ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 and HSV-1 seroprevalence in women and men in Romania. METHODS: A cross-sectional seroprevalence survey was conducted between 2004 and 2005 on a total of 1058 women and men representative of the population of Bucharest. All participants were aged 15-44 years and completed a structured questionnaire. A blood sample was collected to detect IgG anti-HSV-1 and HSV-2 serum antibodies using the HerpeSelect ELISA (Focus Diagnostics). RESULTS: A total of 761 women (median age 29 years) and 297 men (median age 29 years) were included. Overall, HSV-2 seroprevalence (15.2%) increased with age. Among women, HSV-2 seroprevalence increased from 11.0% in 15-19-year-olds to 38.3% in 40-44-year-olds. Among men, seroprevalence increased from 4.0% in 20-24-year-olds to 27.1% in 40-44-year-olds. HSV-2 seroprevalence was significantly higher among women than men (17.0% vs. 10.8%). HSV-1 seropositivity was high (87.2%) in all age groups, with no clear trend by age or by sex. In addition to older age and female sex, risk factors for HSV-2 included greater number of lifetime sexual partners, lower educational attainment, and history of genital vesicles. Lower educational level and rural residence were associated with a higher risk of HSV-1 seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS: In Romania, HSV-2 seroprevalence was higher in women than men, and was within European limits and lower than that in Africa and the USA. In contrast, HSV-1 seroprevalence was generally higher than that previously recorded in similarly aged populations in Western Europe.
Subject(s)
Herpes Genitalis/epidemiology , Herpes Simplex/epidemiology , Herpesvirus 1, Human , Herpesvirus 2, Human , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Risk Factors , Romania/epidemiology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Sex Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
The authors present various methods for immobilizing mandibular fractures, stressing their advantages and disadvantages. They describe modern surgical methods used in immobilizing these fractures, considering methods employed in stable, functional osteosynthesis that have improved indications for surgical therapy, and that have made obsolete intermaxillary immobilization. These methods are more acceptable for the patient because they allow for a completely normal diet, as well as the maintenance of a normal hygiene in the buccal cavity. Evolution of the recovery is more easily followed, and in case of complications interventions are easily carried out in a short time. The presence of functional stimuli enhances the development of a good callus, and the full recovery is shortened by 2-3 weeks.
