Multimodel precipitation responses to removal of U.S. sulfur dioxide emissions.

Emissions of aerosols and their precursors are declining due to policies enacted to protect human health, yet we currently lack a full understanding of the magnitude, spatiotemporal pattern, statistical significance, and physical mechanisms of precipitation responses to aerosol reductions. We quantify the global and regional precipitation responses to U.S. SO2 emission reductions using three fully coupled chemistry-climate models: Community Earth System Model version 1, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Coupled Model 3, and Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE2. We contrast 200 year (or longer) simulations in which anthropogenic U.S. sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions are set to zero with present-day control simulations to assess the aerosol, cloud, and precipitation response to U.S. SO2 reductions. In all three models, reductions in aerosol optical depth up to 70% and cloud droplet number column concentration up to 60% occur over the eastern U.S. and extend over the Atlantic Ocean. Precipitation responses occur both locally and remotely, with the models consistently showing an increase in most regions considered. We find a northward shift of the tropical rain belt location of up to 0.35° latitude especially near the Sahel, where the rainy season length and intensity are significantly enhanced in two of the three models. This enhancement is the result of greater warming in the Northern versus Southern Hemispheres, which acts to shift the Intertropical Convergence Zone northward, delivering additional wet season rainfall to the Sahel. Two of our three models thus imply a previously unconsidered benefit of continued U.S. SO2 reductions for Sahel precipitation.

Fashion advertisements: a comparison of viewers' perceptual and affective responses to illustrated and photographed stimuli.

The perceptual and affective responses of 44 women to actual illustrated and photographed fashion advertisements during focused interviews were explored. Content analysis methods identified categories of response; frequency of response categories for the two media were compared using Fisher's z tests. Significant differences in perceptual responses included greater visual interest created by the use of color in photographs, greater interest in layout and design features of the illustrations, and interest in characteristics of the models in the photographs. Affective response differences included greater preference for photographic advertisements and the garments in them. Contrary to suggestions from professionals in fashion advertising, no significant differences were found in viewers' perceptions of information about the products in the advertisements or perceptions of meaning and aesthetic response.

Tibial tubercle advancement by the Maquet technique for patellofemoral arthritis or chondromalacia.

The authors report 19 operations according to the Maquet technique for patellofemoral arthritis or chondromalacia between 1977 and 1984. The same procedure and technique were used in all cases but the results were better in chondromalacia which were good in 64% of the cases compared with 38% in arthritis. After discussing the problems of clinical and radiographic evaluation, the authors conclude that after a long period of rehabilitation satisfactory results are obtained in chondromalacia, while only limited success is achieved in arthritis.

[Hohmann's operation in the treatment of humeral epitrochleitis]. / L'intervento di Hohmann nel trattamento dell'epitrocleite omerale.

7 cases of epicondylitis surgically treated by a Hohmann operation and perforations were checked. These were the only cases of epicondylitis to be operated at the G. Pini Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, over a decade. Careful evaluation of the results showed complete success in all cases. The association of the Hohmann operation and perforations is therefore to be recommended in the rare forms of epicondylitis which do not respond to nonsurgical treatment.