Interactions of variants of human apolipoprotein A-I with biopolymeric model matrices. Effect of collagen and heparin.

BACKGROUND: The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex tridimensional scaffold that actively participates in physiological and pathological events. The objective of this study was to test whether structural proteins of the ECM and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) may favor the retention of human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) variants associated with amyloidosis and atherosclerosis. METHODS: Biopolymeric matrices containing collagen type I (Col, a main macromolecular component of the ECM) with or without heparin (Hep, a model of GAGs) were constructed and characterized, and used to compare the binding of apoA-I having the native sequence (Wt) or Arg173Pro, a natural variant inducing cardiac amyloidosis. Protein binding was observed by fluorescence microscopy and unbound proteins quantified by a colorimetric assay. RESULTS: Both, Wt and Arg173Pro bound to the scaffolds containing Col, but the presence of Hep diminished the binding efficiency. Col-Hep matrices retained Arg173Pro more than the Wt. The retained protein was only partially removed from the matrices with saline solutions, indicating that electrostatic interactions may occur but are not the main driving force. Using in addition thermodynamic molecular simulations and size exclusion chromatography approaches, we suggest that the binding of apoA-I variants to the biopolymeric matrices is driven by many low affinity interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Under this scenario Col-Hep scaffolds contribute to the binding of Arg173Pro, as a cooperative platform which could modify the native protein conformation affecting protein folding. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: We show that the composition of the ECM is key to the protein retention, and well characterized biosynthetic matrices offer an invaluable in vitro model to mimic the hallmark of pathologies with interstitial infiltration such as cardiac amyloidosis.

Data regarding the sensibility to proteolysis of a natural apolipoprotein A-I mutant.

The article shows dataset of the proteolysis of a natural variant of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) with a substitution of a leucine by and arginine in position 60 (L60R), in comparison with the protein with the native sequence (Wt). This information demonstrates the potential of in vitro partial proteolysis experiments as it may be applicable to different approaches in the biophysical field. We have analyzed by different electrophoresis techniques apoA-I variants, quantified the degree of proteolysis after staining and compared the proteolysis efficiency with the computed cleavage patterns. The data shown here clearly strengthen the usefulness of this approach to test protein flexibility, as it may be attained with enzymes which are not expected to modify in vivo this protein but have a well-known digestion pattern. In addition it is appropriate for evaluating protein catabolism, as it is exemplified here by the evidence with metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12), which is a physiological protease that may elicit the pro-inflammatory processing of this variant within the lesions. We support the work "Structural analysis of a natural apolipoprotein A-I variant (L60R) associated with amyloidosis" (Gaddi, et al., 2020), gaining insights on protein folding from a characterization by proteolysis analysis [1].

Structural analysis of a natural apolipoprotein A-I variant (L60R) associated with amyloidosis.

The reason that determines the pathological deposition of human apolipoprotein A-I variants inducing organ failure has been under research since the early description of natural mutations in patients. To shed light into the events associated with protein aggregation, we studied the structural perturbations that may occur in the natural variant that shows a substitution of a Leucine by an Arginine in position 60 (L60R). Circular dichroism, intrinsic fluorescence measurements, and proteolysis analysis indicated that L60R was more unstable, more sensitive to cleavage and the N-terminus was more disorganized than the protein with the native sequence (Wt). A higher tendency to aggregate was also detected when L60R was incubated at physiological pH. In addition, the small structural rearrangement observed for the freshly folded variant led to the release of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1ß from a model of macrophages. However, the mutant preserved both its dimeric conformation and its lipid-binding capacity. Our results strongly suggest that the chronic disease may be a consequence of the native conformation loss which elicits the release of protein conformations that could be either cytotoxic or precursors of amyloid conformations.

Fibrillar conformation of an apolipoprotein A-I variant involved in amyloidosis and atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Different protein conformations may be involved in the development of clinical manifestations associated with human amyloidosis. Although a fibrillar conformation is usually the signature of damage in the tissues of patients, it is not clear whether this species is per se the cause or the consequence of the disease. Hereditary amyloidosis due to variants of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) with a substitution of a single amino acid is characterized by the presence of fibrillar protein within the lesions. Thus mutations result in increased protein aggregation. Here we set up to characterize the folding of a natural variant with a mutation leading to a deletion at position 107 (apoA-I Lys107-0). Patients carrying this variant show amyloidosis and severe atherosclerosis. METHODS: We oxidized this variant under controlled concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and analyzed the structure obtained after 30-day incubation by fluorescence, circular dichroism and microscopy approaches. Neutrophils activation was characterized by confocal microscopy. RESULTS: We obtained a high yield of well-defined stable fibrillar structures of apoA-I Lys107-0. In an in vitro neutrophils system, we were able to detect the induction of Neutrophils Extracellular Traps (NETs) when we incubated with oxidized apoA-I variants. This effect was exacerbated by the fibrillar structure of oxidized Lys 107-0. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a pro-inflammatory microenvironment could result in the formation of aggregation-prone species, which, in addition may induce a positive feed-back in the activation of an inflammatory response. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: These events may explain a close association between amyloidosis due to apoA-I Lys107-0 and atherosclerosis.

Role of plasma membrane lipid composition on cellular homeostasis: learning from cell line models expressing fatty acid desaturases.

Experimental evidence has suggested that plasma membrane (PM)-associated signaling and hence cell metabolism and viability depend on lipid composition and organization. The aim of the present work is to develop a cell model to study the endogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) effect on PM properties and analyze its influence on cholesterol (Chol) homeostasis. We have previously shown that by using a cell line over-expressing stearoyl-CoA-desaturase, membrane composition and organization coordinate cellular pathways involved in Chol efflux and cell viability by different mechanisms. Now, we expanded our studies to a cell model over-expressing both Δ5 and Δ6 desaturases, which resulted in a permanently higher PUFA content in PM. Furthermore, this cell line showed increased PM fluidity, Chol storage, and mitochondrial activity. In addition, human apolipoprotein A-I-mediated Chol removal was less efficient in these cells than in the corresponding control. Taken together, our results suggested that the cell functionality is preserved by regulating PM organization and Chol exportation and homeostasis.

Membrane organization and regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasis.

An excess of intracellular free cholesterol (Chol) is cytotoxic, and its homeostasis is crucial for cell viability. Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is a highly efficient Chol acceptor because it activates complex cellular pathways that tend to mobilize and export Chol from cellular depots. We hypothesize that membrane composition and/or organization is strongly involved in Chol homeostasis. To test this hypothesis, we constructed a cell line overexpressing stearoyl coenzyme A (CoA) desaturase (SCD cells), which modifies plasma membrane (PM) composition by the enrichment of monounsaturated fatty acids, and determined this effect on membrane properties, cell viability, and Chol homeostasis. PM in SCD cells has a higher ratio of phospholipids to sphingomyelin and is slightly enriched in Chol. These cells showed an increase in the ratio of cholesteryl esters to free Chol; they were more resistant to Chol toxicity, and they exported more caveolin than control cells. The data suggest that cell functionality is preserved by regulating membrane fluidity and Chol exportation and storage.

Nuclear receptors and hepatic lipidogenic enzyme response to a dyslipidemic sucrose-rich diet and its reversal by fish oil n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

A sucrose-rich diet (SRD), compared with a starch diet, induces time-dependent metabolic disorders and insulin resistance with hypertriglyceridemia, similar to type 2 diabetes. In this study, we examined the effect of SRD, after 8 mo, on nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha), and liver X receptor-alpha (LXRalpha), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), and Delta6 and Delta5 desaturases mRNA and activity, hepatic enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, and fatty acid (FA) composition as well as the reversal produced by cod liver oil. SRD induced triglyceride increase in plasma and liver, increasing the anabolic FA synthase, malic enzyme, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, but not the prooxidative enzymes FA oxidase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, and correspondingly decreased PPARalpha and increased LXRalpha expressions. Results suggest a contribution of both nuclear receptors' interaction on these enzymatic activities. SRD depressed SCD-1 without altering oleic acid proportion and increased Delta6 and Delta5 desaturases and the proportion of n-6 arachidonic acid. Therefore, the data do not support that SRD hypertriglyceridemia is produced by increased SCD-1-dependent oleic acid biosynthesis. The administration of 7% cod liver oil for 2 mo depressed LXRalpha, enhancing PPARalpha in control and SRD-fed rats, reversing the activity of the hepatic enzymes involved in lipid metabolism and therefore the hyperlipidemia produced by the SRD. Fish oil increased n-3 PUFA and depressed n-6 PUFA of liver lipids without altering the 18:1/18:0 ratio, suggesting that its effects were produced mainly by competition of dietary n-6 and n-3 FA and not through desaturase activity modification.