[Pharmacological properties and therapeutic profile of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)]. / Pharmakologische Eigenschaften und therapeutisches Profil der Artischocke (Cynara scolymus L.).

The results of several clinical investigations showed the efficacy and safety of artichoke extracts (Cynara scolymus L.) in the treatment of hepato-biliary dysfunction and digestive complaints, such as sensation of fullness, loss of appetite, nausea and abdominal pain. Moreover earlier findings on a lipidlowering and hepatoprotective effect may be confirmed. In-vitro and in-vivo it has been possible to evaluate the underlying pharmacological mechanisms. Flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids are mainly responsible for the observed actions.

Antimitochondrial antibody profiles in primary biliary cirrhosis distinguish at early stages between a benign and a progressive course: a prospective study on 200 patients followed for 10 years.

In recent retrospective studies, it was shown that subtypes of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) can help to discriminate between a benign [only anti-M9 and/or anti-M2 positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)] and a rather progressive course (anti-M2, -M4 and/or -M8 positive). According to different constellations of these AMA subspecificities in ELISA and complement fixation test (CFT), four AMA profiles (A-D) were defined. In 1984 we started a prospective study based on 200 PBC patients with known AMA profiles in order to correlate the antibody pattern with the clinical outcome. Progression was defined primarily as the necessity of liver transplantation and death due to hepatic failure or variceal bleeding. At entry, 18 (9%) of the 200 patients had AMA profile A (only anti-M9), 57 (29%) profile B (only anti-M2 with or without anti-M9), 74 (37%) profile C (anti-M2 in association with anti-M4/-M8 by ELISA), and 51 (26%) profile D (anti-M2/-M4/-M8 by ELISA and CFT). At the beginning of the study, 177 patients had PBC stage I/II. During the observation period of ten years, ten patients died and in 18 orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) was performed; all these patients belonged to profile C/D. Furthermore, 44% of the patients with profile C and 31% of the patients with profile D progressed to late stages, as defined by histology and clinical manifestations such as portal hypertension and increase of bilirubin, while only one of the patients with profile B and none of the profile A-patients developed late stage PBC. A significant increase of bilirubin was observed only in C/D-patients. AMA profiles did not change during the follow-up. In conclusion, AMA profiles discriminate between a benign and a progressive course of PBC already at early stages.

Modern phytotherapy and its uses in gastrointestinal conditions.

A discussion of the historical background, development, and legal and philosophical aspects of phytotherapy as well as suggestions for its scientific basis is presented. Applications of phytotherapy for various gastrointestinal conditions are discussed for the examples of three remedies. The first example is liquorice root, its active principle carbenoxolone, and the drugs Biogastrone and Caved-S for the treatment of gastic, peptic and duodenal ulcers; the second example is the fruits of the milk thistle, its active principles silymarin and silybinin as well as the drug Legalon for the treatment of liver diseases. The third example concerns the use of laxatives of plant origin such as plantain seeds and the drugs Agiocur and Agiolax. The review concludes with suggestions for the future course of phytotherapeutic research.

Modern phytotherapy and its uses in gastrointestinal conditions.

A discussion of the historical background, development, and legal and philosophical aspects of phytotherapy as well as suggestions for its scientific basis is presented. Applications of phytotherapy for various gastrointestinal conditions are discussed for the examples of three remedies. The first example is liquorice root, its active principle carbenoxolone, and the drugs Biogastrone and Caved-S for the treatment of gastic, peptic and duodenal ulcers; the second example is the fruits of the milk thistle, its active principles silymarin and silybinin as well as the drug Legalon for the treatment of liver diseases. The third example concerns the use of laxatives of plant origin such as plantain seeds and the drugs Agiocur and Agiolax. The review concludes with suggestions for the future course of phytotherapeutic research.

Antimitochondrial antibody profiles determined at early stages of primary biliary cirrhosis differentiate between a benign and a progressive course of the disease. A retrospective analysis of 76 patients over 6-18 years.

Seventy-six patients with clinically and histologically defined primary biliary cirrhosis, who were in stage I/II at the time of first diagnosis and could be followed for 6-18 years (mean 10 years), were analysed with respect to their clinical course. Forty-four of the 76 patients remained in stage I/II during the observation period (group 1), while 32 progressed to late stages (group 2). Sera of these patients were retested for anti-M2, anti-M4, anti-M8 and anti-M9 antibodies by ELISA and the complement fixation test (CFT). Four different AMA-profiles A-D could be differentiated in these patients: profile A, only anti-M9 positive by ELISA; B, anti-M9 and/or anti-M2 positive by ELISA; C, anti-M2, anti-M4 and/or anti-M8 positive by ELISA; and D, anti-M2, anti-M4 and/or anti-M8 positive by ELISA and CFT. When the natural courses of patients and the four different AMA-profiles were compared retrospectively it became evident that 97% of group 2 patients already had the AMA-profile C/D at entry into the study. Of the patients in group 1 70% had the AMA-profile A/B. Increases in bilirubin levels during the course of the disease were observed preferentially in patients of group 2 (profile C/D). We conclude that the determination of AMA-profiles in PBC patients is a sensitive approach for the early prediction of the outcome of the disease.

The antimitochondrial antibody anti-M9. A marker for the diagnosis of early primary biliary cirrhosis.

The clinical relevance of a new antimitochondrial antibody, anti-M9, reacting with an outer membrane-associated antigen on liver mitochondria is described. Sera from 22 anti-M2-negative patients with histologically proven primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) who had been followed for 5-15 years were tested for anti-M9 in the ELISA using a purified M9-fraction. 18 (82%) were anti-M9-positive, and 17 of them (94%) were in stage I/II. None of the 17 anti-M9-positive/anti-M2-negative patients with early PBC progressed to stage III/IV during the observation period of 5-15 years, and in all instances anti-M9 remained of the IgM-type. In one anti-M9-positive patient anti-M2 of the IgM type appeared 2 years after the first demonstration of anti-M9. Among 156 patients with anti-M2-positive PBC, 58 (37%) had anti-M9, and 39 of them (67%) were in stage I/II. 19 of these 39 stage I/II patients (49%) had anti-M9 exclusively of the IgM-type in contrast to none of the 19 stage III/IV patients. Using the purified M9-fraction in ELISA and Western blotting, anti-M9 antibodies were confined only to patients with PBC or overlap syndromes between PBC and autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (10% of 133 patients) and were not found in patients with other hepatic and non-hepatic disorders. We conclude that the determination of anti-M9 may be helpful for the diagnosis of early and asymptomatic PBC. From follow-up studies of anti-M9-positive but anti-M2-negative patients it emerges that this antibody type may be associated with a benign course of PBC.

Characterization and clinical relevance of a new complement-fixing antibody--anti-M8--in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.

A new complement-fixing antimitochondrial antibody--anti-M8--was detected in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Anti-M8 was only found in association with anti-M2, however, not all anti-M2 positive patients had anti-M8. Thus, among 66 anti-M2 positive patients, 29 were also positive for anti-M8, whereas sera from patients who had the complement-fixing anti-M2 and anti-M4 antibodies in parallel always strongly reacted with the M8 antigen. This group was previously described as mixed form. The M8 antigen was isolated either from human liver mitochondria or pig kidney microsomes and could be clearly distinguished from the M4 antigen. In contrast to M4, M8 was trypsin sensitive and banded at sucrose densities from 1.16 to 1.24, while M4 was found at densities from 1.08 to 1.14. Like M4, the M8 antigen also co-purified with outer mitochondrial membranes. Fifty-three patients with primary biliary cirrhosis have been followed over a period of up to 16 years and were classified according to their complement-fixing antimitochondrial antibody profile. At the time of the first diagnosis, 95% of 31 patients being anti-M2 positive, but anti-M8 negative (antimitochondrial antibody Profile I) were in Stage I or II. In contrast, only 61% of 13 patients being anti-M2 and anti-M8 positive (antimitochondrial antibody Profile II) and 44% of 9 patients with anti-M2, anti-M8 and anti-M4 in parallel (antimitochondrial antibody Profile III) belonged to Stage I or II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)