[Potential of temporal bone CT in the study of external acoustic meatus in health and pathology].

Computed tomography (CT) was used to examine 50 patients (100 temporal bones) aged from 10 days to 60 years with healthy external acoustic meatus (EAM) and 53 patients (62 temporal bones) aged from 4 to 75 years with symptoms of acquired stenosis, atresia or obturation of the external acoustic meatus. Polyposition CT of the temporal bone including axial and coronary projections is the most informative method of visualization of the EAM bone part. In axial projection the assessment covers the anterior and posterior walls of the EAM, in the coronary one - the upper and the lower walls. In the presence of EAM changes, CT is able to characterize them (soft tissue, bone, size, position). In patients with EAM neoplasms CT of the temporal bone detects polyps of the acoustic meatus, glomal tumors, neurinomas of the facial nerve, inherited cholesteatomas, cancer of the temporal bone. The detected alterations in the EAM and other structures of the temporal bone determine further policy of treatment.

[Temporal bone CT in the diagnosis of acquired diseases of the external auditory canal]. / KT visochnoi kosti v diagnostike priobretennykh zabolevanii naruzhnogo slukhovogo prokhoda.

CT was used to examine 50 patients (100 temporal bones) aged 10 days to 60 years who had no signs of lesion of the external auditory canal (EAC) and 23 patients (27 temporal bones) aged 13 to 65 years who had clinical manifestations of acquired stenosis or obturation of the EAC. Polypositional CT of the temporal bone is the most informative technique of visualization of the osseous part of the EAC, at the same time the anterior and posterior EAC walls were evaluated in the axial projection and the upper and lower EAC walls were assessed in the coronary projection. According to CT data, formation of the osseous part of the EAC occurs within the first 7 years of a child's life. In the presence of EAC changes, CT may assess their pattern (a soft tissue or osseous one), their magnitude and location along the walls of the canal, the tympanic membrane, and other structures of the temporal bone. CT reveals the causes of acquired EAC obturation, stenosis, and atresia: osteocartilaginous exostoses, osteomas, polyps of the EAC, tumors of the temporal bone, as well as obturative keratosis and posttraumatic stenosis of the EAC. The detected EAC changes determine further management policy in a patient.

[Potentialities of echography in the diagnosis of uncomplicated acute appendicitis in children]. / Vozmozhnosti ékhografii v diagnostike neoslozhnennykh form ostrogo appenditsita u deteí.

Ultrasonography was performed in 97 children admitted to hospital for suspected acute appendicitis. According to the results of primary surgical examinations and the magnitude of clinical manifestations, all the patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 comprised 53 patients with clinically diagnosed acute appendicitis and with a worded indication for an emergency surgical intervention; this group was formed for describing the ultrasonic semiotics of different types of acute appendicitis in children. Group 2 (n = 44) was enrolled to study the differential diagnostic potentialities of echography in the primary diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children with acute stomach ache and they are diagnostically unclear. All echocardiographic findings are supported by intraoperative data and pathohistological evidence. The ultrasonic semiotics of different forms of uncomplicated acute appendicitis is described, the optimal procedure has been developed for examining children with this pathology. The results of the study confirm the high informative value of the proposed algorithm of an echographic examination and sensitivity of the method as to the patients of this group. Thus, the sensitivity of the echographic method in uncomplicated acute appendicitis was 88%.

[X-ray diagnosis of rare esophageal diseases in children]. / K rentgenodiagnostike redkikh zabolevanii pishchevoda u detei.

Clinical and X-ray studies of 300 children aged hours to 14 years who had abnormalities of the esophagus have revealed its atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistulas in 77 subjects, that with congenital narrowings in 21. It was proved that some varieties of atresias might be roentgenologically detected and comprehensive studies should be carried out to determine fistulas in the completely patent esophagus. Despite the age, all children with esophageal atresia with a lower fistula were found to develop catarrhal and erosive esophagitis and "corrosive" pneumonia. Hamartia and recanalization impairments of the primary intestinal tube result in congenital esophageal narrowings leading not only to obstruction, but to aspiration obstructive changes in the lung.

[Functional disorders of the digestive tract in children with vertebrogenic diseases]. / Funktsional'nye rasstroistva pishchevaritel'nogo trakta u detei, obuslovlennye vertebrogennymi zabolevaniiami.

The paper provides the results of comprehensive clinical and X-ray studies of the digestive tract by using ultrasonography, fiber gastroscopy, heat imaging. The X-ray symptomatology of its dysfunctions was examined in 89 children with vertebrogenic diseases (osteochondrosis, scoliosis, developmental anomalies, sequelae of birth injury to the neck, spine, vertebral arteries).

[Possibilities of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of sex differentiation disorders in children]. / Vozmozhnosti ékhografii v diagnostike narushenii formirovaniia pola u detei.

Ninety-five children with different forms of hermaphroditism aged 3 months to 14 years were examined to assess the potentialities of echography. Ultrasonic examinations of the kidneys, adrenals, pelvic organs (with full bladder, during and after miction), scrotum, and inguinal area were carried out. Echographic picture of urogenital organs in mixed ovarian dysgenesis, congenital deficiency of testosterone biosynthesis or metabolism due to enzymatic deficit, testicular feminization, congenital adrenocortical dysfunction was analyzed and criteria of differential diagnosis of these conditions discussed. The informative value of the method was assessed. Ultrasonic findings were compared with the data other diagnostic methods and reliability and high sensitivity of ultrasonography was demonstrated.

[Ultrasonic diagnosis of neuroinfections in the newborn and infants]. / Ul'trazvukovaia diagnostika neiroinfektsii u novorozhdennykh i detei rannego vozrasta.

The authors discuss the potentialities of the ultrasonic method in the diagnosis of brain involvement in the newborns and infants with neuroinfections. Ultrasonic examination was carried out in 75 infants aged 4 days to 15 months. Fifteen infants suffered from specific neuroinfections that developed in utero (toxoplasmosis, cytomegalia, listerosis), the rest 60 developed inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (meningitis, meningoencephalitis, ventriculitis). The examinations were performed in the real time regimen with a frequency of 3.5-7.5 MHz. In all the cases the diagnosis was confirmed by clinical and laboratory findings. Specific changes in the brain morphology were detected at the early stages of inflammatory processes of various origins. Ultrasonic examinations help identify the type of the pathologic process, its dissemination and complications (dislocation, cerebral ventricles dilatation, abscesses, hygromas).

[Venography in the evaluation of the results of surgical treatment of varicocele in children]. / Venografiia v otsenke rezul'tatov khirurgicheskogo lecheniia varikotsele u detei.

The paper is concerned with analysis of the results of intraoperative phlebotesticulography, performed in 50 patients with varicocele of degree I-II during Ivanissevich's operation. The effect of surgical intervention was shown to depend upon the quality of ligation of the testicular vein, some parts of which are anastomosed between themselves. The localization of this anastomosis is revealed by means of intraoperative phlebotesticulography, which permits increasing the results of surgical treatment and predicting a course of a postoperative period.

[Ultrasonic study of the brain in the diagnosis of meningoencephalitis in young children]. / Ul'trazvukovoe issledovanie golovnogo mozga v diagnostike meningoéntsefalitov u detei rannego vozrasta.

The paper is concerned with the potentialities of ultrasonic study (USS) of the brain in 60 children of young age, suffering from meningoencephalitides of various genesis. The authors analyzed in detail the results of scanning in different sections, permitting the determination of topographic characterization of a pathological process, changes in the cerebral parenchyma and ventricular system, its spreading and complications. USS ensured the significance of final diagnosis, efficacy of therapy and detection of the effects of cerebral infection, serving a prognostic factor during a follow-up of these patients by pediatricians, neuropathologists and neurosurgeons.