Depression, abuse and its relationship to interstitial cystitis.

This study evaluated the prevalence of depression, sexual abuse, and physical abuse among women diagnosed with interstitial cystitis (IC). One hundred forty-one subjects completed the validated Beck's Depression Inventory II Questionnaire (BDI-II) and the validated Drossman Abuse Questionnaire. Ninety-seven (69%) subjects scored 14 or higher on the BDI-II, corresponding to depression. When compared to the US prevalence of 9%, this was significantly higher. Fifty-one subjects (36%) reported sexual abuse which is higher than the US average. The prevalence of childhood sexual abuse in the sample was not significantly different than the US average. The prevalence of physical abuse in the sample was not statistically different than the US average. Women with IC appear to have a higher prevalence of depression and sexual abuse than the general population. Women with IC should be screened for depression and abuse and referred to a mental health expert as necessary for treatment.

Complete mitochondrial genome of a neotropical fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis, and a new hypothesis of the relationships of bats to other eutherian mammals.

The complete mitochondrial genome was obtained from a microchiropteran bat, Artibeus jamaicensis. The presumptive amino acid sequence for the protein-coding genes was compared with predicted amino acid sequences from several representatives of other mammalian orders. Data were analyzed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and neighbor joining. All analyses placed bats as the sister group of carnivores, perissodactyls, artiodactyls, and cetaceans (e.g., 100% bootstrap value with both maximum parsimony and neighbor joining). The data strongly support a new hypothesis about the origin of bats, specifically a bat/ferungulate grouping. None of the analyses supported the superorder Archonta (bats, flying lemurs, primates, and tree shrews). Our hypothesis regarding the relationship of bats to other eutherian mammals is concordant with previous molecular studies and contrasts with hypotheses based solely on morphological criteria and an incomplete fossil record. The A. jamaicensis mitochondrial DNA control region has a complex pattern of tandem repeats that differs from previously reported chiropteran control regions.