Somatotype altitudinal variation and its relationship with the nutritional status of children in the Jujuy province, Argentina.

OBJECTIVES: To study the somatotype variations adjusted by altitude, age, sex, and BMI categories, and to assess the health status of the children population. METHODS: A sample of 460 children aged 8-13 years was assessed in a cross-sectional study conducted on anthropometric measurements between 2011 and 2015. Data were categorized into two age groups: Group 8-10, Group 11-13 and two altitudes: Highland (>2000 masl), lowland (<2000 masl). The somatotypic profile was determined by the Heath and Carter's study method and the Body Mass Index was used to assess children nutritional status. Generalized linear latent variable models (GLLVM) were performed to test the association between somatotype and geographic altitude. Individual age-sex specific somatotypes were plotted in a two-dimension somatochart, and group dispersion was displayed by the somatotype attitudinal mean. RESULTS: The sample has an overall endomorph-mesomorph body type, exhibiting different patterns when altitude and sex were considered. The GLLVM showed that the whole somatotype was different by altitude. Highland children occupied central to endomorphic-mesomorphic places in the somatochart with lower variation. In both altitudes, girls exhibited higher endomorphy than boys. Several discrepancies between the BMI categorization and the somatotype were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Jujenean children show differential body patterns across geographic altitude which exhibit age and sex variations. Children have a differential tendency to a fat mass gain. The BMI showed some inconsistencies with somatotype, leading to a misclassification of the child nutritional status, this highlights the importance of not to treat the BMI in isolation but with other determinants of the health status.

OBJETIVOS: Analizar las variaciones del somatotipo ajustadas por altitud, edad, sexo y categorías de IMC y evaluar el estado de salud de la población infantil. MÉTODOS: Se evaluó una muestra de 460 niños de 8 a 13 años en un estudio transversal realizado con mediciones antropométricas entre 2011-2015. Los datos se clasificaron en dos grupos de edad: Grupo8-10, Grupo11-13 y dos altitudes: Tierras Altas (>2000 msnm), Tierras Bajas (<2000 msnm). El perfil somatotípico se determinó mediante el método Heath & Carter y el Índice de Masa Corporal se utilizó para evaluar el estado nutricional de los niños. Se usaron Modelos Lineales Generalizados de Variables Latentes (GLLVM) para probar la asociación entre el somatotipo y la altitud geográfica. Los somatotipos individuales específicos por edad y sexo se graficaron en una somatocarta de dos dimensiones, y la dispersión del grupo se visualizó mediante la Media Somatotípica Actitudinal. RESULTADOS: La muestra presentó un tipo corporal general endomorfo-mesomorfo, que muestra diferentes patrones cuando se consideran la altitud y el sexo. El GLLVM mostró que todo el somatotipo era diferente según la altitud. Los niños de Tierras Altas ocuparon lugares centrales a endomorfo-mesomorfos en la somatocarta y mostraron menor variación. En ambas altitudes, las niñas mostraron mayor endomorfia que los niños. Se observaron varias discrepancias entre la categorización del IMC y el somatotipo. CONCLUSIONES: Los niños jujeños muestran patrones corporales diferenciales en función de la altitud geográfica con variaciones en función de la edad y el sexo. Los niños presentan una tendencia diferencial al aumento de masa grasa. El IMC mostró algunas incoherencias con el somatotipo, lo que condujo a una clasificación errónea del estado nutricional de los niños, lo que subraya la importancia de no tratar el IMC de forma aislada, sino con otros determinantes del estado de salud.

Newborn anthropometry, maternal capital, and altitude in the highland population from the province of Jujuy, Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze variability in newborn (NB) anthropometry among Jujenean NBs as a function of geographic altitude (500 m to ≈4000 masl), maternal anthropometry and other maternal characteristics within the maternal capital framework. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data obtained from 41,371 mother/child pairs recorded in the Jujuy Perinatal Information System (SIP) between 2009 and 2014, including: NB and maternal weight, length/height and BMI; gestational age (corrected); maternal age, educational level, nutritional status, and marital status; birth interval; and planned pregnancy. Based on the declared place of residence, the prevalence of unsatisfied basic needs (% UBN) was determined and the data was split into two altitudinal groups: highlands (HL, >2500 masl) and lowlands (LL, <2500 masl). ANOVA, Chi-squared and Pearson tests were applied as needed. Statistical associations between the response variables-NB weight, length and BMI-and maternal and environmental variables were tested using a Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM). RESULTS: All NB and maternal anthropometric variables were lower in HL compared to LL; they also presented negative correlations with altitude, except NB length. Apart from gestational age and birth interval, HL and LL presented statistically significant differences in all study variables. GAMM results showed that maternal anthropometry was the main influence on NB weight and length. DISCUSSION: Of all the maternal capital features examined, only maternal anthropometric variables were found to protect offspring against the negative impact of HL environments.

Distribución del riesgo cardiovascular en la Argentina en 2018 / Cardiovascular Risk Distribution in Argentina in 2018

RESUMEN Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de discapacidad y muerte a nivel global. El riesgo cardiovascular (RC) total es la probabilidad de tener un evento cardiovascular en un período definido y está determinado por el efecto combinado de los factores de riesgo. Objetivos: Estimar el RC y describir su distribución en la Argentina en 2018. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron 11 450 individuos mayores de 30 años provenientes de la 4° ENFR. Se realizó la estimación y calibración del RC global bajo las ecuaciones del estudio Framingham y se clasificó a los individuos en los siguientes tres grupos: RC óptimo (<5,9%), RC moderado (6 a 19,9%) y RC alto (>20%). Se estimaron prevalencias e intervalos de credibilidad bayesianos (ICB) bajo distribución beta prior no informativa. Resultados: A nivel nacional, el 60,6% de los individuos presentaron RC moderado/alto. El RC moderado por región se distribuyó de manera homogénea. Al analizar los RC extremos, las regiones metropolitana (47,6%) y pampeana (28,6%) presentaron las prevalencias más elevadas de RC alto. La mayor prevalencia del RC óptimo se encontró en la región Patagonia, seguido del Noroeste, Noreste y Cuyo, todas estas fueron superiores al 40%. Por provincia, las prevalencias más elevadas de RC alto se presentaron en Buenos Aires (49,9%) y CABA (45,7%). En todos los niveles, las prevalencias de RC moderado/alto son muy superiores en varones, con excepción de la región metropolitana. Conclusiones: Las diferencias geográficas posicionan a la región metropolitana como la de mayor RC debido a la alta prevalencia de RC alto y moderado. Los hombres presentaron una prevalencia de RC alto hasta 4 veces superior a la registrada en mujeres.

ABSTRACT Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of disability and death globally. Total cardiovascular risk (CR) is the probability of having a cardiovascular event in a defined period and is determined by the combined effect of risk factors. Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate CR and describe its distribution in Argentina in 2018. Methods: Cardiovascular risk was analyzed in 11,450 individuals over 30 years of age from the 4th National Risk Factor Survey (NRFS). The Framingham risk equations used to estimate and calibrate global CR classified the individuals into the following three groups: optimum CR (<5.9%), moderate CR (6 to 19.9%) and high CR (>20%). Bayesian prevalence and credibility intervals (BCI) were estimated under the non-informative beta prior distribution. Results: Nationally, 60.6% of the individuals presented moderate/high CR. Moderate CR by region was distributed homogeneously. When analyzing extreme CRs, the metropolitan (47.6%) and Pampean (28.6%) regions presented the greatest incidence of high CR. The highest prevalence of optimum CR was found in the Patagonian region, followed by the Northwest, Northeast and Cuyo, all above 40%. The analysis by province showed that the greatest incidence of high CR was found in Buenos Aires (49.9%) and CABA (45.7%). At all levels, the prevalence of moderate/high CR is much higher in men, with the exception of the metropolitan region. Conclusions: Geographical differences position the metropolitan region as the one with maximum CR due to the great incidence of high and moderate CR. Prevalence of high CR in men is almost 4 times greater than that registered in women.