ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Hypovitaminosis D is highly prevalent among patients with chronic kidney disease and has been associated with worse outcome even in the earlier stages of the disease. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for hypovitaminosis D in nondialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study included 120 patients with chronic kidney disease at stages 2 to 5 (62% male, age: 55.4 ± 11.3 year, estimated glomerular filtration rate: 35.1 ± 15 mL/minute, body mass index [BMI]: 27.1 ± 5.2 kg/m(2), 31% diabetics). Serum 25-hydroxivitamin D [25(OH)D] was measured by chemiluminescence. Subjective global assessment, total body fat (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat (computed tomography), and several laboratory parameters were assessed. RESULTS: Insufficiency of 25(OH)D (15 to 30 ng/mL) was observed in 55% and deficiency (<15 ng/mL) in 20% of the patients. Patients with diabetes, BMI ≥30 kg/m(2), and who had the blood collection during the winter or spring had lower levels of 25(OH)D. Serum 25(OH)D correlated inversely with parathyroid hormone, proteinuria, insulin resistance, leptin, and subcutaneous abdominal fat. The risk factors for hypovitaminosis D were diabetes (odds ratio: 3.8; 95% CI: 1.2 to 11.7; P = .022) and BMI ≥30 kg/m(2) (odds ratio: 4.3; 95% CI: 1.2 to 15.3; P = .018). In the logistic regression analysis adjusting for gender, skin color, and season of the year, diabetes and BMI ≥30 kg/m(2) were independently associated with hypovitaminosis D. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes and obesity were the risk factors for hypovitaminosis D in nondialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease. Effective interventional protocols of vitamin D supplementation taking into account these risk factors are warranted for this population.
