ABSTRACT
Plasma is considered by several researchers to be the fourth state of matter. Cold plasma has been highlighted as an alternative to thermal treatments because heat induces less degradation of thermolabile bioactive compounds, such as natural pigments. In this review, we provide a compilation of the current information about the effects of cold plasma on natural pigments, such as the changes caused by plasma to the molecules of chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains. As a result of the literature review, it is noted that can degrade cell membrane and promote damage to pigment storage sites; thereby releasing pigments and increasing their content in the extracellular space. However, the reactive species contained in the cold plasma can cause degradation of the pigments. Cold plasma is a promising technology for extracting pigments; however, case-by-case optimization of the extraction process is required.
Subject(s)
Anthocyanins , Plasma Gases , Anthocyanins/metabolism , Carotenoids/metabolism , Betalains , ChlorophyllABSTRACT
Tamarind fruits are consumed worldwide and their seeds have an underexploited potential. We assessed the effect of the addition of a freeze-dried aqueous of extract tamarind seed (FAE) at three concentration levels (0.3, 1.15 and 2%) on the antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and ORAC) and concentrations of total phenolic compounds in tamarind pulp. Conditions used to prepare the aqueous extracts were established using multivariate optimization. Moreover, nectars prepared from pulps combined with FAE were subjected to sensory tests. Tamarind fruits from three geographic regions in Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Bahia) that were harvested in 2013 and 2014 were used in the study. Generally, the freeze-dried aqueous extracts increased the concentrations of antioxidants in the pulp. The results revealed a positive correlation between the FAE concentration in the pulp and the antioxidant capacity of all samples, particularly samples from Bahia and Minas Gerais, which presented an increase of up to 1,942% in the ABTS method when 2% FAE was incorporated into the pulp, from approximately 40.1 to 209.1 mMTrolox/gdw and 13.4 to 143.4 mMTrolox/gdw, respectively. Sensory tests indicated the satisfactory acceptance and non-distinction between nectar samples to which FAE was or was not added when the FAE concentration was less than 2.3gFAE/L, regardless of the geographic origin of the samples.
Subject(s)
Tamarindus , Antioxidants , Brazil , Fruit , Plant Extracts , Plant NectarABSTRACT
This study presents unpublished data on the chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid content in fruits. Sixty-four fruits consumed in Brazil, most of which were produced domestically, were evaluated based on their levels of 3-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid. The study investigated 15 fruits that have not been reported in the literature in relation to these compounds, including several native species. The highest concentration of mono-caffeoylquinic acid was observed in strawberry, cherry, bilberry, quince and mulberry, while the dicaffeoylquinic acid was present with highest concentration in kumquat, passion fruit and sweet granadilla. Regarding caffeic acid, the highest content was found in bilberry and yellow pitaya. Considering the sum of the concentrations of these compounds, quince, cherry, bilberry, mulberry and sweet granadilla were exceptional, with concentrations between 200.0 and 569.7â¯mgâ¯kg-1.
Subject(s)
Caffeic Acids/chemistry , Chlorogenic Acid/chemistry , Fruit/chemistry , Brazil , Caffeic Acids/analysis , Chlorogenic Acid/analysis , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Eugenia/chemistry , Eugenia/metabolism , Fruit/metabolism , Principal Component Analysis , Rosaceae/chemistry , Rosaceae/metabolism , Vaccinium myrtillus/chemistry , Vaccinium myrtillus/metabolismABSTRACT
Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica (ELA) é uma doença degenerativa que cursa com a deterioração dos neurônios motores. O início do comprometimento clínico pode ser bulbar com o tempo médio de vida após os primeiros sintomas de 2 à 5 anos, apresentando sérios distúrbios de deglutição, fala e respiração. Os transtornos de deglutição podem ocasionar desnutrição, desidratação, aspiração, desprazer, além de complicações mais graves como a pneumonia aspirativa e o óbito. Com a evolução da doença o paciente necessita de procedimentos que geram dúvidas nos profissionais e nos familiares como o momento correto de indicação do uso de vias alternativas de alimentação de longa duração denominada gastrostomia (GTT). O objetivo desse artigo é analisar o impacto da disfagia e o momento mais favorável para a colocação da gastrostomia. A colocação precoce da GTT pode auxiliar a evitar que o paciente se debilite clinicamente mais rapidamente, responda melhor as terapêuticas da equipe multidisciplinar e tenha mais conforto. (AU)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative disease that occurs with the deterioration of motor neurons. The beginning of clinical impairment may be bulbar with the average life time, after the first symptoms, between 2 to 5 years, presenting serious swallowing, speech and breathing disorders. Deglutition disorders can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration, displeasure, and more serious complications such as aspiration pneumonia and death. With the evolution of the disease, the patient needs procedures that generate doubts in the professionals and family, as the correct moment of indication of the use of alternative long-term feeding routes called gastrostomies (GTT). The objective of this article is to analyze the impact of dysphagias and the most favorable moment for the placement of gastrostomies. Early GTT placement may help prevent the patient from clinically debilitating more quickly, respond better to multidisciplinary team therapeutics, and feel more comfortable. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Motor Neuron Disease , Deglutition Disorders , Enteral Nutrition , Neurodegenerative Diseases , Amyotrophic Lateral SclerosisABSTRACT
Os efeitos biológicos promovidos pelo laser de baixa potência resultam em cicatrização mais rápida das feridas. No entanto, as feridas são sistemas muito complexos, tanto do ponto de vista microbiano quanto do hospedeiro. Como a infecção é uma causa comum de cicatrização retardada, é importante entender o efeito da terapia com laser de baixa intensidade no crescimento bacteriano. Esta mini-revisão resume as evidências atuais sobre os efeitos do laser de baixa intensidade em estudos de bactérias in vitro. (AU)
The biological effects promoted by low power laser result in faster wound healing. However, wounds are very complex systems from both host and microbial point of view. Since infection is a common cause of delayed wound healing, it is important to understand the effect of low-level laser therapy in bacterial growth. This mini-review summaries the current evidence about effects of low level laser on bacteria vitro studies. (AU)
Subject(s)
Wound Healing , Wound Infection , Bacteria , UlcerABSTRACT
This study analysed 100 plants employed in Brazil as ingredients to infusions for their caffeic acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA), 4-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQA), 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4-DQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DQA), and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5-DQA) contents. The samples were collected from public markets and analysed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The highest concentrations of chlorogenic acids were found in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), 9,2g·100g-1, white tea (Camellia sinensis), winter's bark (Drimys winteri), green tea (Camellia sinensis), elderflower (Sambucus nigra), and Boehmeria caudata (known as assa-peixe in Brazil), 1,1g·100g-1. The present work showcased the investigation of chlorogenic acids in a wide range of plants not yet studied in this regard and also resulted in a comparative table which explores the content of six isomers in the samples.
Subject(s)
Chlorogenic Acid/isolation & purification , Plants/chemistry , Boehmeria/chemistry , Brazil , Camellia sinensis/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drimys/chemistry , Humans , Ilex paraguariensis/chemistry , Isomerism , Plants/classification , Sambucus nigra/chemistryABSTRACT
The beverage obtained from the yerba mate tea, besides being the most consumed in Brazil, has high concentrations of chlorogenic acids. In this study, a central composite design was employed to establish the best infusion time, temperature and water volume to maximize the extraction of chlorogenic acids 5-caffeoylquinic (5CQ), 3.4-dicaffeoylquinic (3.4 DQ), 3.5-dicaffeoylquinic (3.5 DQ) and 4.5-dicaffeoylquinic (4.5 DQ), from the leaves and stems of yerba mate tea (beverage ready for consumption). Analyses were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography and the optimum conditions were obtained through the use of the desirability function of Derringer and Suich. The maximum chlorogenic acids content in the beverage was obtained when the infusion was prepared with 2 g of mate tea, in 300 mL of water at 95 °C, under infusion for 16 min. The optimal conditions were applied for the preparation of beverages from 15 commercial samples of yerba mate tea, and it was observed that the sum of the concentration of the four compounds showed variation of up to 79 times between the average of the samples, which can be attributed to climatic conditions of cultivation of the plant and/or of processing.
Subject(s)
Chlorogenic Acid/isolation & purification , Ilex paraguariensis/chemistry , Quinic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Brazil , Chlorogenic Acid/analysis , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Methanol , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Stems/chemistry , Quinic Acid/analysis , Quinic Acid/isolation & purification , Teas, HerbalABSTRACT
Feeding is one of the major factors that influences the growth and development of animals, justifying thus the present experiment that analyzed the effect of the number of feeding environments on the performance of bullfrog tadpoles through the growth (weight and length) and performance (food remains, average feed intake, average weight gain, and feed conversion). The treatments consisted of subunits of two, four, and eight feeding environments in the experimental units at disposal for the tadpole population, and one without subdivisions, comprising a single environment, during 60 experimental days. The design was completely randomized, with four treatments and three replications. The values were tested using an analysis of variance and Duncan test (α = 0.05). The growth in weight and length and the indices of animal performance were influenced by the number of feeding environments, with the best results found for the treatments with four and eight environments, and the worst, for the treatment with a single environment. The increased number of feeding environments may be an alternative to improve the performance of bullfrog tadpoles.
Alimentação íntegra a um conjunto de fatores que influenciam o crescimento e o desenvolvimento dos animais. Com isso, foi realizado o experimento com o objetivo de verificar pelo crescimento (peso e comprimento) e o desempenho (sobras diárias de ração, consumo médio de ração, ganho de peso médio e conversão alimentar) dos girinos de rã-touro a influência do número de ambientes de alimentação no desempenho de girinos de rã-touro. Os tratamentos foram subdivisões em dois, quatro e oito ambientes de alimentação das unidades experimentais em relação à população de girinos e um sem subdivisões com único ambiente, durante 60 dias experimentais. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e três repetições. Os valores encontrados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Duncan (α = 0,05). O crescimento em peso e comprimento e os índices de desempenho zootécnicos foram influenciados pelo número de ambientes de alimentação, sendo que os melhores resultados foram para os tratamentos com quatro e oito ambientes e o piores para com único ambiente. O aumento do número de ambientes de alimentação pode ser uma alternativa para melhorar o desempenho dos girinos de rã-touro.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Efficiency , RanidaeABSTRACT
In order to complement the histopathological study of juveniles and tadpoles of the bullfrog, Lithobathes catesbeianus, fed commercial diet used by frog farms in Rio de Janeiro, containing 40% crude protein, we performed necropsy and histopathology of the liver to establish a relationship between the quality of crude protein in the diet and animal health. For this, it was used twenty breeding male bullfrogs, with average weight 591.30 g (± 91.90 g) and length 165.02 mm (± 14.22 mm), and ten females with average weight and length of 629.80 g (± 134.47 g) and 169.32 mm (± 21.82 mm). The liver histopathology showed hyperemia, high number of elanomacrophages and cytoplasmic rarefaction, probably due to protein deficiency and fatty liver degeneration and presence of inflammatory processes. These lesions indicate a degenerative nutritional process. These findings suggest that the animals were fed with proteins of low biological value, indicating poor quality of feed, undermining the sanity. The impairment of liver function by these injuries will lead to reduced availability of precursors of sex hormones, since the liver is important in the metabolism of the same, and reproductive performance of these animals may be impaired.
Em complementação ao estudo histopatológico de girinos e imagos da rã-touro, Lithobates catesbeianus, alimentados com ração comercial utilizada pelos ranários do Rio de Janeiro, contendo 40% de proteína bruta, realizou-se necropsia e histopatologia do fígado de reprodutores, procurando uma relação entre a qualidade de proteína bruta na ração e a sanidade do animal. Foram utilizados 20 reprodutores de rã-touro, dez machos com peso de 591,30 g (± 91,90 g) e comprimento médios de 165,02 mm (± 14,22 mm), e dez fêmeas com peso e comprimento médios de 629,80 g (± 134,47 g) e 169,32 mm (± 21,82 mm). Os resultados da histopatologia mostraram que o fígado dos reprodutores, tanto machos quanto fêmeas apresentavam hiperemia, grande número de melanomacrófagos e rarefação citoplasmática provavelmente por deficiência proteica e quadro de degeneração hepática gordurosa. Tais lesões indicam quadro degenerativo nutricional. Também presente processos inflamatórios focais. Estes achados sugerem uma alimentação com proteínas de baixo valor biológico, indicando má qualidade da ração, comprometendo sua sanidade. Pode-se inferir que o comprometimento das funções hepáticas, irá diminuir a disponibilidade de precursores dos hormônios sexuais, pois o fígado é importante na metabolização dos mesmos, e a performance reprodutiva destes animais poderá ser prejudicada.
Subject(s)
Animals , Protein Deficiency , Ranidae , Aquaculture , Animal Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaABSTRACT
Evaluation of semen characteristics after hormonal induction of the bullfrog could provide valuable information on the gametes of this species, which may be useful for projects related to artificial fertilization, animal improvement, and cryopreservation. Bullfrog males were induced to spermiate with buserelin acetate (GnRHa), and their semen was subsequently analyzed. GnRHa (0.4 µg) was administered to the bullfrog males with secondary sexual characteristics such as weight > 200 g, yellow chin, nuptial callus, and amplexus reflex, being the semen collected after 60 min. The semen volume was 5.76 mL, light-colored. The other characteristics of the semen were: vigor of 4.80, motility of 93%, concentration of 14.24 × 106 mL-1, and content of normal spermatozoa of 70%. The volume, color, vigor, motility, sperm concentration, and content of normal spermatozoa were adequate in these bullfrog semen samples. Evaluation of the bullfrog semen samples based on this set of parameters is essential for decision-making about the quality and destination of the semen.
Avaliação de que as características do sêmen, após a indução hormonal da rã-touro, pode fornecer informações valiosas sobre os gametas desta espécie, podendo ser útil para projetos relacionados à fertilização artificial, melhoramento animal, e criopreservação. Machos de rã-touro foram induzidos à espermiação com acetato de buserelina (GnRHa) e o sêmen foi posteriormente analisado. GnRHa (0,4 mg) foi administrado à rã- touro do sexo masculino com características sexuais secundárias, tais como peso superior a 200 g, papo amarelo, calo nupcial, e reflexo amplexo, e seu sêmen foi coletado após 60 min. O sêmen da rã-touro apresentou volume de 5,76 mL, coloração turva, vigor espermático de 4,80; motilidade espermática de 93%, concentração de 14,24 x 106 SPTZ mL-1 e 70% de espermatozoides normais. O volume, cor, vigor, motilidade, concentração espermática e o número de espermatozoides normais das amostras do sêmen de rã-touro são adequados. O conjunto dos parâmetros para avaliação das amostras de sêmen de rã-touro é indispensável para a tomada de decisão sobre a qualidade e destino do mesmo.
