Contribution of new and chronic cortical lesions to disability accrual in multiple sclerosis.

Cortical lesions are common in multiple sclerosis and are associated with disability and progressive disease. We asked whether cortical lesions continue to form in people with stable white matter lesions and whether the association of cortical lesions with worsening disability relates to pre-existing or new cortical lesions. Fifty adults with multiple sclerosis and no new white matter lesions in the year prior to enrolment (33 relapsing-remitting and 17 progressive) and a comparison group of nine adults who had formed at least one new white matter lesion in the year prior to enrolment (active relapsing-remitting) were evaluated annually with 7 tesla (T) brain MRI and 3T brain and spine MRI for 2 years, with clinical assessments for 3 years. Cortical lesions and paramagnetic rim lesions were identified on 7T images. Seven total cortical lesions formed in 3/30 individuals in the stable relapsing-remitting group (median 0, range 0-5), four total cortical lesions formed in 4/17 individuals in the progressive group (median 0, range 0-1), and 16 cortical lesions formed in 5/9 individuals in the active relapsing-remitting group (median 1, range 0-10, stable relapsing-remitting versus progressive versus active relapsing-remitting P = 0.006). New cortical lesions were not associated with greater change in any individual disability measure or in a composite measure of disability worsening (worsening Expanded Disability Status Scale or 9-hole peg test or 25-foot timed walk). Individuals with at least three paramagnetic rim lesions had a greater increase in cortical lesion volume over time (median 16 µl, range -61 to 215 versus median 1 µl, range -24 to 184, P = 0.007), but change in lesion volume was not associated with disability change. Baseline cortical lesion volume was higher in people with worsening disability (median 1010 µl, range 13-9888 versus median 267 µl, range 0-3539, P = 0.001, adjusted for age and sex) and in individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis who subsequently transitioned to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (median 2183 µl, range 270-9888 versus median 321 µl, range 0-6392 in those who remained relapsing-remitting, P = 0.01, adjusted for age and sex). Baseline white matter lesion volume was not associated with worsening disability or transition from relapsing-remitting to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Cortical lesion formation is rare in people with stable white matter lesions, even in those with worsening disability. Cortical but not white matter lesion burden predicts disability worsening, suggesting that disability progression is related to long-term effects of cortical lesions that form early in the disease, rather than to ongoing cortical lesion formation.

Cortical lesions uniquely predict motor disability accrual and form rarely in the absence of new white matter lesions in multiple sclerosis.

Background and objectives: Cortical lesions (CL) are common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and associate with disability and progressive disease. We asked whether CL continue to form in people with stable white matter lesions (WML) and whether the association of CL with worsening disability relates to pre-existing or new CL. Methods: A cohort of adults with MS were evaluated annually with 7 tesla (T) brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 3T brain and spine MRI for 2 years, and clinical assessments for 3 years. CL were identified on 7T images at each timepoint. WML and brain tissue segmentation were performed using 3T images at baseline and year 2. Results: 59 adults with MS had ≥1 7T follow-up visit (mean follow-up time 2±0.5 years). 9 had "active" relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), defined as new WML in the year prior to enrollment. Of the remaining 50, 33 had "stable" RRMS, 14 secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and 3 primary progressive MS. 16 total new CL formed in the active RRMS group (median 1, range 0-10), 7 in the stable RRMS group (median 0, range 0-5), and 4 in the progressive MS group (median 0, range 0-1) (p=0.006, stable RR vs PMS p=0.88). New CL were not associated with greater change in any individual disability measure or in a composite measure of disability worsening (worsening Expanded Disability Status Scale or 9-hole peg test or 25-foot timed walk). Baseline CL volume was higher in people with worsening disability (median 1010µl, range 13-9888 vs median 267µl, range 0-3539, p=0.001, adjusted for age and sex) and in individuals with RRMS who subsequently transitioned to SPMS (median 2183µl, range 270-9888 vs median 321µl, range 0-6392 in those who remained RRMS, p=0.01, adjusted for age and sex). Baseline WML volume was not associated with worsening disability or transition from RRMS to SPMS. Discussion: CL formation is rare in people with stable WML, even in those with worsening disability. CL but not WML burden predicts future worsening of disability, suggesting that the relationship between CL and disability progression is related to long-term effects of lesions that form in the earlier stages of disease, rather than to ongoing lesion formation.

Patient-specific, echocardiography compatible flow loop model of aortic valve regurgitation in the setting of a mechanical assist device.

Background: Aortic regurgitation (AR) occurs commonly in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVAD). No gold standard is available to assess AR severity in this setting. Aim of this study was to create a patient-specific model of AR-LVAD with tailored AR flow assessed by Doppler echocardiography. Methods: An echo-compatible flow loop incorporating a 3D printed left heart of a Heart Mate II (HMII) recipient with known significant AR was created. Forward flow and LVAD flow at different LVAD speed were directly measured and AR regurgitant volume (RegVol) obtained by subtraction. Doppler parameters of AR were simultaneously measured at each LVAD speed. Results: We reproduced hemodynamics in a LVAD recipient with AR. AR in the model replicated accurately the AR in the index patient by comparable Color Doppler assessment. Forward flow increased from 4.09 to 5.61 L/min with LVAD speed increasing from 8,800 to 11,000 RPM while RegVol increased by 0.5 L/min (2.01 to 2.5 L/min). Conclusions: Our circulatory flow loop was able to accurately replicate AR severity and flow hemodynamics in an LVAD recipient. This model can be reliably used to study echo parameters and aid clinical management of patients with LVAD.

Intermediate-Intensity Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Reduces Serum Neurofilament Light Chains and Brain Atrophy in Aggressive Multiple Sclerosis.

Background: Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is highly effective in reducing new inflammatory activity in aggressive multiple sclerosis (MS). A remarkable decrease of serum neurofilament light chains (sNfL) concentration, a marker of axonal damage, was reported in MS following high-intensity regimen AHSCT, but hints for potential neurotoxicity had emerged. sNfL and brain atrophy were therefore analysed in a cohort of patients with aggressive MS treated with intermediate-intensity AHSCT, exploring whether sNfL might be a reliable marker of disability progression independent from new inflammation (i.e. relapses and/or new/gadolinium-enhancing MRI focal lesions). Methods: sNfL concentrations were measured using SIMOA methodology in peripheral blood from relapsing-remitting (RR-) or secondary-progressive (SP-) MS patients undergoing AHSCT (MS AHSCT), collected before transplant and at months 6 and 24 following the procedure. sNfL measured at a single timepoint in SP-MS patients not treated with AHSCT without recent inflammatory activity (SP-MS CTRL) and healthy subjects (HD) were used as controls. The rate of brain volume loss (AR-BVL) was also evaluated by MRI in MS AHSCT cases. Results: Thirty-eight MS AHSCT (28 RR-MS; 10 SP-MS), 22 SP-MS CTRL and 19 HD were included. Baseline median sNfL concentrations were remarkably higher in the MS AHSCT than in the SP-MS CTRL and HD groups (p = 0.005 and <0.0001, respectively), and levels correlated with recent inflammatory activity. After a marginal (not significant) median increase observed at month 6, at month 24 following AHSCT sNfL concentrations decreased compared to baseline by median 42.8 pg/mL (range 2.4-217.3; p = 0.039), reducing by at least 50% in 13 cases, and did not differ from SP-MS CTRL (p = 0.110) but were still higher than in HD (p < 0.0001). Post-AHSCT AR-BVL normalised in 55% of RR-MS and in 30% of SP-MS. The effectiveness and safety of AHSCT were aligned with the literature. Conclusion: sNfL concentrations correlated with recent inflammatory activity and were massively and persistently reduced by intermediate-intensity AHSCT. Association with response to treatment assessed by clinical or MRI outcomes was not observed, suggesting a good sensitivity of sNfL for recent inflammatory activity but low sensitivity in detecting ongoing axonal damage independent from new focal inflammation.

Cortical lesion hotspots and association of subpial lesions with disability in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Dramatic improvements in visualization of cortical (especially subpial) multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions allow assessment of impact on clinical course. OBJECTIVE: Characterize cortical lesions by 7 tesla (T) T2*-/T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); determine relationship with other MS pathology and contribution to disability. METHODS: Sixty-four adults with MS (45 relapsing-remitting/19 progressive) underwent 3 T brain/spine MRI, 7 T brain MRI, and clinical testing. RESULTS: Cortical lesions were found in 94% (progressive: median 56/range 2-203; relapsing-remitting: 15/0-168; p = 0.004). Lesion distribution across 50 cortical regions was nonuniform (p = 0.006), with highest lesion burden in supplementary motor cortex and highest prevalence in superior frontal gyrus. Leukocortical and white matter lesion volumes were strongly correlated (r = 0.58, p < 0.0001), while subpial and white matter lesion volumes were moderately correlated (r = 0.30, p = 0.002). Leukocortical (p = 0.02) but not subpial lesions (p = 0.40) were correlated with paramagnetic rim lesions; both were correlated with spinal cord lesions (p = 0.01). Cortical lesion volumes (total and subtypes) were correlated with expanded disability status scale, 25-foot timed walk, nine-hole peg test, and symbol digit modality test scores. CONCLUSION: Cortical lesions are highly prevalent and are associated with disability and progressive disease. Subpial lesion burden is not strongly correlated with white matter lesions, suggesting differences in inflammation and repair mechanisms.

Navigator-Guided Motion and B0 Correction of T2*-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Improves Multiple Sclerosis Cortical Lesion Detection.

BACKGROUND: Cortical lesions are common in multiple sclerosis (MS). T2*-weighted (T2*w) imaging at 7 T is relatively sensitive for cortical lesions, but quality is often compromised by motion and main magnetic field (B0) fluctuations. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine whether motion and B0 correction with a navigator-guided gradient-recalled echo sequence can improve cortical lesion detection in T2*w magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, a gradient-recalled echo sequence incorporating a navigator allowing for motion and B0 field correction was applied to collect T2*w images at 7 T from adults with MS between August 2019 and March 2020. T2*-weighted images were acquired in 1 to 3 partially overlapping scans per individual and were reconstructed using global average B0 correction ("uncorrected") or motion correction and spatially linear B0 correction ("corrected"). Image quality rating and manual segmentation of cortical lesions were performed on uncorrected and corrected images. Lesions seen on a single scan were retrospectively evaluated on the complementary scan. The association of cortical lesions with clinical disability was assessed. Mixed models were used to determine the effect of correction on lesion detection as well as on the relationship between disability and lesion count. RESULTS: A total of 22 T2*w scans were performed on 11 adults with MS (mean [SD] age, 49 [11] years; 8 women). Quality improved for 20 of 22 scans (91%) after correction. A total of 69 cortical lesions were identified on uncorrected images (median per scan, 2; range, 0-11) versus 148 on corrected images (median per scan, 4.5; range, 0-25; rate ratio [RR], 2.1; P < 0.0001). For low-quality uncorrected scans with moderate to severe motion artifact (18/22, 82%), there was an improvement in cortical lesion detection with correction (RR, 2.5; P < 0.0001), whereas there was no significant change in cortical lesion detection for high-quality scans (RR, 1.3; P = 0.43). CONCLUSIONS: Navigator-guided motion and B0 correction substantially improves the overall image quality of T2*w magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T and increases its sensitivity for cortical lesions.

Impact of autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation on disability and brain atrophy in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) is a valuable option in aggressive relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), but its efficacy in secondary progressive (SP)-MS is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: Assessing efficacy of aHSCT in SP-MS by clinical-radiological outcomes. METHODS: Open-label monocentric retrospective study enrolling consecutive SP-MS patients treated with BEAM-aHSCT in the period 1999-2016. RESULTS: In total, 26 SP-MS patients with moderate-severe disability were included. Progression-free survival (PFS) at years 5 and 10 after aHSCT were, respectively, 42% and 30%. Out of 16 patients who worsened, only 6 patients (23% overall) maintained continuous disability accrual (CDA), whereas 10 patients stabilized following one single-step Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) worsening. CDA-free survival was 74% at 5-10 years. No relapses or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity were reported, thus no evidence of disease activity (NEDA)-3 corresponded to PFS. Annualized rate of brain atrophy (AR-BVL) normalized after 1 year in 55% of the cases analysed (12/22). CONCLUSION: BEAM-aHSCT halted CDA and normalized AR-BVL in most of the treated patients, inducing long-term remission of inflammatory activity at a median follow-up of 99 months (range 27-222). These data suggest that CDA might still be mainly driven by inflammation in a subgroup of SP-MS and could therefore be reversed by treatments. CDA should be analysed independently from any isolated disability worsening.

Patient-Specific Modeling for Structural Heart Intervention: Role of 3D Printing Today and Tomorrow CME.

Structural heart interventions (SHIs) are increasingly applicable in a wide range of heart defects, but the intricate and dynamic nature of cardiac structures can make SHIs challenging to perform. Three-dimensional (3D) printed modeling integrates advanced clinical imaging and 3D printing technology to replicate patient-specific anatomy for comprehensive planning and simulation of SHIs. This review discusses the basic principles of patient-specific 3D print model development, print material selection, and model fabrication and highlights how cardiovascular 3D printing can be used in preprocedural planning, device sizing, enhanced communication, and procedure simulation.

Inversion Recovery Susceptibility Weighted Imaging With Enhanced T2 Weighting at 3 T Improves Visualization of Subpial Cortical Multiple Sclerosis Lesions.

OBJECTIVES: Cortical demyelination is common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and can be extensive. Cortical lesions contribute to disability independently from white matter lesions and may form via a distinct mechanism. However, current magnetic resonance imaging methods at 3 T are insensitive to cortical, and especially subpial cortical, lesions. Subpial lesions are well seen on T2*-weighted imaging at 7 T, but T2*-weighted methods on 3 T scanners are limited by poor lesion-to-cortex and cerebrospinal fluid-to-lesion contrast. We aimed to develop and evaluate a cerebrospinal fluid-suppressed, T2*-weighted sequence optimized for subpial cortical lesion visualization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed a new magnetic resonance imaging sequence, inversion recovery susceptibility weighted imaging with enhanced T2 weighting (IR-SWIET; 0.8 mm × 0.8 mm in plane, 0.64 mm slice thickness with whole brain coverage, acquisition time ~5 minutes). We compared cortical lesion visualization independently on IR-SWIET (median signal from 4 acquisitions), magnetization-prepared 2 rapid acquisition gradient echoes (MP2RAGE), double inversion recovery (DIR), T2*-weighted segmented echo-planar imaging, and phase-sensitive inversion recovery images for 10 adults with MS. We also identified cortical lesions with a multicontrast reading of IR-SWIET (median of 2 acquisitions), MP2RAGE, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images for each case. Lesions identified on 3 T images were verified on "gold standard" 7 T T2* and MP2RAGE images. RESULTS: Cortical, and particularly subpial, lesions appeared much more conspicuous on IR-SWIET compared with other 3 T methods. A total of 101 true-positive subpial lesions were identified on IR-SWIET (average per-participant sensitivity vs 7 T, 29% ± 8%) versus 36 on MP2RAGE (5% ± 2%; comparison to IR-SWIET sensitivity, P = 0.07), 17 on FLAIR (2% ± 1%; P < 0.05), 28 on DIR (6% ± 2%; P < 0.05), 42 on T2*-weighted segmented echo-planar imaging (11% ± 5%; P < 0.05), and 13 on phase-sensitive inversion recovery (4% ± 2%; P < 0.05). When a combination of IR-SWIET, MP2RAGE, and FLAIR images was used, a total of 147 subpial lesions (30% ± 5%) were identified versus 83 (16% ± 3%, P < 0.01) on a combination of DIR, MP2RAGE, and FLAIR. More cases had at least 1 subpial lesion on IR-SWIET, and IR-SWIET improved cortical lesion subtyping accuracy and correlation with 7 T subpial lesion number. CONCLUSIONS: Subpial lesions are better visualized on IR-SWIET compared with other 3 T methods. A 3 T protocol combining IR-SWIET with MP2RAGE, in which leukocortical lesions are well seen, improves cortical lesion visualization over existing approaches. Therefore, IR-SWIET may enable improved MS diagnostic specificity and a better understanding of the clinical implications of cortical demyelination.

Intravital microscopy of osteolytic progression and therapy response of cancer lesions in the bone.

Intravital multiphoton microscopy (iMPM) in mice provides access to cellular and molecular mechanisms of metastatic progression of cancers and the underlying interactions with the tumor stroma. Whereas iMPM of malignant disease has been performed for soft tissues, noninvasive iMPM of solid tumor in the bone is lacking. We combined miniaturized tissue-engineered bone constructs in nude mice with a skin window to noninvasively and repetitively monitor prostate cancer lesions by three-dimensional iMPM. In vivo ossicles developed large central cavities containing mature bone marrow surrounded by a thin cortex and enabled tumor implantation and longitudinal iMPM over weeks. Tumors grew inside the bone cavity and along the cortical bone interface and induced niches of osteoclast activation (focal osteolysis). Interventional bisphosphonate therapy reduced osteoclast kinetics and osteolysis without perturbing tumor growth, indicating dissociation of the tumor-stroma axis. The ossicle window, with its high cavity-to-cortex ratio and long-term functionality, thus allows for the mechanistic dissection of reciprocal epithelial tumor-bone interactions and therapy response.

Examination of the foreign body response to biomaterials by nonlinear intravital microscopy.

Implanted biomaterials often fail because they elicit a foreign body response (FBR) and concomitant fibrotic encapsulation. To design clinically relevant interference approaches, it is crucial to first examine the FBR mechanisms. Here, we report the development and validation of infrared-excited nonlinear microscopy to resolve the three-dimensional (3D) organization and fate of 3D-electrospun scaffolds implanted deep into the skin of mice, and the following step-wise FBR process. We observed that immigrating myeloid cells (predominantly macrophages of the M1 type) engaged and became immobilized along the scaffold/tissue interface, before forming multinucleated giant cells. Both macrophages and giant cells locally produced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which initiated and maintained an immature neovessel network, followed by formation of a dense collagen capsule 2-4 weeks post-implantation. Elimination of the macrophage/giant-cell compartment by clodronate and/or neutralization of VEGF by VEGF Trap significantly diminished giant-cell accumulation, neovascularization and fibrosis. Our findings identify macrophages and giant cells as incendiaries of the fibrotic encapsulation of engrafted biomaterials via VEGF release and neovascularization, and therefore as targets for therapy.

Characterization of nanochannel delivery membrane systems for the sustained release of resveratrol and atorvastatin: new perspectives on promoting heart health.

Novel drug delivery systems capable of continuous sustained release of therapeutics have been studied extensively for use in the prevention and management of chronic diseases. The use of these systems holds promise as a means to achieve higher patient compliance while improving therapeutic index and reducing systemic toxicity. In this work, an implantable nanochannel drug delivery system (nDS) is characterized and evaluated for the long-term sustained release of atorvastatin (ATS) and trans-resveratrol (t-RES), compounds with a proven role in managing atherogenic dyslipidemia and promoting cardioprotection. The primary mediators of drug release in the nDS are nanofluidic membranes with hundreds of thousands of nanochannels (up to 100,000/mm(2)) that attain zero-order release kinetics by exploiting nanoconfinement and molecule-to-surface interactions that dominate diffusive transport at the nanoscale. These membranes were characterized using gas flow analysis, acetone diffusion, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM). The surface properties of the dielectric materials lining the nanochannels, SiO(2) and low-stress silicon nitride, were further investigated using surface charge analysis. Continuous, sustained in vitro release for both ATS and t-RES was established for durations exceeding 1 month. Finally, the influence of the membranes on cell viability was assessed using human microvascular endothelial cells. Morphology changes and adhesion to the surface were analyzed using SEM, while an MTT proliferation assay was used to determine the cell viability. The nanochannel delivery approach, here demonstrated in vitro, not only possesses all requirements for large-scale high-yield industrial fabrication, but also presents the key components for a rapid clinical translation as an implantable delivery system for the sustained administration of cardioprotectants.