[Effect of ultraviolet-irradiated milk on biochemical indices in the blood serum of calves]. / Vliianie na obluchenoto s ultravioletovi luchi mliako vurkhu niakoi biokhimichni pokazateli v kruvniia serum na teleta.

Studies were carried out to establish the effect of ultraviolet in vitro treatment of milk, using special device, on the state and changes of some biologic indices of blood in calves in feeding them with milk within the age interval of 10 to 70 days. The irradiated milk was found to have a favourable effect on the physiologic state of calves, their development, and daily weight gain. Useful changes took place also with regard to the albumin-globulin ratio index which consisted in the rise of the gamma-globulin fractions to the detriment of alfa-globulins. The content of vitamin D was enhanced and made more stable in the serum over the entire experimental period.

[Necrosis of the tail in buffaloes]. / Nekroza na opashkata pri bivoli.

Clinical, microbiological, and biochemical indices and X-ray examination revealed that disturbed metabolism and the development of dystrophic processes in the derma and epidermis and the last tail vertebrae were to be incriminated as predisposing factors contributing to tail necrosis. There were fissures in the epidermis, thickening of its layers, and hyperkeratosis with necrotic suppuration of the surface and deposition of detritus. After microbial contamination necrosis of the distal portion of the tail set in.

[Effect of ultraviolet-irradiated autologous blood on the biochemical indices of sheep with a Corynebacterium infection]. / Vliianie na obluchenata s ultravioletovi luchi autogenna kruv vurkhu niakoi biokhimichni pokazateli pri ovtse s korinebakterialna infektsiia.

Twelve sheep were used in two groups of six animals each (a control and a test one). Both control and test animals were infected with a 24-hour broth culture of Corynebacterium pyogenes. The infection was followed up in the course of five days after which the animals of both groups were subjected to autohemotransfusion, whereas the blood transfused with the controls was not treated, and the blood transfused with the test animals was treated with ultra violet rays in vitro. Following the transfusion of both untreated and treated blood the amount of blood sugar rose, it reaching higher levels in the case UV-treated blood. There were changes in the total protein and the protein fractions induced by the Corynebacterial infection, however, the initial levels were more rapidly restored in the case of transfusing UV-treated blood. With autohemotransfusion the values of glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase in all animals dropped. The change was more rapidly and more strongly expressed with the transfusion of UV-treated blood.

[Surgical diseases in calves and the economic losses from them during intensive fattening]. / Khirurgichni zaboliavaniia na teletata i ikonomicheski zagubi ot tiakh pri intenzivno ugoiavane.

Investigations were carried out in 1982 at three calf-fattening complexes of the same type of equated conditions of growing and feeding on a total of 15 600 bull calves to establish the percent of surgical diseases and the economic losses thereof. Highest proved the share of diseases involving the bone-joint apparatus of the limbs--fractures, epiphysiolyses, arthroses, arthritis (6 per cent), the hooves (1.8 per cent), the soft tissues of the limbs--wounds, ruptures, tendinitis and tendovaginitis, bursitis, pareses and paralyses (5.4 per cent). Considerable was the number of cases with the involvement of other organs too--genitalia, horns, tail, and others (2.1 per cent). The economic losses of the emergency slaughtered bull calves as well as of the those that died, along with the therapeutic means used amounted to LV 320 000 for a year.

[Total protein, sulfur and bound amino acid content in the hoof horn of cows]. / Sudurzhanie na obshtiia beltuk, siarata i svurzanite aminokiselini v kopitniia rog na kravi.

Comparative investigations were carried out for the evaluation of the total protein and sulfur in the sole hoof horn of cows of the breeds Bulgarian Brown and Black and White with normal and diseased hooves as well as of the bound amino acids in the hoof horn of the same hooves of cows of the Black and White breed. It was found that the total protein as indicated above did not show any essential differences in the two breeds. The amount of total sulfur in Bulgarian Brown cows was relatively higher than that in Black and White cows. It was also found that the lower content of sulfur in the diseased hooves indicated lower resistance. The content of bound amino acids in the hoof horn of Black and White cows with both normal and diseased hooves showed certain variations. Generally, it proved lower in diseased hooves of the hind limbs than in affected hooves of the forelimbs.

[Effect of UV-irradiated autologous blood on various morphological and biochemical blood indices and phagocytic activity of the leukocytes in cattle]. / Vliianie na obluchenata s ultravioletovi luchi autogenna kruv vurkhu niakoi morfologichni i biokhimichni pokazateli na kruvta i fagotsitarnata aktivnost' na levkotsitite pri kravi.

An experiment was carried out with six clinically normal cows under production conditions. The animals were kept and fed in the same conditions. Blood was sampled from the jugular vein, mixing it immediately with a 5 per cent sterile solution of sodium citrate at a 4:1 ratio. The amount of blood obtained in cu. cm was 0.5 times more than the number of kilograms with each individual animal. The exposure of the mixture to ultraviolet rays lasted 12 minutes. During irradiation it was stirred with a sterile glass rod, following which it was injected i/v. It was found that autohemotransfusion of blood treated in vitro with ultraviolet rays had a favourable effect on the morphologic composition of blood, leading to a rise of the erythrocyte and the leukocyte count. The level of serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D also rose. The same was true of the gamma-globulin fractions. Autohemotransfusion of irradiated blood stimulated also the phagocytic rhythm.

[Effect of the in vitro ultraviolet irradiation of autogenous blood on hematological, biochemical and biological indices in sheep with experimentally induced sepsis]. / Vliianie na obluchenata s ultravioletovi luchi in vitro autogenna kruv vurkhu niakoi khematologichni, biokhimichni i biologichi pokazateli pri ovtse s eksperimentalno predizvikan sepsis.

Studies were carried out with 10 sheep infected with a 24th hour broth culture of strain 1088 of Corynebacterium pyogenes. The animals were divided into two groups of 5 each--control and test. Autotransfusion of untreated blood was carried out with the control group, and autotransfusion of UV-treated (in vitro) blood--with the test group. Used was a M-LK5 type lamp, and irradiation lasted 10 min. The autotransfusion of both treated and untreated blood was well tolerated by the sheep. It did not cause deviations from the normal clinical indices. It was established that the autohemotransfusion with untreated blood did not bring about changes in reactions that could be clinically followed up in the course of the disease. On the other hand, the autohemotransfusion of blood that was treated in vitro with ultra-violet rays had a beneficial effect on the body as a whole and on the individual clinical indices.

[Physicochemical properties of the hoof horn in healthy highly productive cows and in those with hoof diseases]. / Fiziko-khimichni kachestva na kopitniia rog na zdravi i sus zaboliavaniia kopita pri visokoproduktivni kravi.

Comparative investigations were carried out to determine the water content, total protein, the macroelements Ca, P, Na, and K and the trace elements Zn, Mn, and S in the wall and sole horn of the front and hind hooves of high-producing cows of the Bulgarian Brown breed and the Black Pied cattle. The hoof water content in both breeds did not show any substantial differences in normal and diseased cows, and varied within the limits of 19 to 34 per cent. In affected hooves the water content was higher than that in normal hooves. The contents of total protein, Ca, P, K, Na, Zn, and Mn did not show, essential differences of either. The low level of total sulfur in diseased hooves was an indication of the lowered resistance of hoof horn.

[Optimal irradiation dosage for microorganisms in cow's milk]. / Optimalna doza za obluchvane na mikroorganizmite v krave mliako.

Comparative experimental investigations were carried out to establish the effect of ultra violet rays on the total count of organisms in pooled cow's milk at various irradiation rates (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min). The milk was intended for feeding calves. Results showed that with increasing the time of ultra violet treatment the microbial contamination of milk dropped. With the irradiation method used by the authors best bactericidal effects were obtained at 60 min treatment.

[Economic effect on the milk yield in cows after trimming and treating their hooves]. / Ikonomicheska efektivnost pri mlekonadioa na kravite ot podriazvaneto i lekuvaneto na kopitata.

Experiments were carried out in production conditions on 200 highly productive cows during the lactation period for determining the percentage of hoof illnesses during cow-shed raising, as well as the influence of clipping of hooves and their treatment on milk production. In the case of restricted movement and a long period of not clipping the hooves, the so-called 'shed hooves' were proved with 55.5% of the cows, out of which 18% suffered from an illness. The cases without any visible clinical symptoms for illnesses of the hooves were the cause of a progressive reduction in monthly milk production, ranging, on the average, for a single cow from 3.7 up to 5.3 1 a day. Hoof-clipping brought about the increase of the quantity of daily milk production for a single cow on the average, within the limits 1.5-2.1. In the case of hoof illnesses the daily milk production respectively decreases and reaches 5.4 1 for a single cow. The adequate operative and medicinal treatment despite the gravity of the illness, even during the period of treatment, leads to an increase in daily milk production from 1.50 up to 1.64 1 for a single cow.

[2 new tests for diagnosing traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle]. / Dve nove probi za diagnostitsirane na travmatichniia retikuloperitonit u govedoto.

Two new samples for diagnosing a strange-body illness in cattle were proved. Along with the use of other means for diagnosing a strange body, the elaborated new samples provide a greater precision for determining the size and position of the strange body. A description of the structure of the apparatus is given, as well as the manipulation with it in and out of the animal's body. Ferroscopy and röntgenography will help the specialist to prove the strange-body illness in cattle and thereby the means known so far for diagnosing the traumatic reticuloperitonitis become more complete. These two methods combined together could have a large practical application.

[Changes in the vitamin D content in cow's milk irradiated in vitro with ultraviolet rays and in the blood serum of calves fed the irradiated milk]. / Promeni v sudurzhanieto na vitamin D v krave mliako, oblucheno in vitro s ultravioletovi luchi, i v kruvniia serum na teleta, khraneni s oblucheno mliako.

Comparative investigations aiming to determine the most favourable dose for in vitro ultraviolet irradiation of cow milk which can ensure highest vitamin D content in it and best effect on vitamin D level in calf blood serum were carried out. It was established that under the applied technique of ultraviolet irradiation a 4 min treatment is most suitable and vitamin D content in milk rises several times (up to 8 times). Feeding of calves up to the age of 60 days with irradiated milk ensures a 4- to 5-fold increase of vitamin D in the blood serum as compared to its initial level before the experiment started and 2--3 fold as compared to that in control group calves.

[Effect of ultraviolet-irradiated milk on the macroelements, alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D and density of the bones in calves]. / Vliianie na obluchenoto s ultravioletovi luchi mliako vurkhu niakoi makroelementi, alkalnata fosfataza, vitamin D i plutnostta na kostite na teleta.

Comparative experimental investigations, including 70 experimental and 70 control calves aged 15 to 105 days, aiming to establish the effect of ultraviolet irradiated milk on Ca, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin D contents, alkaline phosphatase activity and the density of the distal radius part, carpal and metacarpal bones and tail vertebrae, were performed. It was established that ultraviolet irradiated cow milk has a favourable effect on the physiological state of young calf organism and leads to higher blood serum Ca, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin D contents, enhances alkaline phosphatase activity and stimulates osteogenesis processes.

[Changes in the total protein and protein fractions in cow's milk irradiated with ultraviolet rays]. / Promeni v obshtiia beltuk i beltuchnite fraktsii v krave mliako, oblucheno s ultravioletovi luchi

Comparative experimental electrophoretic studies were carried out to establish the effect of ultraviolet treatment on cow's milk at various rates of irradiation (5, 10 and 15 min) with a view to raising and regulating the content of the total protein and the protein fractions in milk intended for the feeding of calves. Results showed that there were no substantial changes in the level of the total protein, the albumins having a rising trend that was manifested best at a 15-minute treatment. Most characteristic were the changes taking place in the immunoglobulin fraction which rose by 4.7 per cent. The beta-lactoglobulin fraction dropped by 4.5 per cent, on an average, at all rates of treatment, and the level of alfa-lactoglobulin at 5- and 10-minute irradiation underwent almost no changes, it rising by about 2.09 per cent, on an average, at 15-min treatment. Similar was the trend manifested by the proteoso-pepton fraction showing a rise as early as the first ten minutes of treatment.

[Effect of ultraviolet ray-irradiated autogenous blood on hematological indices in horses]. / Vliianie na obluchena s ultravioletovi luchi autogenna kruv vurkhu niakoi khematologichni pokazateli pri konia

Comparative clinical and experimental investigations were carried out on 18 clinically normal horses. It was found that the single transfusion of in vitro UV-treated autogenous blood, following a previously described method, was tolerated well by horses and did not lead to any deviations from the normal indices. Under the effect of the treated blood there was an increase in the hemoglobin content, rise in the erythrocyte and leukocyte count with slightly expressed hyperleukocytosis and weak neutrophilia (simple regeneration of the blood). The sedimentation of erythrocytes also showed higher rates as early as the first hour following the autohemotransfusion, remaining at the attained level up to the fourth day, while on the sixth day it again came back to the initial value. The contents of calcium and inorganic phosphorus rose, showing a slightly expressed shift to the physiologic level without reaching it. The changes in the phagocytic activity of the blood showed that the autohemotransfusion stimulates phagocytosis. Along with these effects the bacteriostatic titer of the blood, as recorded with the use of the anthrax bacillus as early as the first hour, and likewise favourably affected, the highest titers being observed at the 24th and 48th hour.