservation agent. The chemical compounds were characterized by one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR analyses and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS). The compounds of coumarin, amburosides A and B, and glycosylated (Z)-o-coumaric acid. Using the plaque microdilution technique, the antimicrobial action was tested on Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. The decoction demonstrated antimicrobial activity on Gram-positive bacteria. This was encouraging because natural antimicrobials are beneficial for food production, as they can inhibit the pathogenic microorganisms and boost the quality of hygiene and cleanliness.

RESUMO: Amburana cearensis A. C. Smith (Fabaceae) é uma planta comum na Caatinga cearense, onde é popularmente conhecida como cumaru. Vários compostos têm sido isolados de A. cearensis, incluindo ácido protocatecúico, taninos, cumarina, flavonóides e heterosídeos fenólicos, como por exemplo os amburosídeos A e B. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano e caracterizar o perfil químico do decocto da casca do caule de A. cearensis, visando a sua possível utilização na conservação de alimentos. A caracterização dos compostos químicos foi realizada pelas análises de RMN uni e bidimensionais de 1H e 13C, e cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massa. Foram identificados a cumarina, os amburosídeos A e B, e o ácido (Z)-o-cumárico glicosilado. A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada pela metodologia de microdiluição em placa sobre Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus e Listeria monocytogenes. O decocto mostrou atividade antimicrobiana sobre bactérias Gram-positivas. Antimicrobianos naturais podem oferecer vantagens para a produção de alimentos, inibindo microorganismos patogênicos e melhorando a qualidade higiênico-sanitária.

Remissão parcial e simultânea da nefrite e da anemia hemolítica autoimune em paciente com lúpus após terapia com agente biológico: relato de caso / Partial and simultaneous remission of nephritis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with lupus after treatment with biological agent: a case report

O Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES) é uma doença inflamatória crônica, sistêmica, de causa desconhecida e de natureza autoimune. Apresenta prognóstico variável, dependente do órgão ou sistema acometido, sendo o comprometimento renal uma das condições mais frequentemente relacionadas à morbimortalidade. O presente manuscrito propõe-se a contribuir como mais um indício de que o diagnóstico precoce e a terapia agressiva inicial, no lúpus, elevam sobremaneira o índice de sucesso clinico. Falhas no tratamento devem ser reconhecidas de imediato, com rápida mudança de estratégia, quando necessário. Neste sentido, uma nova opção terapêutica parece ser o agente biológico rituximab, descrito neste estudo e para o qual é dada ênfase devido à sua possível e ainda suposta capacidade de atuar como agente de resgate para a nefrite e para a anemia hemolítica lúpicas, simultaneamente, com efetividade e segurança. Apresenta-se o caso de paciente lúpica com acometimento renal e hematológico grave e refratário, que evoluiu simultaneamente com restabelecimento do débito urinário e melhora clínico-laboratorial da anemia autoimune após administração de rituximab, resposta considerada parcial, posto que a existência de dano renal persistente não pode ser descartada. (AU)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease, systemic, of unknown cause and autoimmune nature. It features variable prognosis, depending on the affected organ or system. The renal impairment is the condition most often related to morbidity and mortality. This manuscript aims to contribute to the further evidence that early diagnosis of lupus associated with quickly aggressive therapy could increase the success outcome rate. Also, immediate recognition of therapeutic failures and change the treatment strategy must be applied. In this regard, a new therapeutic option seems to be the biological drug rituximab described in this study and which it is emphasised because of its possible and still supposed ability to act as a rescue agent for nephritis and hemolytic lupus anaemia, simultaneously, with effectiveness and safety. This article presents the case of female lupus patient with both severe refractory hematologic disorder and renal impairment, which had an evolution of the simultaneous restoration of urine output, and clinical and laboratory improvement of autoimmune anaemia after rituximab administration. The persistence of renal damage could not be ruled out, so the response to treatment was considered to be partial. (AU)

Electrochemical immunosensors for Salmonella detection in food.

Pathogen detection is a critical point for the identification and the prevention of problems related to food safety. Failures at detecting contaminations in food may cause outbreaks with drastic consequences to public health. In spite of the real need for obtaining analytical results in the shortest time possible, conventional methods may take several days to produce a diagnosis. Salmonella spp. is the major cause of foodborne diseases worldwide and its absence is a requirement of the health authorities. Biosensors are bioelectronic devices, comprising bioreceptor molecules and transducer elements, able to detect analytes (chemical and/or biological species) rapidly and quantitatively. Electrochemical immunosensors use antibody molecules as bioreceptors and an electrochemical transducer. These devices have been widely used for pathogen detection at low cost. There are four main techniques for electrochemical immunosensors: amperometric, impedimetric, conductometric, and potentiometric. Almost all types of immunosensors are applicable to Salmonella detection. This article reviews the developments and the applications of electrochemical immunosensors for Salmonella detection, particularly the advantages of each specific technique. Immunosensors serve as exciting alternatives to conventional methods, allowing "real-time" and multiple analyses that are essential characteristics for pathogen detection and much desired in health and safety control in the food industry.

Estudo da Qualidade das Águas Adicionadas de Sais Produzidas no Estado Do Ceará / Study on the Quality of Salt-Added Water Produced In the State of Ceará, Brazil

Avaliar a qualidade da água bruta utilizada comomatéria-prima e água envasada, obtida de indústriasprodutoras de Águas Adicionadas de Sais no Estado doCeará. Material e Métodos: Foram coletadas 270 amostrasamostras, em quinze empresas. Foram realizadas análisesmicrobiológicas de determinação de coliformes totais eEscherichia coli; Enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Clostridium perfringens; bactérias heterotróficas e análisesfísico-químicas de determinação de nitrato, nitrito; clororesidual e pH. Resultados: Verificou-se que a água bruta emonze (73,33%), das quinze empresas, não atendeu aospadrões de potabilidade da água para consumo humano.Com relação à água envasada constatou-se que quatorze(93,33%) empresas, não atenderam aos parâmetrosmicrobiológicos e físico-químicos para água mineral naturale água para consumo humano. Conclusao: A maioria dasamostras analisadas neste estudo nao atenderam aospadrões de potabilidade de água para consumo humano, deacordo com a legislação vigente. Dessa forma, se faznecessária a atualização da legislação sanitária da águaadicionada de sais envasada, visando à prevenção de danosà saúde da população...

To evaluate the quality of raw water used as rawmaterial and bottled water, obtained from “salt-added water”companies in the state of Ceará, Brazil. Material andMethods: A total of 270 samples of fifteen brands werecollected. Microbiological analyses were performed in orderto determine the countings of total coliforms and Escherichiacoli; Enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridiumperfringens; and heterotrophic bactéria. Physicochemicalanalyses were performed to determine the product’s levelsof nitrate, nitrite, residual chlorine, and pH. Results: In eleven(73.33%) of the fifteen brands, the raw water did not meetthe standards for potable water for human consumption.With respect to bottled water, it was found that fourteen(93.33%) brands did not meet the microbiological and physicochemicalparameters for natural mineral water and water forhuman consumption. Conclusion: Most of the samplesanalyzed in this study did not meet the water potabilitystandards for human consumption. Thus, it is necessary toupdate the health legislation on salt-added bottled water, inorder to avoid damages to people’s health...

Delivery of phytochemicals of tropical fruit by-products using poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity.

Nanoencapsulation offers great potential in natural compounds delivery as it protects them from degradation, improves their aqueous solubility, and delivers active compounds to the action site. Poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles of acerola, guava, and passion fruit by-product extracts were synthesized using the emulsion-evaporation method. PLGA with different lactide to glycolide (50:50 and 65:35) ratios were used to determine how polymer composition affected nanoparticles properties and antimicrobial efficiency. Controlled release experiments showed an initial burst followed by a slower release rate for all encapsulated fruit by-products inside PLGA matrix. Nanoparticle properties were more dependent on by-product extract than on PLGA type. Fruit by-products and their nanoparticles were analyzed for antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and Escherichia coli K12. All fruit by-products encapsulated in PLGA inhibited both bacteria at lower (P<0.05) concentration than corresponding unencapsulated fruit by-product. Both PLGA types improved fruit by-products delivery to pathogens and enhanced antimicrobial activity.

Catatonia due to systemic lupus erythematosus / Catatonia secundária a lúpus eritematoso sistêmico

Objectives Discuss neuropsychiatric aspects and differential diagnosis of catatonic syndrome secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a pediatric patient. Methods Single case report. Result A 13-year-old male, after two months diagnosed with SLE, started to present psychotic symptoms (behavioral changes, hallucinations and delusions) that evolved into intense catatonia. During hospitalization, neuroimaging, biochemical and serological tests for differential diagnosis with metabolic encephalopathy, neurological tumors and neuroinfections, among other tests, were performed. The possibility of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, steroid-induced psychosis and catatonia was also evaluated. A complete reversal of catatonia was achieved after using benzodiazepines in high doses, associated with immunosuppressive therapy for lupus, which speaks in favor of catatonia secondary to autoimmune encephalitis due to lupus. Conclusion Although catatonia rarely is the initial clinical presentation of SLE, the delay in recognizing the syndrome can be risky, having a negative impact on prognosis. Benzodiazepines have an important role in the catatonia resolution, especially when associated with parallel specific organic base cause treatment. The use of neuroleptics should be avoided for the duration of the catatonic syndrome as it may cause clinical deterioration. .

Objetivos Discutir aspectos neuropsiquiátricos e o diagnóstico diferencial da síndrome catatônica secundária a lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) em paciente pediátrico. Métodos Relato de caso individual. Resultado Adolescente do sexo masculino com 13 anos de idade iniciou, após dois meses de diagnosticado com LES, quadro psicótico (alterações comportamentais, alucinações e delírios) que evoluiu para franca catatonia. Durante internação hospitalar foram realizados, entre outros, exames de neuroimagem, bioquímicos e sorologias para diagnóstico diferencial com encefalopatia metabólica, tumores neurológicos e neuroinfecções. Foi avaliada também a possibilidade de síndrome neuroléptica maligna, psicose e catatonia induzida por corticoides. Houve reversão completa da catatonia após o uso de benzodiazepínico em altas doses associado à terapia imunossupressora para o lúpus, o que fala a favor de uma catatonia secundária a uma encefalite autoimune de base lúpica. Conclusão Apesar de a catatonia ser raramente apresentação clínica inicial do LES, o atraso no reconhecimento da síndrome pode ser arriscado, tendo impacto negativo no prognóstico. Os benzodiazepínicos têm papel importante na resolução da catatonia, principalmente quando associada ao tratamento específico em paralelo para a causa orgânica de base. O uso de neurolépticos deve ser evitado durante a vigência da síndrome catatônica, podendo agravar o quadro clínico. .

Avaliação da eficiência de um detergente na sanitização de alfaces (Lactuca sativa L) de cultivos orgânico e convencional / Evaluation of the effectiveness of a detergent in the sanitization of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) organic and conventional cultivation

A alface (Lactuca sativa L) pertencente à família Asteraceae, é uma hortaliça com caule de tamanho pequeno e não ramificado com folhas grandes desenvolvidas em contato direto com o solo, o que a torna fonte inesgotável de espécies micro- biológicas. Destaca-se ainda, pela sua facilidade de cultivo através dos diversos sistemas, seja pelos métodos convencionais ou orgânicos e por ser bem aceitável pelo consumidor. As alfaces orgânicas, ao contrário das convencionais, são plantadas utilizando recursos naturais e sem aplicação de agrotóxicos. Essas hortaliças que são consumidas cruas devem ser sanitizadas com produtos químicos que tenham ação eficaz na redução da microbiota. O presente estudo objetivou comparar a eficácia da higienização utilizando detergente específico para lavagem de vegetais com o processo de sanitização tradicional, por meio da avaliação das condições micro biológicas de alfaces orgânicas e convencionais. Verificou-se que o processo utilizando o detergente na lavagem das hortaliças (tempo de ação por 3 minutos) apresentou eficácia semelhante ao processo de higienização tradicional (uso do hipoclorito a 200ppm/15 minutos) em ambos os tipos de alfaces. No entanto, a sanitização com detergente apresentou menor tempo de ação do que no processo tradicional. A presença de Salmonella sp não foi detectada em nenhuma amostra. (AU)

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) belonging to the family Asteraceae, is a vegetable with stalk of small size and unbranched with large leaves developed in direct contact with soil, making it an inexhaustible source of microbiological species. It is noticeable by its ease of cultivation through the various systems, either by conventional or organic methods and be well accepted by consumers. The organic lettuces unlike conventional are planted using natural resources and without the application of pesticides. These vegetables are eaten raw should be sanitized with chemicals that have effective action in reducing microbiota. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cleaning using specific detergent for washing vegetables with traditional sanitation process, through the evaluation of the microbiological conditions of organic and conventional lettuce. It was found that the process using the detergent in the washing vegetables (action time for 3 minutes) showed an efficacy similar to the traditional washing process (using hypochlorite 200ppm/15 minutes) in both types of lettuce. However, the detergent sanitizing action time was less than in the traditional process. The presence of Salmonella was not detected in any sample. (AU)

Quantification of bioactive compounds in pulps and by-products of tropical fruits from Brazil.

This study aimed to quantify the levels of resveratrol, coumarin, and other bioactives in pulps and by-products of twelve tropical fruits from Brazil obtained during pulp production process. Pineapple, acerola, monbin, cashew apple, guava, soursop, papaya, mango, passion fruit, surinam cherry, sapodilla, and tamarind pulps were evaluated as well as their by-products (peel, pulp's leftovers, and seed). Total phenolic, anthocyanins, yellow flavonoids, ß-carotene and lycopene levels were also determined. Resveratrol was identified in guava and surinam cherry by-products and coumarin in passion fruit, guava and surinam cherry by-products and mango pulp. These fruit pulp and by-products could be considered a new natural source of both compounds. Overall, fruit by-products presented higher (P<0.05) bioactive content than their respective fruit pulps. This study provides novel information about tropical fruits and their by-products bioactive composition, which is essential for the understanding of their nutraceutical potential and future application in the food industry.

Resistência de bactérias ácido-láticas a bacteriófagos provenientes de unidades de processamento de queijo Coalho / Phage resistance of acid lactic bacteria isolated from Coalho cheese industries

Este trabalho teve como objetivos isolar bacteriófagos de amostras de leite, soro e queijo de Coalho e avaliar a resistência de cepas de Lactobacillus paracasei, pertencentes à Coleção de Micro-organismos de Interesse para a Agroindústria Tropical da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, aos fagos isolados. Posteriormente, a resistência destas cepas a fagos específicos para L. paracasei, da Coleção do Instituto de Lactología Industrial - INLAIN (Santa Fe, Argentina), também foi avaliada. As amostras para isolamento dos fagos foram obtidas em quatro unidades de processamento de queijo de Coalho, sendo duas artesanais e duas industriais, localizadas no Estado do Ceará. Para o isolamento dos bacteriófagos, foi empregado o teste de lise celular (spot), enquanto que a resistência das culturas aos fagos foi avaliada pelos testes de capacidade de produção de ácido e avaliação da turbidez. As cepas avaliadas foram resistentes aos bacteriófagos provenientes das unidades de processamento de queijo de Coalho e aos bacteriófagos da Coleção do INLAIN. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que as culturas láticas testadas, resistentes aos bacteriófagos, podem ser utilizadas na composição de fermento lático destinado à elaboração de queijo de Coalho, a partir de leite pasteurizado.

The objectives of this research were to isolate bacteriophages from milk samples, whey and Coalho cheese and to evaluate the resistance of strains of Lactobacillus paracasei from the Collection of Microorganisms of Interest for the Tropical Agroindustry, belonging to Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry, to isolate phages. The strains resistance to specific L. paracasei phages from the collection of the Instituto de Lactología Industrial - INLAIN (Santa Fe, Argentina) was also evaluated. Samples for phage isolation were from four Coalho cheese processing units, two artisanal and two industrial, localized in the state of Ceará. Spot test was employed for bacteriophages isolation, while the culture phage resistance was evaluated by the acid production and turbidity tests. The strains were resistant both to phages isolated from Coalho cheese processing units and phages from collection of INLAIN. The results showed that lactic cultures evaluated here were resistant to bacteriophages and they can be used in the composition of lactic cultures specifically for Coalho cheese manufacture from pasteurized milk.

Characterization and antioxidant activity of cashew nut bran in different stages of processing

The present work aimed to characterize the cashew nut bran during several stages of processing, withemphasis in the quantifi cation of total extractable polyphenols and total antioxidant activity. The cashewnut bran was analyzed for the following parameters: water activity, total acidity, pH, moisture, ash, lipids,proteins, carbohydrates, total extractable polyphenolsand total antioxidant activity by the methods ABTS•+ and DPPH•. There was a decrease in the water activityand moisture in cashew nut bran during processing. The highest values of total extractable polyphenolsand antioxidant activity were observed in raw bran due to peel adhered in these nuts.

Estabilidade química, físico-química e microbiológica de polpas de acerola pasteurizadas e não-pasteurizadas de cultivo orgânico / Chemical, physicochemical and microbiological stability of pasteurized and non pasteurized acerola pulps from organic cultivation

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a estabilidade química, físico-química e microbiológica de polpas de acerola pasteurizadas e não-pasteurizadas, oriundas de cultivo orgânico e armazenadas sob congelamento (-18±2°C) durante 360 dias. O armazenamento sob congelamento não ocasionou perdas significativas de qualidade das polpas de acerola. No entanto, o tratamento térmico influenciou negativamente nos conteúdos iniciais de alguns componentes, principalmente sólidos solúveis, açúcares solúveis totais e redutores, que apresentaram conteúdos inferiores no início do armazenamento para as polpas pasteurizadas. As polpas pasteurizadas e não-pasteurizadas apresentaram boa qualidade microbiológica do início ao final do armazenamento. Dentre as polpas estudadas, as polpas não-pasteurizadas apresentaram melhores características iniciais de cor. As polpas pasteurizadas garantiram melhores características microbiológicas no que concerne aos aspectos de segurança alimentar.

The present research aimed to evaluate the chemical, physical-chemical and microbiological stability of pasteurized and non-pasteurized acerola pulp coming from organic cultivation stored frozen for 360 days. Storage under freezing did not cause significant loss of acerola pulp's quality. However, the heat treatment had a negative influence on the initial contents of some components, especially soluble solids, total soluble and reducing sugars, which showed lower contents at the beginning of storage for pasteurized pulp. Among the pulps studied, non-pasteurized pulps showed the best characteristics of the initial color. The pasteurized pulps guaranteed best features in regard to the microbiological aspects of food safety.

Estabilidade química, físico-química e microbiológica de polpas de acerola pasteurizadas e não-pasteurizadas de cultivo orgânico

The present research aimed to evaluate the chemical, physical-chemical and microbiological stability of pasteurized and non-pasteurized acerola pulp coming from organic cultivation stored frozen for 360 days. Storage under freezing did not cause significant loss of acerola pulp's quality. However, the heat treatment had a negative influence on the initial contents of some components, especially soluble solids, total soluble and reducing sugars, which showed lower contents at the beginning of storage for pasteurized pulp. Among the pulps studied, non-pasteurized pulps showed the best characteristics of the initial color. The pasteurized pulps guaranteed best features in regard to the microbiological aspects of food safety.

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a estabilidade química, físico-química e microbiológica de polpas de acerola pasteurizadas e não-pasteurizadas, oriundas de cultivo orgânico e armazenadas sob congelamento (-18±2°C) durante 360 dias. O armazenamento sob congelamento não ocasionou perdas significativas de qualidade das polpas de acerola. No entanto, o tratamento térmico influenciou negativamente nos conteúdos iniciais de alguns componentes, principalmente sólidos solúveis, açúcares solúveis totais e redutores, que apresentaram conteúdos inferiores no início do armazenamento para as polpas pasteurizadas. As polpas pasteurizadas e não-pasteurizadas apresentaram boa qualidade microbiológica do início ao final do armazenamento. Dentre as polpas estudadas, as polpas não-pasteurizadas apresentaram melhores características iniciais de cor. As polpas pasteurizadas garantiram melhores características microbiológicas no que concerne aos aspectos de segurança alimentar.

Resistência de bactérias ácido-láticas a bacteriófagos provenientes de unidades de processamento de queijo Coalho

The objectives of this research were to isolate bacteriophages from milk samples, whey and Coalho cheese and to evaluate the resistance of strains of Lactobacillus paracasei from the Collection of Microorganisms of Interest for the Tropical Agroindustry, belonging to Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry, to isolate phages. The strains resistance to specific L. paracasei phages from the collection of the Instituto de Lactología Industrial - INLAIN (Santa Fe, Argentina) was also evaluated. Samples for phage isolation were from four Coalho cheese processing units, two artisanal and two industrial, localized in the state of Ceará. Spot test was employed for bacteriophages isolation, while the culture phage resistance was evaluated by the acid production and turbidity tests. The strains were resistant both to phages isolated from Coalho cheese processing units and phages from collection of INLAIN. The results showed that lactic cultures evaluated here were resistant to bacteriophages and they can be used in the composition of lactic cultures specifically for Coalho cheese manufacture from pasteurized milk.

Este trabalho teve como objetivos isolar bacteriófagos de amostras de leite, soro e queijo de Coalho e avaliar a resistência de cepas de Lactobacillus paracasei, pertencentes à Coleção de Micro-organismos de Interesse para a Agroindústria Tropical da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, aos fagos isolados. Posteriormente, a resistência destas cepas a fagos específicos para L. paracasei, da Coleção do Instituto de Lactología Industrial - INLAIN (Santa Fe, Argentina), também foi avaliada. As amostras para isolamento dos fagos foram obtidas em quatro unidades de processamento de queijo de Coalho, sendo duas artesanais e duas industriais, localizadas no Estado do Ceará. Para o isolamento dos bacteriófagos, foi empregado o teste de lise celular (spot), enquanto que a resistência das culturas aos fagos foi avaliada pelos testes de capacidade de produção de ácido e avaliação da turbidez. As cepas avaliadas foram resistentes aos bacteriófagos provenientes das unidades de processamento de queijo de Coalho e aos bacteriófagos da Coleção do INLAIN. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que as culturas láticas testadas, resistentes aos bacteriófagos, podem ser utilizadas na composição de fermento lático destinado à elaboração de queijo de Coalho, a partir de leite pasteurizado.

Study of rheological behavior of cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale, l.), acerola (Malpighia emarginata, d.c.) and mango (Mangifera indica, l.) pulps / Estudo do comportamento reológico de polpas de caju (Anacardium occidentale, l.), acerola (Malpighia emarginata, d.c.) e manga (Mangifera indica, l.)

The knowledge of the fruit tropical pulps rheological behavior have a great importance for the consumers and food process industries. In this work it was studied the rheological behavior of the cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale, L.), mango (Mangifera indica, L) and acerola (Malpighia emarginata, DC) single strength, frozen and pasteurized pulps. The experimental measurements were carried out in concentric cylinder rheometer and the experimental data were fitted to models of Ostwald-de-Waelle and Bingham. There were evaluated chemical, physical-chemical and microbiological parameters. In this work, in order to adjust the rheological parameters, the model that presented the best description was the Ostwald-de-Waelle for the mango and acerola pulps, and Bingham for cashew apple pulp. The samples presented non-Newtonian and pseudoplastic character. The chemical and physicochemical analysis showed the nutritional value of the studied fruits. The microbiological results presented satisfactory hygienic and sanitary conditions in pulps processing.

O conhecimento do comportamento reológico das polpas de frutas tropicais é muito importante para os consumidores e para a indústria de alimentos. Neste trabalho se estudou o comportamento reológico de polpas de caju (Anacardium occidentale, L.), manga (Mangifera indica, L) e acerola (Malpighia emarginata, D.C.) integrais, pasteurizadas e congeladas. As medidas experimentais foram realizadas em reômetro rotacional de cilindros concêntricos e os dados experimentais foram ajustados aos modelos de Ostwald-de-Waelle e Bingham. Também foram avaliados os parâmetros químicos, físico-químicos e microbiológicos. No estudo, para o ajuste dos parâmetros reológicos, o modelo que apresentou maior ajuste foi o de Ostwald-de-Waelle para as polpas de acerola e manga e Bingham para a polpa de caju. As amostras apresentaram comportamento não-newtoniano e caráter pseudoplástico. As caracterizações químicas e físico-químicas demonstraram a riqueza nutricional dos frutos estudados e satisfatórias condições higiênico-sanitárias no processamento realizado nas polpas.