Effect of Pharmaceutical Intervention in Pharmacologically Treated Hypertensive Patients-A Cluster-Randomized Clinical Trial: AFPRES-CLM Study.

BACKGROUND: Evaluate the effect of a community pharmaceutical intervention on the control of blood pressure in hypertensive patients treated pharmacologically. METHODS: A cluster-randomized clinical trial of 6 months was carried out. It was conducted in the Autonomous Community of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). Sixty-three community pharmacies and 347 patients completed the study. Intervention patients received the community pharmaceutical intervention based on a protocol that addresses the individual needs of each patient related to the control of their blood pressure, which included Health Education, Pharmacotherapy Follow-up and 24 h Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurement. Control patients received usual care in the community pharmacy. RESULTS: The pharmaceutical intervention resulted in better control of blood pressure (85.8% vs. 66.3% p < 0.001), lower use of emergencies (p = 0.002) and improvement trends in the physical components of quality of life, measured by SF-36 questionnaire, after 6 months of pharmaceutical intervention. No significant changes were observed for any of these variables in the control group. There were also detected 354 negative medication-related outcomes that were satisfactorily resolved in a 74.9% of the cases and 330 healthcare education interventions and 29 Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitorings were performed in order to increase adherence to pharmacological treatment and minimize Negative Outcomes associated with Medication and prevent medication-related problems. CONCLUSIONS: Community pharmaceutical intervention can increase hypertensive patients with controlled blood pressure, after 6 months, compared with usual care.

[Staff burnout and psychosocial risk factors in a long-stay hospital in Spain]. / Burnout y factores de riesgo psicosocial en el personal de un hospital de larga estancia.

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between psychosocial risks and burnout syndrome in a long-stay hospital in Spain. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017, applying the Spanish version of the MBI-HSS and the F-Psico 3.1 questionnaire of Spain's National Institute of Work Safety and Health. The predictive variables were sociodemographic characteristics, modulators, and psychosocial risk factors. The outcome variables were prevalence of burnout and the effects on his subscales. Associations between variables were measured by odds ratio. Burnout was directly associated with psychosocial risks related to workload, psychological demands, participation/supervision, role performance and social support, and consumption of anxiolytics. Meanwhile, protective factors were having children, feeling valued by patients and coworkers, satisfaction at work, optimism, and social support. The associations found on depersonalization were similar but weaker. Low personal fulfillment was directly associated with the psychosocial risks related to length of workweek, limited autonomy and variety/content of work, and role performance and social support. Low personal fulfillment was the subscale with the most modulating and protective sociodemographic variables included marital status, children, night shift, feeling valued by patients and family members, social support, self-efficacy, and optimism. According to our results, there is an association between psychosocial risks and burnout syndrome. Individuals with greater work satisfaction, self-efficacy, and optimism cope better with stress and are less vulnerable to psychosocial risks and burnout.

Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la relación entre los riesgos psicosociales y el burnout en un hospital español de media-larga estancia. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 2017, aplicando la versión española del MBI-HSS y el cuestionario F-Psico 3.1 del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo. Variables predictoras: características sociodemográficas, moduladoras y factores de riesgo psicosocial. Variables resultado: prevalencia de burnout y afectación de sus subescalas. La asociación entre variables se cuantificó con odds ratio. El cansancio emocional se asoció positivamente a los riesgos psicosociales vinculados a carga de trabajo, demandas psicológicas, participación/supervisión, desempeño de rol, relaciones/apoyo social y al consumo de ansiolíticos; fueron factores protectores los hijos, sentirse valorado por pacientes y compañeros, satisfacción laboral, optimismo y apoyo social. Las asociaciones halladas para la despersonalización fueron similares, pero más débiles. La baja realización personal se asoció positivamente a los riesgos psicosociales vinculados al tiempo trabajado, autonomía, variedad/contenido del trabajo, desempeño de rol y apoyo social; fue la subescala que mostró mayor número de variables sociodemográficas/moduladoras protectoras: estado civil, tener hijos, trabajar de noche, sentirse valorado por pacientes y familiares, ilusión por el trabajo, apoyo social, autoeficacia y optimismo. Según nuestros resultados, existe asociación entre los riesgos psicosociales y el burnout. Los individuos con mayor satisfacción laboral, autoeficacia y optimismo, afrontan mejor el estrés y son menos vulnerables a los riesgos psicosociales y al burnout.

Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a relação entre os riscos psicossociais e a síndrome de burnout em um hospital espanhol de meia-longa permanência. Foi realizado um estudo transversal em 2017, aplicando a versão espanhola do MBI-HSS e o questionário F-Psico 3.1 do Instituto Nacional de Segurança e Higiene no Trabalho. Variáveis preditoras: características sociodemográficas, moduladoras e fatores de risco psicossocial. Variáveis de resultado: prevalência de burnout e afetação das subfaixas. A associação entre variáveis foi quantificada com odds ratio. A fatiga emocional foi associada positivamente aos riscos psicossociais vinculados a uma carga de trabalho, demandas psicológicas, participação/supervisão, desempenho de funções, relações/apoio social e consumo de ansiolíticos; por outro lado, foram fatores protetores: os filhos, se sentir valorados por pacientes e companheiros de trabalho, satisfação laboral, otimismo e apoio social. As associações encontradas para a despersonalização foram similares, entretanto mais débeis. A baixa realização pessoal foi associada positivamente aos riscos psicossociais vinculados ao tempo trabalhado, autonomia, variedade/conteúdo do trabalho, desempenho de funções e apoio social; foi a subfaixa que mostrou maior número de variáveis sociodemográficas/moduladoras protetoras: estado civil, ter filhos, trabalhar de noite, sentir-se valorizado por pacientes e membros da família, ilusão pelo trabalho, apoio social, auto-eficácia e otimismo. Segundo nossos resultados, existe uma associação entre os riscos psicossociais e a síndrome de burnout. Os indivíduos com maior satisfação laboral, auto-eficácia e otimismo afrontam melhor o stress e são menos vulneráveis aos riscos psicossociais e ao burnout.

[How to increase the health staff adherence to the hands hygiene protocol?] / ¿Cómo incrementar la adhesión del personal sanitario al protocolo de higiene de manos?

OBJECTIVE: Nosocomial infection is a frequent adverse event in health care. Hand hygiene (HH) reduces cross-transmission, but staff adherence is not always adequate. The objectives of this work were evaluating the effectiveness of the HH technique applied in the workplace and monitoring the adherence of the healthcare staff of a Hospital of Medium-Long Stay to the HH protocol. METHODS: Two cross sectional studies were carried out (2010-2012), to determine the prevalence of colonization of the hands of the staff by pathogenic microorganisms, a cross-sectional study (2015), to evaluate their knowledge of the HH technique and two cross-sectional studies (2015-2016), to evaluate the compliance of the protocol in the healthcare practice. The WHO Self-Assessment Framework was applied annually. The hydroalcoholic solution consumption was monitored as a process indicator. RESULTS: The prevalence of colonization of the staff hands went from 28.3% to 21.2%. Compliance with hand hygiene went from 39.5% to 72% and the results of the WHO Self-Assessment Framework went from an intermediate level with 287.5 points to an advanced level with 432.5 points. The consumption of hydroalcoholic solution went from 3.9 to 19.3 liters/1000 stays. CONCLUSIONS: Staff adherence to the HH protocol has increased, having significantly improved the compliance with the recommendations, the hydroalcoholic solution consumption and the HH level assigned to the hospital. The most effective measures to improve the results have been the development of specific improvement plans, having been decisive, the involvement of managers and the use of direct observation as a regular method of work.

OBJETIVO: La infección nosocomial es un evento adverso frecuente en la atención sanitaria. La higiene de manos (HM) reduce la transmisión cruzada, pero la adhesión del personal no siempre es adecuada. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron evaluar la efectividad de la técnica de HM aplicada en el lugar de trabajo y monitorizar la adhesión del personal sanitario de un Hospital de Media-Larga Estancia al protocolo de HM. METODOS: Se realizaron dos cortes transversales (2010-2012), para conocer la prevalencia de colonización de las manos del personal por microorganismos patógenos, un estudio transversal (2015), para evaluar sus conocimientos sobre la técnica de HM y dos estudios observacionales (2015-2016) para evaluar el cumplimiento del protocolo en la práctica asistencial. Se aplicó anualmente el Marco de Autoevaluación de la OMS. Como indicador de proceso se monitorizó el consumo de solución hidroalcohólica. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS, versión 19.0. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de colonización pasó del 28,3% al 21,2%. El cumplimiento de la HM pasó del 39,5% al 72%. Aplicando el Marco de Autoevaluación de la OMS se pasó de un nivel intermedio con 287,5 puntos a un nivel avanzado con 432,5 puntos. El consumo de solución hidroalcohólica pasó de 3,9 a 19,3 litros/1000 estancias. CONCLUSIONES: La adhesión al protocolo ha aumentado, habiendo mejorado significativamente el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones, el consumo de solución hidroalcohólica y el Nivel de HM asignado al hospital. Las medidas más eficaces para mejorar los resultados han sido la elaboración de planes de mejora específicos, habiendo sido decisiva la implicación de los directivos y el uso de la observación directa como método habitual de trabajo.

Relación entre la satisfacción laboral y la cultura de seguridad del paciente / Relationship between job satisfaction and patient safety culture

Objetivo: Evaluar la relación existente entre la cultura de seguridad y la satisfacción laboral en un hospital de media-larga estancia, evidenciar las relaciones existentes entre las dimensiones que definen ambos constructos e identificar las dimensiones con mayor impacto sobre las dos variables. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado en 2015, utilizando la Encuesta de Satisfacción Laboral del Servicio Vasco de Salud y la versión española del cuestionario Hospital Survey on Patient Safety (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality). Variables resultado: alta satisfacción laboral y alta seguridad percibida (puntuación igual o superior al percentil 75). Variables predictoras: características sociodemográficas y percepción de las dimensiones evaluadas. La asociación entre variables se cuantificó mediante odds ratio (OR) ajustada y su intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados: La satisfacción laboral media fue de 7,21 (desviación estándar [DE]: 2,01) y la seguridad percibida fue de 7,48 (DE: 1,98). El percentil 75 de la distribución en ambos casos fue 9. Las variables sociodemográficas presentaron escasa significación, mientras que una buena percepción de muchas de las dimensiones consideradas sí se asoció a las variables resultado. En el análisis de datos se obtuvieron múltiples correlaciones significativas y relaciones cruzadas entre las dimensiones que definen ambos constructos, así como entre el grado de satisfacción de las dimensiones consideradas y las variables resultado. Conclusión: Los resultados evidencian que existe relación entre la satisfacción laboral y la cultura de seguridad, y cuantifican el grado de asociación entre las variables estudiadas. La OR ajustada identifica las variables más fuertemente asociadas con el efecto y ayuda a seleccionar áreas de mejora

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between safety culture and job satisfaction in a medium-stay hospital, showing the relationships between the dimensions that define both constructs and identifying the dimensions with the greatest impact on both variables. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in 2015, using the Basque Health Service Job Satisfaction Survey and the Spanish version of the «Hospital Survey on Patient Safety» questionnaire (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality). Result Variables: high job satisfaction and high degree of perceived security (score ≥75th percentile). Predictor variables: socio-demographic characteristics and perception of the evaluated dimensions. The association between variables was quantified by adjusted odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval. Results: The mean job satisfaction was 7.21 (standard deviation [SD]: 2.01) and the mean of perceived safety was 7.48 (SD=1.98). The 75th percentile of the distribution in both cases was 9. The socio-demographic variables had little significance, while a positive perception of many of the considered dimensions, was associated with high perception of the result variables. In the data analysis were obtained multiple significant correlations and cross-relations between the dimensions that define both constructs, as well as between the degree of satisfaction of the dimensions considered and the outcome variables. Conclusion: The results obtained evidenced the relationship between job satisfaction and safety culture and quantify the association degree between the studied variables. The adjusted OR identifies the variables most strongly associated with the effect and helps to select improvement areas

Burnout in the staff of a chronic care hospital.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of Burnout in a medium or long-stay hospital, to monitor its evolution and to highlight the importance of cut-off points used to avoid distortions in the interpretation of the results. METHODS Two cross-sectional studies (2013-2016) were carried out, applying the Spanish version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory to the staff of a chronic care hospital (n = 323). Result variables were: Burnout prevalence and a high degree of affectation of the subscales and predictor variables: sociodemographic characteristics and factors that trigger and modulate the syndrome. The association between variables was quantified using odds ratio. RESULTS The participation rate went from 31.5% to 39.3%. The professionals presented a mean level of Burnout in both moments, observing a lower degree of affectation of the depersonalization subscales and personal accomplishment in the 2016 cut-off. The average score of the subscales in 2016 was 21.5 for emotional fatigue, 4.7 for depersonalization and 41.7 for personal fulfillment, compared to the values of emotional fatigue = 21.6, depersonalization = 6.9 and personal fulfillment = 36.3 obtained in 2013. The emotional fatigue score was slightly higher than the mean value of the national studies (19.9), while the rest of the values were similar to the mean values of the studies considered. The prevalence of Burnout and the interpretation of the results varied significantly according to the cut-off points considered. In both studies, sociodemographic variables showed little significance, while social support and interpersonal relationships were associated with the degree of burnout among professionals. CONCLUSIONS Our prevalence of Burnout was similar to that of other studies consulted, although the emotional component is more marked in our environment. The interpretation of the results varied significantly according to the cut-off points applied, due to the cross-cultural differences.

Skin Laceration in Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum Treatment for Dupuytren's Contracture.

BACKGROUND: Dupuytren's contracture produces a progressive flexion contracture of the affected fingers. Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum produces breakdown of the cord in the hand and/or finger(s) that tightens as a result of the disease creating a contracture, allowing manual traction and cord rupture. One of the side effects is spontaneous skin laceration when the finger is extended. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the development of skin lacerations in Dupuytren's contracture treated with collagenase Clostridium histolyticum, to determine predisposing factors, and evaluate the effectiveness of 2 different treatments (antiseptic and non-antiseptic dressings). PARTICIPANTS: Included 157 patients diagnosed with Dupuytren's contracture and treated with collagenase Clostridium histolyticum. METHODS: Analysis of variables and logistic regression model were applied to determine their possible relationship with skin lacerations. The effectiveness of the type of treatment used was evaluated by comparing the amount of time required for healing. RESULTS: Skin lacerations were present in 33.1% (n = 52) of patients, with an average laceration length of 1.12 (SD: 0.70) cm. Characteristics that were significant predisposing factors for lacerations were disease bilateralism (p = .002), previous surgical intervention (p = .003), and initial matacarpophalangeal joint contracture (p < .001). Worse initial contracture (Z = 5.94; p < .001) had a greater risk of laceration as did those who had prior hand surgery, or whose little finger was affected. Average treatment length of healing was 11.24 days (SD: 8.13). All wounds healed successfully. There were no significant differences (p = .511) in healing between different dressings evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Skin lacerations as a consequence of treating Dupuytren's contracture with collagenase Clostridium histolyticum occur often and are moderately serious. For all cases, evolution is satisfactory in less than 2 weeks, and the type of treatment does not appear to make any difference in healing time.

[Relationship between job satisfaction and patient safety culture]. / Relación entre la satisfacción laboral y la cultura de seguridad del paciente.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between safety culture and job satisfaction in a medium-stay hospital, showing the relationships between the dimensions that define both constructs and identifying the dimensions with the greatest impact on both variables. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in 2015, using the Basque Health Service Job Satisfaction Survey and the Spanish version of the «Hospital Survey on Patient Safety¼ questionnaire (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality). Result Variables: high job satisfaction and high degree of perceived security (score ≥75th percentile). Predictor variables: socio-demographic characteristics and perception of the evaluated dimensions. The association between variables was quantified by adjusted odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The mean job satisfaction was 7.21 (standard deviation [SD]: 2.01) and the mean of perceived safety was 7.48 (SD=1.98). The 75th percentile of the distribution in both cases was 9. The socio-demographic variables had little significance, while a positive perception of many of the considered dimensions, was associated with high perception of the result variables. In the data analysis were obtained multiple significant correlations and cross-relations between the dimensions that define both constructs, as well as between the degree of satisfaction of the dimensions considered and the outcome variables. CONCLUSION: The results obtained evidenced the relationship between job satisfaction and safety culture and quantify the association degree between the studied variables. The adjusted OR identifies the variables most strongly associated with the effect and helps to select improvement areas.

Burnout y factores de riesgo psicosocial en el personal de un hospital de larga estancia / Staff burnout and psychosocial risk factors in a long-stay hospital in Spain / Burnout e fatores de risco psicossocial em funcionários de um hospital de longa permanência

Resumen: Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la relación entre los riesgos psicosociales y el burnout en un hospital español de media-larga estancia. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 2017, aplicando la versión española del MBI-HSS y el cuestionario F-Psico 3.1 del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo. Variables predictoras: características sociodemográficas, moduladoras y factores de riesgo psicosocial. Variables resultado: prevalencia de burnout y afectación de sus subescalas. La asociación entre variables se cuantificó con odds ratio. El cansancio emocional se asoció positivamente a los riesgos psicosociales vinculados a carga de trabajo, demandas psicológicas, participación/supervisión, desempeño de rol, relaciones/apoyo social y al consumo de ansiolíticos; fueron factores protectores los hijos, sentirse valorado por pacientes y compañeros, satisfacción laboral, optimismo y apoyo social. Las asociaciones halladas para la despersonalización fueron similares, pero más débiles. La baja realización personal se asoció positivamente a los riesgos psicosociales vinculados al tiempo trabajado, autonomía, variedad/contenido del trabajo, desempeño de rol y apoyo social; fue la subescala que mostró mayor número de variables sociodemográficas/moduladoras protectoras: estado civil, tener hijos, trabajar de noche, sentirse valorado por pacientes y familiares, ilusión por el trabajo, apoyo social, autoeficacia y optimismo. Según nuestros resultados, existe asociación entre los riesgos psicosociales y el burnout. Los individuos con mayor satisfacción laboral, autoeficacia y optimismo, afrontan mejor el estrés y son menos vulnerables a los riesgos psicosociales y al burnout

Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between psychosocial risks and burnout syndrome in a long-stay hospital in Spain. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017, applying the Spanish version of the MBI-HSS and the F-Psico 3.1 questionnaire of Spain's National Institute of Work Safety and Health. The predictive variables were sociodemographic characteristics, modulators, and psychosocial risk factors. The outcome variables were prevalence of burnout and the effects on his subscales. Associations between variables were measured by odds ratio. Burnout was directly associated with psychosocial risks related to workload, psychological demands, participation/supervision, role performance and social support, and consumption of anxiolytics. Meanwhile, protective factors were having children, feeling valued by patients and coworkers, satisfaction at work, optimism, and social support. The associations found on depersonalization were similar but weaker. Low personal fulfillment was directly associated with the psychosocial risks related to length of workweek, limited autonomy and variety/content of work, and role performance and social support. Low personal fulfillment was the subscale with the most modulating and protective sociodemographic variables included marital status, children, night shift, feeling valued by patients and family members, social support, self-efficacy, and optimism. According to our results, there is an association between psychosocial risks and burnout syndrome. Individuals with greater work satisfaction, self-efficacy, and optimism cope better with stress and are less vulnerable to psychosocial risks and burnout.

Resumo: Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a relação entre os riscos psicossociais e a síndrome de burnout em um hospital espanhol de meia-longa permanência. Foi realizado um estudo transversal em 2017, aplicando a versão espanhola do MBI-HSS e o questionário F-Psico 3.1 do Instituto Nacional de Segurança e Higiene no Trabalho. Variáveis preditoras: características sociodemográficas, moduladoras e fatores de risco psicossocial. Variáveis de resultado: prevalência de burnout e afetação das subfaixas. A associação entre variáveis foi quantificada com odds ratio. A fatiga emocional foi associada positivamente aos riscos psicossociais vinculados a uma carga de trabalho, demandas psicológicas, participação/supervisão, desempenho de funções, relações/apoio social e consumo de ansiolíticos; por outro lado, foram fatores protetores: os filhos, se sentir valorados por pacientes e companheiros de trabalho, satisfação laboral, otimismo e apoio social. As associações encontradas para a despersonalização foram similares, entretanto mais débeis. A baixa realização pessoal foi associada positivamente aos riscos psicossociais vinculados ao tempo trabalhado, autonomia, variedade/conteúdo do trabalho, desempenho de funções e apoio social; foi a subfaixa que mostrou maior número de variáveis sociodemográficas/moduladoras protetoras: estado civil, ter filhos, trabalhar de noite, sentir-se valorizado por pacientes e membros da família, ilusão pelo trabalho, apoio social, auto-eficácia e otimismo. Segundo nossos resultados, existe uma associação entre os riscos psicossociais e a síndrome de burnout. Os indivíduos com maior satisfação laboral, auto-eficácia e otimismo afrontam melhor o stress e são menos vulneráveis aos riscos psicossociais e ao burnout.

Burnout in the staff of a chronic care hospital / Burnout en el personal de un hospital de crónicos

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of Burnout in a medium or long-stay hospital, to monitor its evolution and to highlight the importance of cut-off points used to avoid distortions in the interpretation of the results. METHODS Two cross-sectional studies (2013-2016) were carried out, applying the Spanish version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory to the staff of a chronic care hospital (n = 323). Result variables were: Burnout prevalence and a high degree of affectation of the subscales and predictor variables: sociodemographic characteristics and factors that trigger and modulate the syndrome. The association between variables was quantified using odds ratio. RESULTS The participation rate went from 31.5% to 39.3%. The professionals presented a mean level of Burnout in both moments, observing a lower degree of affectation of the depersonalization subscales and personal accomplishment in the 2016 cut-off. The average score of the subscales in 2016 was 21.5 for emotional fatigue, 4.7 for depersonalization and 41.7 for personal fulfillment, compared to the values of emotional fatigue = 21.6, depersonalization = 6.9 and personal fulfillment = 36.3 obtained in 2013. The emotional fatigue score was slightly higher than the mean value of the national studies (19.9), while the rest of the values were similar to the mean values of the studies considered. The prevalence of Burnout and the interpretation of the results varied significantly according to the cut-off points considered. In both studies, sociodemographic variables showed little significance, while social support and interpersonal relationships were associated with the degree of burnout among professionals. CONCLUSIONS Our prevalence of Burnout was similar to that of other studies consulted, although the emotional component is more marked in our environment. The interpretation of the results varied significantly according to the cut-off points applied, due to the cross-cultural differences.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Estimar la prevalencia de Burnout en un hospital de media-larga estancia, monitorizar su evolución y evidenciar la importancia de los puntos de corte utilizados para evitar sesgos en la interpretación de los resultados. MÉTODOS Se realizaron dos estudios transversales (2013-2016), aplicando la versión española del cuestionario Maslach Burnout Inventory al personal de un hospital de crónicos (n = 323). Fueron variables resultado: prevalencia de Burnout y alto grado de afectación de las subescalas y variables predictoras: características sociodemográficas y factores desencadenantes y moduladores del síndrome. La asociación entre variables se cuantificó mediante odds ratio. RESULTADOS El índice de participación pasó del 31,5% al 39,3%. Los profesionales presentaron un nivel medio de Burnout en ambos momentos, observándose menor grado de afectación de las subescalas de despersonalización y realización personal en el corte realizado en 2016. La puntuación media de las subescalas en 2016 fue 21,5 para el cansancio emocional, 4,7 para la despersonalización y 41,7 para la realización personal, frente a los valores de cansancio emocional = 21,6, despersonalización = 6,9 y realización personal = 36,3 obtenidos en 2013. La puntuación de la escala de cansancio emocional fue ligeramente superior al valor promedio de los estudios nacionales (19,9), mientras que el resto de valores fueron similares a los valores promedio de los estudios considerados. La prevalencia de Burnout y la interpretación de los resultados variaron significativamente en función de los puntos de corte considerados. En ambos estudios, las variables sociodemográficas mostraron escasa significación, mientras que el apoyo social y las relaciones interpersonales se asociaron al grado de Burnout de los profesionales. CONCLUSIONES Nuestra prevalencia de Burnout fue similar a la de otros estudios consultados, aunque el componente emocional es más marcado en nuestro medio. La interpretación de los resultados varió significativamente en función de los puntos de corte aplicados, debido a las diferencias transculturales.

¿Cómo incrementar la adhesión del personal sanitario al protocolo de higiene de manos? / How to increase the health staff adherence to the hands hygiene protocol?

Fundamentos: La infección nosocomial es un evento adverso frecuente en la atención sanitaria. La higiene de manos (HM) reduce la transmisión cruzada, pero la adhesión del personal no siempre es adecuada. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron evaluar la efectividad de la técnica de HM aplicada en el lugar de trabajo y monitorizar la adhesión del personal sanitario de un Hospital de Media-Larga Estancia al protocolo de HM. Métodos: Se realizaron dos cortes transversales (2010-2012), para conocer la prevalencia de colonización de las manos del personal por microorganismos patógenos, un estudio transversal (2015), para evaluar sus conocimientos sobre la técnica de HM y dos estudios observacionales (2015-2016) para evaluar el cumplimiento del protocolo en la práctica asistencial. Se aplicó anualmente el Marco de Autoevaluación de la OMS. Como indicador de proceso se monitorizó el consumo de solución hidroalcohólica. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS, versión 19.0. Resultados: La prevalencia de colonización pasó del 28,3% al 21,2%. El cumplimiento de la HM pasó del 39,5% al 72%. Aplicando el Marco de Autoevaluación de la OMS se pasó de un nivel intermedio con 287,5 puntos a un nivel avanzado con 432,5 puntos. El consumo de solución hidroalcohólica pasó de 3,9 a 19,3 litros/1000 estancias. Conclusiones: La adhesión al protocolo ha aumentado, habiendo mejorado significativamente el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones, el consumo de solución hidroalcohólica y el Nivel de HM asignado al hospital. Las medidas más eficaces para mejorar los resultados han sido la elaboración de planes de mejora específicos, habiendo sido decisiva la implicación de los directivos y el uso de la observación directa como método habitual de trabajo

Background: Nosocomial infection is a frequent adverse event in health care. Hand hygiene (HH) reduces cross-transmission, but staff adhe-rence is not always adequate. The objectives of this work were evaluating the effectiveness of the HH technique applied in the workplace and monitoring the adherence of the healthcare staff of a Hospital of Medium-Long Stay to the HH protocol. Methods: Two cross sectional studies were carried out (2010-2012), to determine the prevalence of colonization of the hands of the staff by pathogenic microorganisms, a cross-sectional study (2015), to evaluate their knowledge of the HH technique and two cross-sectional studies (2015-2016), to evaluate the compliance of the protocol in the healthcare practice. The WHO Self-Assessment Framework was applied annually. The hydroalcoholic solution consumption was monitored as a process indicator. Results: The prevalence of colonization of the staff hands went from 28.3% to 21.2%. Compliance with hand hygiene went from 39.5% to 72% and the results of the WHO Self-Assessment Framework went from an intermediate level with 287.5 points to an advanced level with 432.5 points. The consumption of hydroalcoholic solution went from 3.9 to 19.3 liters/1000 stays. Conclusions: Staff adherence to the HH protocol has increased, ha-ving significantly improved the compliance with the recommendations, the hydroalcoholic solution consumption and the HH level assigned to the hospital. The most effective measures to improve the results have been the development of specific improvement plans, having been decisive, the involvement of managers and the use of direct observation as a regular method of work

Pain Associated With Treatment of Dupuytren Contracture With Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum.

PURPOSE: The primary objective of this study was to quantify the degree of pain associated with collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH) injection and to determine whether it is related to other factors in the intervention. METHODS: A prospective study of 135 patients was performed to evaluate pain at 3 points during treatment: (1) after CCH injection, using a numerical rating scale (NRS), (2) a binary (positive/negative) assessment before manipulation 24 hours after CCH and after removing the bandage, and (3) after joint manipulation performed with wrist block anesthesia. RESULTS: The average NRS for pain during infiltration was 4.7. Pain was present before manipulation in 52.6% of patients. Pain from manipulation showed an average NRS score of 3.6. The amounts of pain at CCH infiltration, pain after 24 hours, and pain from the manipulation were correlated because patients who experienced pain during CCH infiltration were more likely to report experiencing pain during manipulation. CONCLUSIONS: Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum injection for treating Dupuytren contracture can be a painful process. There is a clear relationship between a patient's level of pain during injection of CCH and the likelihood that the patient will experience pain during manipulation, even with the use of local anesthesia. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic IV.

Intraocular lens dislocation in pseudoexfoliation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of pseudoexfoliation syndrome on intraocular lens (IOL) dislocation after phacoemulsification cataract surgery and explore possible associations related to surgical technique. METHODS: We systematically searched the MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Lilacs databases and grey literature sources and identified (on March 1, 2016) 14 cohort and case-control studies comparing IOL dislocation in patients with and without pseudoexfoliation syndrome who had undergone phacoemulsification. Study quality was assessed using the STROBE scale. An inverse-variance fixed-effects model was used to calculate weighted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The pooled analysis yielded an OR of 6.02 (95% CI: 3.7, 9.79) for IOL dislocation in patients with pseudoexfoliation, and similarly, high ORs were detected for both early and late (3 months after surgery) dislocation (OR 5.26; 95% CI: 1.05; 26.32 versus OR 6.02; 95% CI: 3.67; 10.17). No significant associations were detected when the results were stratified by year, incision size or use of hooks or retractors. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome have a high risk of late IOL dislocation after phacoemulsification cataract surgery, and this risk may be related to the use of large incisions and hooks or retractors.

Intraoperative complications of phacoemulsification in pseudoexfoliation: Metaanalysis.

This review analyzed the effect of pseudoexfoliation (PXF) syndrome on the risk for surgical complications during phacoemulsification. Peer-reviewed literature in Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases was systematically searched, along with gray literature in the Teseo and National Institutes of Health clinical trials database. Clinical trial, cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies comparing phacoemulsification complications in patients with and without PXF were identified, and 22 of 30 studies were selected for analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) for posterior capsule rupture or zonular dialysis were calculated and pooled using random-effects models. A random-effects meta-regression model was also generated. Using the random-effects model, the pooled OR was 2.1363 (95% confidence interval, 1.5394-2.9648), which corresponds to a risk of more than 10%. No significant changes to this risk were observed in the cumulative or stratified analyses. Although advances in surgical technique have been made, PXF syndrome continues to be a risk factor in phacoemulsification. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Assessment of a screening protocol for type 2 diabetes in community pharmacy. The DiabNow Study.

The aim of this study was to assess the performance and feasibility of a protocol for screening type 2 diabetes in community pharmacy. Performance was primarily assessed by measuring stakeholders' adherence (pharmacists, patients and physicians) to the protocol's components.

Impact of a community pharmacists' hypertension-care service on medication adherence. The AFenPA study.

BACKGROUND: One of the main factors associated with the inadequacy of blood pressure control is patients' non-adherence to antihypertensive drug therapy. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of an intervention program on antihypertensive medication adherence in the community pharmacy setting. METHODS: Treated hypertensive patients were enrolled in a 6-month controlled study involving thirteen Spanish community pharmacies. A pharmacist intervention program which consisted of specific education on issues related to medication adherence and hypertension was provided. Additionally, patients were provided with a home blood pressure monitoring device and instructed to measure their blood pressure. The control group received usual pharmacy care. Antihypertensive medication adherence was evaluated by pill counts at baseline and at the end of the study. RESULTS: Data from 176 patients were included in and analyzed in the study: 89 in the control group and 87 in the intervention group. The percentage of adherence for intervention group patients increased between baseline and the end of the study (86.0% vs. 96.5%), while it didn't change in the control group (86.5% vs. 85.4%). The proportion of patient adherence at the end of the study was higher in the intervention group compared to the control group (96.5% vs. 85.4%; P = .011). The odds of adherence to antihypertensive drug therapy in the intervention group was 4.07 (95% CI: 1.04-15.95; P = .044) times higher than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of treated hypertensive patients, the pharmacist intervention was associated with significant improvement in antihypertensive medications adherence, compared to usual care.

Effect of a pharmacist intervention in Spanish community pharmacies on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients.

PURPOSE: The effect of a protocol-based pharmacist intervention on blood pressure (BP) control among treated hypertensive patients who use community pharmacies was studied. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study with a control group was conducted at 13 community pharmacies in Jaén and Granada in Spain. Hypertensive patients over age 18 years who were receiving antihypertensive treatment were eligible for participation. The protocol-based intervention consisted of three components: (1) patient education about hypertension, (2) home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM), and (3) referral to a physician through personalized reports when necessary. The control group received the standard of care. BP control was assessed at the beginning and end of the study. Results Data were collected from 176 patients. In the intervention group (n = 87), significant baseline-to-endpoint reductions in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were observed: 6.8 mm Hg (p < 0.001) and 2.1 mm Hg (p = 0.032), respectively. The changes in SBP and DBP in the intervention group at the end of the study were significantly greater than those in the control group (difference between adjusted mean change, 5.7 mm Hg for SBP [p = 0.001] and 2.6 mm Hg for DBP [p = 0.013]). The odds of achieving BP control in the intervention group was 2.46 times higher than in the control group (95% confidence interval, 1.15-5.24; p = 0.020). CONCLUSION: A protocol-based community pharmacist intervention in combination with HBPM significantly reduced SBP and DBP and increased the percentage of patients with controlled BP compared with patients receiving the standard of care.

Terms used in patient safety related to medication: a literature review.

PURPOSE: There is a lack of homogeneity in the terminology used in the context of patient safety related to medication. The aim of this review was to identify the terms and definitions used in patient safety related to medication within the scientific literature. METHODS: Original and review articles that were indexed between 1998 and 2008 in MEDLINE and EMBASE and contained terms used in patient safety related to medication were included. Terms and definitions were extracted and categorised according to whether its definition referred to the process of medication use, or to the clinical outcome of medication use, or both. RESULTS: Of 2564 articles, 147 were included. Sixty terms used in patient safety related to medication with 189 different definitions were identified. Among terms that referred only to the process of medication use (n = 23), medication error provided the greatest number of definitions (n = 29). Among terms that referred only to the clinical outcome of medication use (n = 31), adverse drug event provided the greatest number of definitions (n = 15). Finally, among terms that referred both to the process of use and to the clinical outcome of medication use (n = 13), drug-related problem provided the greatest number of definitions (n = 7). CONCLUSIONS: A multitude of terms and definitions are used in patient safety related to medication. This heterogeneity makes it difficult to compare the results among studies and to appreciate the true magnitude of the problem. Classifying and unifying the terminology is necessary to advance in patient safety strategies.

Adherence: a review of education, research, practice and policy in Spain.

AIMS: To describe medication adherence education, practice, research and policy efforts carried out by pharmacists in Spain in the last decade. METHODS: A literature review using Medline and Embase was conducted covering the last ten years. Additional pharmaceutical bibliographic sources in Spain were consulted to retrieve articles of interest from the last decade. Articles were included if a pharmacist was involved and if medication adherence was measured or there was any direct or indirect pharmacist intervention in monitoring and/or improving adherence. Articles focusing on the development of tools for adherence assessment were collected. Pre- and post-graduate pharmacy training programs were also reviewed through the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science website. Information regarding policy issues was gathered from the Spanish and Autonomous Communities of Education and Health Ministries websites. RESULTS: Pharmacists receive no specific training focused on adherence. There is no specific government policies for pharmacists in Spain related to medication adherence regardless of their practice setting. A total of 24 research studies met our inclusion criteria. Of these, 10 involved pharmacist intervention in monitoring and/or improving adherence and 14 assessed only adherence. Ten studies involved hospital pharmacists working in collaboration with another healthcare professional. CONCLUSIONS: At present in Spain, the investigative role of the pharmacist is not well developed in the area of medication adherence. Adherence improvement services provided to patients by pharmacists are not implemented in a systematic way. However, recent efforts to implement new initiatives in this area may provide the basis for offering new cognitive services aimed at improving patient adherence in the near future.