ABSTRACT
The respiratory consequences of respiratory muscle impairment, with or without bulbar muscle weakness, usually involve inadequate ventilation and airway secretion encumbrance and may progress to respiratory failure. This article focuses on muscular dysfunction of the bulbar and respiratory musculature in elderly patients with neuromuscular diseases or central nervous system disorders. In addition, the article discusses application of pulmonary physical medicine principles for patients with predominantly restrictive pulmonary disorders caused primarily by muscular dysfunction. Diagnostic evaluation, respective clinical courses and responses to therapy, and the use of noninvasive ventilatory support outside of an acute care setting are also reviewed.
Subject(s)
Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Respiratory Muscles/physiopathology , Aged , Humans , Hypercapnia/physiopathology , Hypoventilation/physiopathology , Lung Compliance , Muscular Dystrophies/complications , Muscular Dystrophies/physiopathology , Oximetry , Parkinson Disease/complications , Parkinson Disease/physiopathology , Respiratory Function Tests , Respiratory Insufficiency/physiopathology , Respiratory MechanicsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Depressive symptomatology is seen in some persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Identification of a depressed mood can assist clinicians in early treatment. The Ilfeld Psychiatric Symptom Index (Ilfeld PSI) is a screening tool that assesses a range of symptoms: depression, cognitive disturbance, anxiety, and anger. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of the Ilfeld PSI to the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (Zung SRS) in persons with chronic SCI. DESIGN: This was a case-control study. METHODS: A total of 59 subjects completed the study: 20 persons with tetraplegia, 19 with paraplegia, and 20 age-matched able-bodied controls. The total scores for both measures were analyzed using Pearson correlation, analysis of variance, and chi-square tests. RESULTS: The Zung SRS total scores correlated with the Ilfeld PSI subscales and index scores. When using the traditional cutoff scores, there was a low level of agreement between scales. The Ilfeld PSI classified 79% of the SCI group and 75% of controls as depressed. In contrast, 8% of the SCI group and none of the controls met criteria for depression using the Zung SRS. CONCLUSIONS: The Ilfeld PSI screens for a broad range of symptoms; however, it poorly discriminates somatic symptoms unrelated to depression. Therefore, the Ilfeld PSI may not be a useful instrument for persons with SCI.
