[Trends of physical development and adaptation to the study load and health-improving sports activities in elementary schoolchildren of Moscow]. / Dinamika pokazatelei fizicheskogo razvitiya i adaptatsii mladshikh shkol'nikov Moskvy k uchebnym nagruzkam i ozdorovitel'nym zanyatiyam fizicheskoi kul'turoi.

The inclusion of 7-10-year-old children in the school system occurs in the context of the interaction of two processes: activation of ontogenesis at this stage of age development and stimulation of biological and psychological adaptation of younger schoolchildren to the learning activity. The main factors negatively affecting the health of elementary school students are the following: hypokinesia, mental and psycho-emotional stress related to computer and digital learning technologies, prolonged stay in closed rooms of the educational institution rather than in the natural environment. In this regard, it is relevant to find ways to improve the adaptive capacity of children, their physical development (PD), musculoskeletal system (MS), and muscular core as a biological basis for learning activities. OBJECTIVE: To determine the trends of the state of regulatory systems (RS), adaptation, and PD in primary school children in Moscow shaped by preventive physical fitness (PF) classes developed within the framework of the federal state educational standard (FSES) to improve adaptation, PD, MS, and muscular core state. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A pedagogical experiment was conducted; 120 schoolchildren of both sexes in the 1st-4th forms at two Moscow schools were examined during the initial stage of the experiment. All students were engaged in preventive physical fitness classes, including game-based activities and exercises embedded in the FSES for primary schools. More than 50% of students attended extracurricular sports sections in football (17.5%), ballroom dancing (10.0%), karate (6.6%), swimming (5.8%), gymnastics (including acrobatics) (5.0%), basketball (5.0%) and figure skating (3.3%). Diagnostic methods included: anthropometric methods to measure height, bodyweight using a stadiometer and automatic medical scales; dynamometer method, in standing position, arm with dynamometer extended horizontally at shoulder level; a motor test to determine coordination abilities; diagnostics of heart rhythm variability (HRV) using Varicard-Express hardware-software complex. The calculated HRV parameters were determined: a regulatory systems activity index (RSAI) to determine the adaptive capacity of the body, and stress index (SI) to assess the subject's exposure to stress. RESULTS: It was demonstrated that schoolchildren in the Moscow metropolitan area are characterized by slower growth processes with activation at 8-9 years instead of 6-7 years. The baseline RSAI values in all children were at level 5, which corresponds to the state of RS stress of the body. Preventive PF classes led to improved adaptation in 7-8-year-old children. The condition of 50% of schoolchildren based on SI was optimal; 1/5 (22%) of schoolchildren had the initial stage of psychoemotional stress, 18% (in total) of children had severe and extremely severe RS stress related to the school environment. CONCLUSION: Monitoring of the RS adaptation and health state allows teaching, preventive, health-improving, and recreational activities in educational institutions with respect to individual and typological features of students, as well as minimizing the negative effects of the education digitalization on the physical and mental development of schoolchildren.

[Effect of Distant Interactions on Growth and Development of Streptomycetes].

Regulation of streptomycete growth and development by distant interactions of physical nature was shown using a vial-in-vial experimental setup, providing physical isolation of the inducer and detector cultures. Some effects of distant interaction were observed with Streptomyces netropsis proliferating submerged culture as an inducer and a surface culture of the same strain as a detector. The growth rate of the detector strain doubled. Spore germination was stimulated, as was indicated by a 30% increase in the number of colony-forming units (CRU) in the detector culture plated as a spore suspension. The phase variation spectrum also changed, with an increased share of the colonies of the morphotype predominant under the standard conditions.

[Diversity of bacterial forms in ice wedge of the Mamontova Gora Glacial complex (central Yakutiya)].

Electron microscopic investigation of four samples of ancient ice wedge from the Pleistocene glacial complex of Mamontova Gora (Yakutiya, Russia) revealed high diversity of bacteriomorphic particles. Their structural features included the presence of electron-transparent zones, presumably inclusions containing storage compounds, and microenvironment (capsules or external sheaths). These features may be a result of adaptive strategies providing for microbial survival under permafrost conditions. Predominance of rod-shaped forms morphologically resembling coryneform actinobacteria was found. X-ray microanalysis revealed organic origin of bacteriomorphic particles. Some particles were characterized by incomplete spectra of the major biogenic elements, resulting probably from low-temperature damage to the cellular structures. Total numbers of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria determined by plating on nutrient media were comparable to the values obtained for permafrost soils and Arctic ice. Predominance of coryneform actinobacteria was observed. Abundance of these evolutionarily early groups of actinobacteria may indicate the ancient origin of the microflora of the relic frozen rocks.

[Storage of Actinobacteria of the Genera Streptomyces and Nonomuraea by Low Temperature Preservation].

The influence of storage of actinobacteria Streptomyces hygroscopicus RIA 1433T, Nonomuraea roseoviolacea subsp. carminata INA 4281 and Nonomuraea sp. INA 34-06 at extremely low temperatures (-70 degrees C) for 1.5 years was studied with respect to their viability and antibiotic activity. The spores of the actinobacteria preserved their high viability when freezed at a concentration of 10(5)-10(7) CFU/ml. As for the antibiotic activity against the test culture Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341, the strains differed: the S. hygroscopicus RIA 1433T colonies preserved their antibiotic activity against the test culture, the antibiotic activity of Nonomuraea roseoviolacea subsp. carminata lowered by 5% and that of N. sp. INA 34-06 lowered by 44%. Differences in the resistance of the strains to the storage at the extremely low temperatures were observed when the suspensions contained low concentrations of the spores (10(2) CFU/ml): S. hygroscopicus RIA 1433T preserved its viability and antibiotic activity during 1.5 years, while N. roseoviolacea subsp. carminata INA 4281 and N. sp. INA 34-06 lost the viability by the 8th month of the storage. The study showed that 10% glycerol solution used as a cryoprotector during the storage had no effect on viability and antibiotic activity of the actinobacteria.

[Non-species-specific effects of unacylated homoserine lactone and hexylresorcinol, low molecular weight autoregulators, on the growth and development of bacteria].

We conducted a comparative study of the effects of alpha-amino-gamma-butyrolactone, the common structural element of extracellular microbial regulators of the homoserine lactone (HSL) group, and of 4-n-hexylresorcinol, an autoregulator of the alkylhydroxybenzene (AHB) group, on the growth and development of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. We revealed non-species-specific effects of HSL and AHB and characterized their concentration dependencies. The addition of 10(-5)-10(-3) M HSL or 10(-5)-10(-4) M AHB during the exponential growth phase of the cultures grown on balanced media resulted in cell division arrest and accelerated the transition to the stationary phase that culminated in endospore formation in Bacillus cereus, Alicyclobacillus tolerans, and Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans. When bacilli grew under the cultivation conditions that resulted in a low-zero spore percentage, 10(-4)-10(-3) M HSL cancelled the inhibition of spore formation. In the gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aurantiaca and Azotobacter vinelandii, AHB at concentrations of 10(-4) to (1.5-2.5) 10(-4) M induced the formation of dormant cells. Studies with the actinobacterium Streptomyces avermitilis revealed that the HSL effect varied depending on the age of the test cultures. The addition of 10(-4) M HSL during the lag phase of a submerged streptomycete culture accelerated its transition to the stationary phase and induced the formation of endospores, the dormant cells that are regarded as alternatives to exospores (conidia). If HSL (3.64 and 4.55 mg per 1cm2 disc) was locally added to a surface S. avermitilis culture, the growing mycelium formed rings that differed in their density, in the extent of the development of aerial mycelium, and in the presence/absence of exospores. Ring-shaped growth of streptomycete mycelia was also induced by 0.075-0.75 mg of AHB; however, unlike HSL, AHB repressed exospore formation. The data on non-species-specific effects of HSL and AHB suggest that they may perform regulatory functions on the microbial community level.

[Endospore formation by Streptomyces avermitilis in submerged culture].

The capability of streptomycetes to form endospores during their life cycle was studied in submerged cultures of Streptomyces avermitilis. Submerged S. avermitilis spores were most intensely formed (1) during the culture development cycles on synthetic medium CP1 with glucose under phosphate limitation, and (2) in autolysing cell suspensions of high density obtained by tenfold concentration of a stationary-phase culture grown in a synthetic medium resuspended in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) with 0.2% CaCl2. Endospores of S. avermitilis formed in submerged cultures shared the major characteristics of specialized microbial resting forms: heat resistance, resistance to lysozyme, ability to pertain to the main species-defining features, and ultrastructural organization characteristic of endospores. They can be considered a resting form of streptomycetes alternative to the spores formed exogenously on aerial mycelium in a surface culture.

[Monitoring of anthropologic parameters and of the functional condition in enrollees].

There is an analysis of a monitoring of health parameters in enrollees of a social university. The results confirm the hypothesis on that the health of schoolchildren and students has been changing for the worse. It is proven as necessary to set up, at high schools, systems of health management applicable to students, including health-improving measures for male students, whose health has been declining, according to some parameters, faster than in female students.

[A new regulatory function of the A-factor--stimulation of the streptomyces spore germination]. / Obnaruzhenie novoi reguliatornoi funktsii A-faktora--stimuliatsii prorastaniia spor streptomitsetov.

Spore germination in streptomycetes was shown to be stimulated by exogenously added A-factor. Agar medium either containing or not containing A-factor was inoculated with spore suspensions of three strains differing in their ability to produce regulators of the A-factor group: Streptomyces griseus 773, which produces A-factor and two its lower homologs, S. coelicolor A3(2), which forms six AcL-factors (A-factor analogues), and S. avermitilis JCM5070, which fails to form regulators of this group. The count of the grown colonies showed that exogenous A-factor stimulated spore germination in strains that were themselves able to synthesize regulators of the A-factor group. In S. griseus 773, the number of germinated spores increased by 67% on average after the addition A-factor to the medium in an amount 10 micrograms/ml. In strain S. coelicolor A3 (2), the number of germinated spores increased by 75% after the addition of 1 microgram/ml of A-factor. During germination of the S. avermitilis JCM5070 spores, no changes in the CFU number was observed after the addition of A-factor.

[Taxonomic study of five streptomycete species with synonymous names from the ISP collection]. / Taksonomicheskoe izuchenie piati kul'tur streptomitsetov--mezhdunarodnykh vidovykh étalonov (ISP).

The taxonomic investigation of five streptomycete species with synonymous names from the International Streptomyces Project (ISP) collection was carried out using the methods of population analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization, and multilocus DNA fingerprinting. Only two species with synonymous names, S. alboviridis ISP 5326 and S. oligocarbophilus ISP 5589, were found to be actually identical. Three other species investigated, S. krainskii ISP 5321, S. craterifer ISP 5296, and S. anulatus ISP 5361, whose names are usually referred to as synonymous, were shown to be different species.

Intrapopulation variability of antibiotic biosynthesis in streptomycetes.

Spontaneous variants making up parallel series of hereditary variability inside the populations of antibiotic-producing actinomycetes differ in the level of their antibiotic activity. As a rule, spontaneous variants of the basic type possess the highest antibiotic activity. Other variants representing parallel series have a lower activity level. This raises the possibility to carry out a directed selection of previously known active colonies from populations on the basis of their easily discernible morphological properties. It enhances the efficiency of selection work both in the case of stabilization of the level of antibiotic activity and in the case of obtaining more productive commercial strains.

[Analysis of genomic similarity in Streptomycetes belonging to the fluorescent subgroup as a confirmation of their taxonomic revision using a population method]. / Analiz skhodstva genomov streptomitsetov fluorestsiruiushcheii podgruppy kak podtverzhdennie ikh taksonomicheskoi revizii populiatsionnym metodom.

Genomic similarity was analysed in streptomycetes belonging to the fluorescent subgroup: Streptomyces chrysomallus, S. fluorescens, S. galbofluorescens and S. citreofluorescens. The degree of reference S. chrysomalius DNA hybridization with S. fluorescens and S. galbofluorescens DNAs was 75 and 82%, respectively, thus being within the limits of the intraspecial hybridization level. S. citreofluorescens DNA showed a 55% homology with reference S. chrysomallus DNA, which corresponded to the range of interspecies hybridization. These conclusions were confirmed by the results obtained in analysing the thermostability of hybrid duplexes. Therefore, these findings are consistent with the data of revising the species taxonomy of this streptomycetes subgroup which was done using the method of comparative population analysis. The population model proposed by one of the authors can be used to assess the intraspecies level of DNA-DNA hybridization.

[Melaninogenesis of Streptomyces galbus as reaction to high-temperature cultivation conditions. Localization of the pigment]. / Melaninogenez Streptomyces galbus kak reaktsiia na vysokotemperaturnyi rezhim vyrashchivaniia. Lokalizatsiia pigmenta.

Melanoid pigments are synthesized de novo when a mesophilic Streptomyces galbus Frommer culture is grown at an elevated temperature (42--47 degrees C). The pigments are accumulated in the mycelium walls whose thickness increases twofold.

[Proposed neotype Streptomyces ruber (Krainsky, 1914) Waksman et Henrici, 1948]. / Predlagaemyi neotip Streptomyces ruber (Krainsky, 1914) Waksman et Henrici, 1948.

Culture 78 was proposed as a neotype of Streptomyces ruber. It was isolated from the soils of the Baikal region and was closest, in its taxonomic properties, to the original description of the species [13] whose representative had been lost. Cultures from different microbial collections designated as S. ruber were shown to be unlike the original description. The neotype had the following taxononic properties: the cell wall of type I; spiral sporophores with extended spirals having 2-3 coils; oval spores with a smooth envelope; greyish pink aerial and dark-red substrate mycelia; a red pigment not passing into the medium; slow gelatin liquefaction and milk peptonization; weak starch hydrolysis; assimilation of glucose, xylose, rammose, fructose, and inositol; weak growth on arabinose, raffinose and mannitol, but not on sucrose; no formation of melanoid pigments; synthesis of riboflavin and prodigiosin pigments; inhibition of Gram-positive bacterial and acid-resistant mycobacterial growth; no inhibition of yeast and fungal growth. The culture was sensitive to streptomycin, neomycin, gentamycin, monomycin, tetracycline,erythromycin, oleandomycin, lincomycin, ristomycin, levomycetin, polymyxin and fusidin, but resistant in penicillin. The population was composed of six variants [3]: main, faded, asporogenic red, asporogenic yellow, asporogenic white and nocardia-like. The latter two were not capable of riboflavin and prodigiosin formation. The asporogenic yellow variant was a monosynthetic organism: it formed riboflavin, but could not synthesize prodigiosin. The neotype of S. ruber 78 is deposited withthe national Collection of Microorganisms (the reference number is VKM A-611).

[Spontaneous variation of Streptomyces griseus lysing staphylococci]. / Spontannaia izmenchivost' Streptomyces griseus, liziruiushchego stafilokokki.

Spontaneous variation of Str. griseus was studied. 7 variants were isolated which go into the homologous series of the hereditary variability of apigment actinomycetes. The confidence intervals of the correlative relationship between the cultural and morphological features of the spontaneous variants and the level of their lytic activity did not over lap at p 0.95, which indicates that the difference is also significant by this feature. A possibility for a certain increase of the culture activity by selection of spontaneous variants is shown.

[Regulation of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in Streptomyces galbus]. / Reguliatsiia biosinteza vtorichnykh metabolitov Streptomyces galbus.

The effect of inhibiting and stimulating agents on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (actinomycin X and melanoid pigments) was studied in Streptomyces galbus as a function of the growth temperature. D-Valine was shown to inhibit actinomycin synthesis and to stimulate production of melanoid pigments. Tryptophan stimulated the synthesis of both actinomycin and melanoid pigments. The temperature of growth was found to regulate the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites by the culture. The organism synthesized actinomycin at 28 degrees C, but it switched to the production of melanoid pigments at 42 degrees C. This may be considered as a protective reaction of the organism to an increase in the temperature of the environment and in UV radiation which is possible under natural conditions as a consequence of temperature elevation. The paper presents a hypothetical scheme for the regulation of biosynthesis of actinomycin and melanoid pigments by temperature. According to the scheme, the culture synthesizes secondary metabolites from tryptophan to hydroxykynurenine via a general pathway which is then bifurcated: at 28 degrees C--through methylhydroxyanthranilic acid to actinocin to actinomycin; at 42 degrees C--through hydroxyanthranilic acid, o-aminophenol, pyrocatechol, and possibly, o-benzoquinone, to melanin.

[Nature of the brown pigment and the composition of the phenol oxidases of Streptomyces galbus]. / O prirode burogo pigmenta i sostave fenoloksidaz Streptomyces galbus.

The culture of Streptomyces galbus ISP-5089 has a yellow-green colour caused by the accumulation of actinomycin X when it is grown in synthetic media at 28 degrees C; the colour turns dark-brown at 42 degrees C due to the synthesis of melanoid pigments. The population composition does not undergo any noticeable changes in that case, an no specific melanin-synthesizing mutants appear as a result of autoselection . The biosynthesis of actinomycin X (at 28 degrees C) and melanoid pigments (at 42 degrees C) is regulated by temperature. At 42 degrees C, L-DOPA oxidase is synthesized and laccase is activated; these two enzymes are involved in the synthesis of melanoid pigments. The organism does not has tyrosinase. The synthesis of melanoid pigments, when the mesophilic culture of S. galbus ISP-5089 is grown in the regime of superoptimal temperatures (42 to 47 degrees C), may be considered as a protective ecological reaction of the organism to unfavourable conditions of the environment.