[Biomarkers of the development and progression of diabetic polyneuropathy]. / Biomarkery razvitiya i progressirovaniya diabeticheskoi polineiropatii.

OBJECTIVE: To study the diagnostic potential of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) and their high affinity receptors (TrkB, VEGFR2) in the development and progression of diabetic polyneuropathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The main group consisted of 65 patients with diabetes mellitus and confirmed DPN. The comparison group included 14 people with diabetes mellitus without DPN. The control group consisted of 15 healthy individuals. Clinical characteristics of DPN were evaluated with VAS, PainDetect, TSS, NSS, NDS scores. The degree of polyneuropathy was verified by electroneuromyography. Serum levels of the growth factors and their receptors were studied using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Elevated expression of serum BDNF, VEGFA and TrkB was found in patients with DPN, regardless of the presence of symptoms. The severe stage of DPN is characterized by painless form of polyneuropathy, the deficiency of serum BDNF, VEGFA and VEGFR2 and the high serum level of TrkB. The high expression of BDNF affects the intensity of neuropathic pain, the severity of the clinical signs of DPN and is associated with the severity of axonal damage to sensory nerve fibers. The increase in the TrkB level is associated with the painless form of neuropathy and the degree of nerve fiber demyelination. CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced serum expression of BDNF and VEGFA is proposed as a biomarker for the development of DPN, while different concentrations of TrkB and VEGFR2 receptors can be considered as predictors of DPN severity.

[Effect of antioxidant therapy on neurotrophins and processes of rehabilitation after stroke]. / Vliyanie antioksidantnoi terapii na neirotrofiny i protsessy reabilitatsii posle insul'ta.

The aim of the research was to study the effect of the inclusion in the scheme cytoflavin patient care during the recovery period of ischemic stroke in the neuropsychological changes in the status and content of neurotrophins in serum. For this purpose we surveyed 52 patients who underwent a first ischemic stroke (29 women and 23 men) aged 52-74 years. Patients were divided into 2 groups: primary (25 patients) received in addition to basic therapy cytoflavin: intravenously at 20 ml per 400 ml of 5% glucose solution, 1 time a day for 10 days, then into 2 tablets 2 times a day for half an hour before food for a month, and the comparison group (27 patients) who received standard treatment. The control group consisted of 12 healthy people. In addition to standard clinical and laboratory tests were carried out a comprehensive neuropsychological study and evaluation of the data on the scale NIHSS, Bartell, Beck, Spielberger-Hanin, test «frontal dysfunction of the battery¼ and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Furthermore, determination carried neurotrophic factors: nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor brain (BDNF). The study was conducted in the dynamics: before treatment and 2 months after treatment. Patients in the recovery period of the first ischemic stroke revealed moderate manifestations of neuropsychological disorders status and reduction of neurotrophic factors. Inclusion in cytoflavin scheme increased the efficiency of the treatment, which was manifested in a more pronounced when compared with the results of basic therapy, positive dynamics of neurological symptoms and improved cognitive function, accompanied by an increase in BDNF levels. The data on the efficacy and safety allow us to recommend its inclusion in the scheme of treatment of patients in the recovery period after the first carotid ischemic stroke.

Correlation between circulating corticosterone and protein carbonylation in the liver after short-term hypokinesia.

We studied the correlation of the concentration of circulating corticosterone and parameters of dexamethasone suppression test with the level of protein carbonylation in the liver after short-term hypokinesia. Increasing hypokinesia duration was followed by worsening of disturbances in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system via a negative feedback mechanism and enhanced protein carbonylation in the liver.

Effects of preliminary hypokinetic stress on sensitivity of the bone marrow to the hypoplastic effect of exogenous glucocorticoid.

We studied the cell composition and free radical oxidation in the bone marrow of white outbred rats after hypokinetic stress (24 and 72 h) and the effects of exogenous glucocorticoid triamcinolone acetonide (2 mg/kg; injected 24 h after hypokinesia); the measurements were performed in 96 h after drug administration. The hypoplastic effect of the glucocorticoid after 24-h hypokinesia was observed against the background of reduced free radical oxidation. In animals subjected to 3-day hypokinesia, the resistance of the bone marrow to the hypoplastic effect of this drug was accompanied by activation of free radical processes.

[Nutrition and metabolic syndrome from the positions of a gastroenterologist and a physiotherapist].

Nutrition plays an important role in metabolic processes in the body. Studying the various parties of metabolic processes in the body in a number of diseases, considered in the framework of the metabolic syndrome, points to the systemic nature of the pathogenic mechanisms, including in addition to food factor sociology-economic, genetic, medical, pathology of the digestive system, etc., leading to a breach of the cell, receptor, enzyme interactions.

[The application of physiotherapy for the treatment of irritated bowel syndrome].

Irritated bowel syndrome (IBS) is a leading pathology among the so-called functional diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The development of methods for their treatment including physiotherapeutic modalities is based on the knowledge of peculiarities of the clinical features of various forms of IBS characterized by a combination of various etiological factor, such as social conditions, pathogenetic mechanisms, and individual characteristics of the patients. Insufficient effectiveness of the medicamental treatment of irritated bowel syndrome due to poor knowledge of its nature and pathogenetic mechanisms require the application of a variety of physiotherapeutic methods and physical factors including interference currents, cryotherapy, sinusoidal modulated currents, running pulsed magnetic field, balneo- and peloidotherapy, etc.). These methods are analysed in the paper in conjunction with their analgesic and sedative effects normalizing the motor intestinal function. The authors emphasize the necessity of taking into consideration both localization and intensity of therapeutic effects for the manifestation of biological action of the applied physical factors prescribed for the treatment of irritated bowel syndrome.

[On the mechanism of action of cryomassage of the abdominal wall in the patients presenting with gastroduodenal pathology].

The mechanism of action of cryomassage of the abdominal wall in the patients presenting with gastroduodenal pathology is considered. The authors suppose that the positive effect of cryotherapy is underlain by normalization of microcirculation in the digestive organs and the resulting improvement of energy and plastic support of intracellular processes, e.g. phosphorylation.

[Immunosupressive effect of hypokinetic stress and sensitization of thymus to glucocorticoids].

24-hour hypokinetic stress expressed in decrease of sensitivity of cellular and humoral immu nity to subsequent immunization with sheep erythrocytes was studied. The development of this phenomenon is associated with sensitization of lymphoid tissue to hypoplasia effect of glycocorticoid hormones. In introduction of glycocorticoid stress, the animals revealed a more pronounced depression of proliferative activity of thymocytes compared with non stressed animals.

[The application of sinusoidal modulated currents for the treatment of biliary sludge in an outpatient clinic].

The objective of the present study was to evaluate therapeutic effects of sinusoidal modulated currents (SMC) applied for the treatment of patients at different stages of biliary sludge (BS) under conditions of an outpatient clinic. Biliary sludge is currently considered to be a precursor of cholelithiasis known to be a leading pathology of the digestive system responsible for the high surgery rate. It was shown that the introduction of the technique based on sinusoidal modulated currents into the clinical practice of an outpatient clinic increases the efficacy of management of the patients presenting with stage 1 and 2 biliary sludge and showing neither well-apparent clinical symptoms nor signs of metabolic disorders that imply the necessity of more thorough examination and combined application of sinusoidal modulated currents and mediacmental therapy.

Sensitization of the thymus to hypoplastic effect of glucocorticoids after long-term hypokinetic stress.

Long-term hypokinesia increases sensitivity of the thymus to the hypoplastic effect of glucocorticoid preparation triamcinolone acetonide by potentiating the proapoptotic effect of the glucocorticoid.

Growing seasons of Nordic mountain birch in northernmost Europe as indicated by long-term field studies and analyses of satellite images.

The phenophases first greening (bud burst) and yellowing of Nordic mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp.tortuosa, also called B. p. ssp. czerepanovii) were observed at three sites on the Kola Peninsula in northernmost Europe during the period 1964-2003, and at two sites in the trans-boundary Pasvik-Enare region during 1994-2003. The field observations were compared with satellite images based on the GIMMS-NDVI dataset covering 1982-2002 at the start and end of the growing season. A trend for a delay of first greening was observed at only one of the sites (Kandalaksha) over the 40 year period. This fits well with the delayed onset of the growing season for that site based on satellite images. No significant changes in time of greening at the other sites were found with either field observations or satellite analyses throughout the study period. These results differ from the earlier spring generally observed in other parts of Europe in recent decades. In the coldest regions of Europe, e.g. in northern high mountains and the northernmost continental areas, increased precipitation associated with the generally positive North Atlantic Oscillation in the last few decades has often fallen as snow. Increased snow may delay the time of onset of the growing season, although increased temperature generally causes earlier spring phenophases. Autumn yellowing of birch leaves tends towards an earlier date at all sites. Due to both later birch greening and earlier yellowing at the Kandalaksha site, the growing season there has also become significantly shorter during the years observed. The sites showing the most advanced yellowing in the field throughout the study period fit well with areas showing an earlier end of the growing season from satellite images covering 1982-2002. The earlier yellowing is highly correlated with a trend at the sites in autumn for earlier decreasing air temperature over the study period, indicating that this environmental factor is important also for autumn phenophases.

[Combined use of electric sleep and hofitol in the treatment of primary chronic gastroduodenitis]. / Kompleksnoe primenenie élektrosna i khofitola v lechenii pervichnogo khronicheskogo gastroduodenita.

Primary chronic gastroduodenitis (PCGD) accounts for 60-85% of the diseases of the gastroduodenal zone. In our study 90 patients with PCGD were divided into three groups getting one of the following therapies: electric sleep, hofitol, electric sleep plus hofitol. The effects of the treatments were assessed with updated techniques including computed pH-metry. Hofitol showed a good effect on dyspepsia, enhanced the alkalizing ability of the duodenal bulb. Electric sleep relieved pain and asthenoneurotic syndromes, decreased high acidity of the gastric juice in the body of the stomach. Electric sleep in combination with hofitol normalized macroscopic picture of the upper gastrointestinal tract and corrected imbalanced immunity.

[Specific features of night acidity in patients with peptic duodenal ulcers and primary chronic gastroduodenitis]. / Osobennosti nochnogo kisloobrazovaniia u bol'nykh iazvennoi bolezn'iu.

The peculiarities of nightly acid formation in the patients with peptic ulcer (PU) and primary chronic gastroduodenitis (PCG) were examined with apparatus "Gastroskan-24", that has computer's program to evaluate the data of intragastric 24-hours pH measurement. 24 patients with PU and 36 patients with PCG were examined. The increase of nightly acid formation was higher in the patients with PU versus the patients with PCG. It was revealed that pH depends on smoking. The possibility of risk group to peptic ulcer definition was demonstrated in patients with PCG.

[Melanin pigments of the fungi Paecilomyces variotii and Aspergillus carbonarius]. / Melaninovye pigmenty gribov Paecilomyces variotii i Aspergillus carbonarius.

Pigments synthesized by micromycetes Paecilomyces variotii and Aspergillus carbonarius are true melanins. Copper ions and bicyclic phenolic compounds stimulated melaninogenesis, whereas benzotriazole inhibited this process. Precursors of melanin pigments were obtained and identified. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was shown to be the main product of melanin degradation. Melanins of these fungi are concluded to belong to the dihydronaphthalene group.

[The characteristics of the blood lipid composition in northern Selkups and in the immigrant population of northern Siberia and the problems of miscegenation]. / Osobennosti lipidnogo sostava krovi severnykh sel'kupov, prishlogo naseleniia Severa Sibiri i problemy metisatsii.

Blood lipid composition was studied in 507 Selkups, native population of Tyumen Province (199 males and 308 females), 245 Slavs living in the north for more than 5 years (97 males and 148 females), 189 first generation métis born in mixed marriages (68 males and 121 females). Three age groups were analyzed: 10-19 (group 1), 20-39 (group 2), 40-59 (group 3). Male métis from groups 1, 2 and 3 had the highest levels of HDLP cholesterol, the lowest of apoB and atherogenic index. Group 2 métis were in the intermediate position between Slavs and Selkups by concentrations of total and LDLP cholesterol and triglycerides. Group 3 métis males had the lowest levels of triglycerides and intermediate levels of total and LDLP cholesterol. Group 1 and 2 métis females had the highest levels of LDLP, the lowest of apoB and low atherogenic index. In group 3, levels of total cholesterol, LDLP cholesterol, apoB and atherogenic index were as high as in non-aboriginal Slavonic population.

[The composition of the blood in pups of the Baikal seal Phoca sibirica during forced diving]. / Sostav krovi shchenko baikal'skoi nerpy Phoca sibirica pri prinuditel'nom nyrianii.

A set of parameters, such as pO2, pCO2, the content of glucose, glycogen, lactate, pyruvate, cholesterol, insulin, triglycerides, cAMP in the blood from the venous sinus has been investigated in puppies of Baikal seals during forced diving and rehabilitation. The dynamics of these parameters is presented.

[The characteristics of the blood serum lipid composition in northern Selkups]. / Osobennosti lipidnogo sostava syvorotki krovi u severnykh sel'kupov.

A representative sample of native Selkup population (161 males and 237 females) aged 20-69 from the Tyumen region of the Russian Federation was examined for blood lipids using standard techniques. Measurement of mean cholesterol in males and females showed it to be 181.2 +/- 9.4 mg/dl and 188.2 +/- 8.5 mg/dl, respectively, that of low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins made up 112.0 +/- 9.7 mg/dl and 50.3 +/- 3.9 mg/dl for males and 118.4 +/- 9.0 mg/dl, 51.7 +/- 3.4 mg/dl, for females, respectively. Mean triglycerides concentration amounted to 86.1 +/- 7.0 in males against 87.4 +/- 6.7 mg/dl in females. Overall atherogenic index averaged 2.9 +/- 0.3. The findings evidence that northern Selkups (both males and females) have much lower content of blood cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than control populations from Novosibirsk and Moscow.

[Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the apolipoprotein A-I gene among inhabitants of Novosibirsk]. / Polimorfizm dlin restriktsionnykh fragmentov gena apolipoproteina A-I sredi zhitelei g. Novosibirska.

Restriction fragments' length polymorphism in the region of apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) gene was investigated in Novosibirsk (Siberia, USSR) population. Correlation between PstI apo A-I alleles (2,2 kb-P1; 3,3 kb-P2) and total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density polyproteins cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A-I level was analysed. A tendency to increase in cholesterol index of atherogenicity and to decrease in high density lipoproteins cholesterol as well as apolipoprotein A-I level was shown to occur for P1P2 genotype patients.

[Lipid composition of blood sera of elderly and long-lived healthy and sick individuals]. / Lipidnyi sostav syvorotki krovi u zdorovykh i bol'nykh starcheskogo vozrasta.

Serum cholesterol (SC), HDL SC and triglycerides were measured in 303 senile patients aged 75-89 and 77 long-livers aged over 90. The concentrations obtained were low in healthy long-livers compared to senile subjects. SC, triglycerides and atherogenic index reached the highest values in senile subjects and long-livers with coronary heart disease and abnormal cerebral circulation. Lower levels of HDL SC appeared in the same diseases in senile males and female long-livers against healthy subjects of the relevant age group.

[An epidemiological study of ischemic heart disease, vascular brain diseases and their risk factors in an open population of 25- to 64-year olds in Novosibirsk]. / Epidemiologicheskoe izuchenie ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa, sosudistykh zabolevanii golovnogo mozga, ikh faktorov riska v otkrytoi populiatsii 25--64 let Novosibirska.

To study the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), combined pathology (CHD and CVD), and their risk factors such as arterial hypertension (AH), overweight (OW), hypercholesterolemia (HC), and tobacco smoking in the same population, a random representative sample of male and female populations were examined in three districts of Novosibirsk. AH and tobacco smoking were found predominant among men, whereas OW and HC among women. It turned out that almost every fourth person out of the men and almost every second woman suffered from cardiovascular diseases. In the men, the CHD/CVD ratio was 1:1, that in the women, was 1:7. In the men and women, suffering from combined pathology, AH occurred more frequently as compared to those with CHD or CVD alone. OW promoted the development of CVD and combined pathology in women to a greater degree, whereas HC favoured the development of CHD and CVD in men.