Oxidative stress in elderly population: A prevention screening study.

BACKGROUND: Aging is a multifactorial phenomenon, characterized by a progressive decline in the efficiency of biochemical and physiological processes and an increased susceptibility to disease. There is increasing evidence that aging and age-related disease are correlated with an oxidative stress (OS) condition. The latter is characterized by an imbalance between reactive species (RS), in particular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant reserve. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to evaluate the two main markers of oxidative stress, plasmatic peroxide concentration (through d-ROMs FAST test, derivates-Reactive Oxygen Metabolites) and plasmatic antioxidant power measured by iron-reducing power (PAT test, Plasma Antioxidant Test) in 290 apparently healthy volunteers over 60, and their possible correlation with age and gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human capillary blood samples from healthy volunteers were used in this observational study for the evaluation of the markers of OS. RESULTS: The data obtained broadly demonstrate that the majority of elderly people display an OS condition characterized by increased levels of peroxides and a slight reduction in antioxidant reserve. CONCLUSIONS: Seniors have a greater propensity to develop a condition of oxidative stress, and therefore it is important to associate the monitoring of oxidative stress markers and, if necessary, antioxidant supplementation, with a healthy lifestyle.

Activity of 30 different cheeses on cholesterol plasma levels and Oxidative Balance Risk Index (OBRI) in a rat model.

BACKGROUND: Cheese is considered to increase the total cholesterol levels (CH) due to the high-saturated fat content. New models are needed to measure the relationship between cholesterol and cheese. METHODS: Thirty different cheeses produced in Val Brembana, Italy ("furmai da mut", "caprino" and "stracchino"), were added to the diet of 30 groups of 4 rats. Cheeses were analyzed to differentiate the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the cholesterol content (Ch(f)). The body weight, CH, urine volume and oxidative balance were measured. Three new indexes in relation to CH were calculated: OI (oxidative index), PI (protective index) and OBRI (oxidative balance risk index). RESULTS: None of the cheeses increased CH. Some of the "furmai de mut" were significantly decreasing CH and improved the oxidative balance. Ch(f) was not affecting the CH levels in plasma. In terms of VOCs, the acetic acid content was correlated (p < 0.05) with the CH reduction and PI improvement. OBRI was reduced mainly in the "stracchino group". CONCLUSIONS: The model shows that some cheese can reduce significantly CH levels and improve the antioxidant capacity.

The Carotid intima-media thickness modification following atorvastatin is bound to the modification of the oxidative balance.

BACKGROUND: Despite the reduction in cholesterol (CH) levels, the modification of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is not evident in all the patients treated with statins. Activities other than CH reduction may determine the improvement in CIMT. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with hypercholesterolemia (aged 45-60; males) with CIMT increase started the treatment with atorvastatin. The CIMT (via echography), CH level, and the oxidative balance (OB) were measured at baseline and after 4 weeks. The OB consisted of the determination of the plasmatic hydroperoxides (reactive oxygen metabolites [d-ROMs] test) and the antioxidant reserve (plasma antioxidants test [PAT]). The d-ROMs/CH and PAT/CH ratios allowed to measure, respectively, the oxidative index (OI) and the protective index (PI). The OI/PI ratio represented the OB Risk Index (OBRI) to be compared with the CIMT modifications. RESULTS: An average reduction of 22% in CH was achieved in the group of patients together with an increase in both OI and PI (16% and 39% respectively) with a significant improvement in OBRI from 2.6 to 1.7 (analysis of variance P < .01). A reduction of >20% in CIMT was obtained in 10 patients whereas in the 12 patients no modification of CIMT was detected, despite the same CH reduction (-55 ± 24.8 and -66 ± 27.1 mg/dL respectively; P > .05). Only those patients with a decrease in OBRI ≥0.8 showed a reduction in CIMT >20%. CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary study, a significant modification in CIMT was obtained with atorvastatin treatment only in those patients showing an improvement in the OB (OBRI > 0.8).

Validation of a patented method to determine the antioxidant capacity of human saliva based on the reduction of iron: the SAT test.

BACKGROUND: The defense against damaging attack at mouth level caused by reactive species, in particular reactive oxygen species (ROS), is guaranteed by saliva, the main constituent of the antioxidant barrier. The aim of the performed tests was to establish the precision, linearity, and accuracy of the new patented test, SAT, on saliva samples taken from healthy volunteers. The analysis also provided useful information on storage conditions of the sample at low temperatures and on the normality range and defined the influences of interferences (in particular phosphates) in the determination. METHODS: Sixty apparently healthy volunteers were selected to verify the antioxidant capacity of the oral cavity using the new patented SAT method. RESULTS: SAT performed on 70 saliva samples demonstrated that the test was precise, linear (R = 0.9994), accurate, and reproducible (CV 4.39%). The SAT values in the saliva samples analyzed had a normal distribution with a control range for healthy subjects of 947-1459 micromol/L. The fundamental presence of a particular salt in the SAT solutions allowed avoidance of phosphate interference and eliminated false positives. CONCLUSIONS: SAT can be considered an important predictive test not only for periodontal disease, caries, gingivitis, and general pathologies related to oral cavity, but also for systemic diseases such as: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and others.

Performance evaluation of the innovative PAT test, comparison with the common BAP test and influence of interferences on the evaluation of the plasma antioxidant capacity.

BACKGROUND: Antioxidants (AOs) represent the main barrier of defense against damaging aggression due to reactive species, in particular by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The plasma AO capacity is a measure of physiological, environmental, and nutritional factors (exposure to ROS and antioxidant supplementation) determining the redox status in humans and can underline the oxidative stress (OS) conditions in the progression/development of many diseases. Moreover, changes in AO plasma content after supplementation may provide information on the absorption and bioavailability of nutritional compounds and efficacy of AO therapy. AIM: The aim of the study was a comparison between the common BAP (Biological Antioxidant Potential) test, used for the evaluation of the antioxidant capacity, and the innovative PAT (Plasma Antioxidant Test) and to assess both the in vitro interferences of phosphates on the iron reduction and the interference of the plasmatic concentration of phosphates in relation to the plasma antioxidant capacity measured with the two methods. METHODS: Thirty-six apparently healthy volunteers were involved in the study for the comparison of the two methods. RESULTS: BAP test and PAT performed on 36 plasma samples demonstrated that plasma antioxidant capacity dosage using the BAP test resulted in overestimated levels in relation to plasma phosphate. Increased BAP values due to phosphates correspond to increased differences between BAP and PAT value (correlation coefficient R = 0.812, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PAT can be considered an innovative and predictable method for the measure of the antioxidant power of plasma.

Analysis of oxidative stress during the menstrual cycle.

BACKGROUND: Few data concerning the oxidative stress (OS) in plasma during the entire menstrual cycle of eumenorrheic women are available. METHODS: OS was assessed in 20 healthy volunteers during the phase of the menstrual cycle by determining the plasmatic hydroperoxides levels (d-ROMs test). The assessment was performed every three days, starting from the first day (t1) up the end of the menstrual phase (t27). Concomitantly, the estrogen (E2) and progestin (P4) levels were determined at the same time intervals. RESULTS: From a base value (t1) of 284 +/- 38.0 CARR.U., which is essentially within the normal range (<300 Carratelli units or CARR.U.), the OS levels progressively increased to 378 +/- 115 CARR.U. at t15, and then slightly decreased over the subsequent time but with average values >300 CARR.U. Analysis of the E2 levels showed that the maximum OS values were noticed near the estrogen peak, while remaining above the base levels, and then decreased during the progestin phase until returning to normal at the end of the menstrual cycle. CONCLUSIONS: It may concludes that the healthy women go into OS for 2/3 of the menstrual cycle.

Levothyroxine and lung cancer in females: the importance of oxidative stress.

BACKGROUND: Levothyroxine (LT4) treatment can lead to iatrogenic hyperthyroidism and oxidative stress that can cause patient discomfort. Oxidative stress is also recognized as one of the causes of chronic diseases and cancer. METHODS: The prevalence of breast, colorectal, gastric and lung cancer in 18 Italian Regions during 2010 was correlated with the sales of LT4 in 2009. The cancer prevalence was analyzed in women aged 30-84. This age range corresponds to more than 80% of the consumers of the drug and to about 99% of all malignant cancers. The correlation between sales of LT4 and cancers was determined with the technique of Density Ellipses. The age and smoking contribution for lung cancer was determined with the Sequential test. RESULTS: No significant correlation was seen between LT4 sales and breast, colorectal and gastric cancers. A significant correlation was instead found for lung cancer (p<0.05) corrected for smoking and age. CONCLUSIONS: LT4 consumption in Italy is about 0.7 boxes/women/year. There is a correlation between lung cancer and LT4 treatment and oxidative stress caused by LT4 supplementation can be one of the causes. Although we cannot exclude that dysthyroidism needing LT4 supplementation might be the ground for lung cancer itself and measuring oxidative stress could be helpful in avoiding excessive use of the drug.

Evaluation of oxidative stress after treatment with low estrogen contraceptive either alone or associated with specific antioxidant therapy.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study is to analyze the effect of low estrogen contraceptives (OC) on oxidative stress (OS) and concomitantly also the changes produced by different treatments using physiological modulators (PMs) with antioxidant action. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty-four female volunteers using a low estrogen OC regimen were analyzed for their OS status through the reactive oxygen metabolites-derived compounds (d-ROMs) test, during 5 different cycles (Cycle I to V). Three experiments were performed. RESULTS: In the first experiment (Cycle I), OS showed almost a constant 50% increase in all the determinations. In the second experiment (Cycles II and III), the participants were divided into two groups and treated double-blind with a placebo or with a PM (MF Templar®) that significantly reduced OS, on average by 69%, while the placebo had no effect. In the third experiment (Cycles IV and V), the placebo group was divided into three subgroups, A, B, C and treated, respectively, with MF Templar®, green tea containing the same amount of catechins present in MF Templar® or with MF Templar® devoid of catechins. Only the complete product, MF Templar®, was able to reduce OS levels, on average by 70%. CONCLUSION: We conclude that to control the OS generated by OC, specific types of PMs are needed. In particular MF Templar® was able to induce a significant reduction of OS levels.

Assessment of the activity of an oral contraceptive on the levels of oxidative stress and changes in oxidative stress after co-treatment with two different types of physiological modulators with antioxidant action.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this research were to document the nature of oxidative stress (OS) while taking an estrogen/progestagen-combined oral contraceptive (OC) and to evaluate the action of two different products composed of a combination of antioxidant, vitamins and natural products in physiological quantity and classified as antioxidant/food supplement. For this reason, the two products are classified as physiological modulators (PM), able to restore the balance between antioxidants and reactive oxygen species in the organism. STUDY DESIGN: The Reactive Oxygen Metabolites-derived compound test, a photometric assay that measures the hydroperoxides levels in biological fluids, was used to determine the OS. OS was analyzed every 3 days (from t(1) to t(27)) for 28 days on 10 healthy volunteers during three successive OC treatment cycles with a contraceptive (Microgynon®: ethinylestradiol 50 mcg plus levonorgestrel 125 mcg). In the first cycle, the OC was administered by itself; in the successive two cycles, the OC was administered in association in an open crossover study with two different types of PMs with antioxidant action. The main difference in the composition of the two products is the presence/absence of catechins from green tea. RESULTS: With just OC treatment, all the volunteers showed an increase in the OS values from 240±22.3 (mean±SD) Carratelli Units. (normal value) up to values >400 Carratelli Units (severe OS), then returned to normal when the OC therapy was suspended. The concomitant use of the two PMs showed that only the product containing green tea catechins was able to reduce the OS values, on average, by approximately 50% (t test p<.05). CONCLUSION: We conclude that to control the OS generated by OC, specific types of physiological modulators are needed.