Pyrazole scaffold-based derivatives: A glimpse of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, SAR, and route of synthesis.

The α-glucosidase is a validated target to develop drugs for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. The existing α-glucosidase inhibitors have certain shortcomings related to side effects and route of synthesis. Accordingly, it is inevitable to develop new chemical templates as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Pyrazole derivatives have a special place in medicinal chemistry because of various biological activities. Recently, pyrazole-based heterocyclic compounds have emerged as a promising scaffold to develop α-glucosidase inhibitors. This study focuses on the recently reported pyrazole-based α-glucosidase inhibitors, including their biological activity (in vivo, in vitro, and in silico), structure-activity relationship, and ways of synthesis. The literature revealed the development of several promising pyrazole-based α-glucosidase inhibitors and new synthetic routes for their preparation. The encouraging α-glucosidase inhibitory results of the pyrazole-based heterocyclic compounds make them an attractive target for further research. The authors also foresee the arrival of the pyrazole-based α-glucosidase inhibitors in clinical practice.

Identification of novel pyrazole containing ɑ-glucosidase inhibitors: insight into pharmacophore, 3D-QSAR, virtual screening, and molecular dynamics study.

Pharmacophore modelling, 3 D QSAR modelling, virtual screening, and molecular dynamics study, all-in-one combination were employed successfully design and develop an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. To explain the structural prerequisites of biologically active components, 3 D-QSAR models were generated using the selected best hypothesis (AARRR) for compounds 55 included in the model C. The selection of 3 D-QSAR models showed that the Gaussian steric characteristic is crucial to alpha glucosidase's inhibitory potential. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory potency of the compound is enhanced by other components, including Gaussian hydrophobic groups, Gaussian hydrogen bond acceptor or donor groups, Gaussian electrostatic characteristics, and a Gaussian steric feature. An identification of structure-activity relationships can be obtained from the developed 3 D-QSAR, C model, with R2 = 0.77 and SD = 0.02 for training set, and Q2 = 0.66, RMSE 0.02, and Pearson R = 0.81 for testing set, corresponding to elevated predictive ability. Additionally, docking and MM/GBSA experiments on 1146023 showed that it interacts with critical amino acids in the binding site when coupled with acarbose. Further, five compounds that display a high affinity for alpha-glucosidase were found, and these compounds may serve as potent leads for alpha-glucosidase inhibitor development. Biological activity will be tested for these compounds in the future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Anticancer Evaluation of Pyrazole Linked Pyrazoline Derivatives with Carbothioamide Tail as EGFR Kinase Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (known as EGFR) induces cell differentiation and proliferation upon activation through the binding of its ligands. Since EGFR is thought to be involved in the development of cancer, the identification of new target inhibitors is the most viable approach, which recently gained momentum as a potential anticancer therapy. OBJECTIVE: To assess various pyrazole linked pyrazoline derivatives with carbothioamide for EGFR kinase inhibitory as well as anti-proliferative activity against human cancer cell lines viz. A549 (non-small cell lung tumor), MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line), SiHa (cancerous tissues of the cervix uteri), and HCT-116 (colon cancer cell line). METHODS: In vitro EGFR kinase assay, in vitro MTT assay, Lactate dehydrogenase release, nuclear staining (DAPI), and flow cytometry cell analysis. RESULTS: Compounds 6h and 6j inhibited EGFR kinase at concentrations of 1.66µM and 1.9µM, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 6h and 6j showed the most potent anti-proliferative results against the A549 KRAS mutation cell line (IC50 = 9.3 & 10.2µM). Through DAPI staining and phase contrast microscopy, it was established that compounds 6h and 6j also induced apoptotic activity in A549 cells. This activity was further confirmed by FACS using Annexin-V-FITC and Propidium Iodide (PI) labeling. Molecular docking studies performed on 6h and 6j suggested that the compounds can bind to the hinge region of ATP binding site of EGFR tyrosine kinase in a similar pose as that of the standard drug gefitinib. CONCLUSION: The potential anticancer activity of compounds 6h and 6j was confirmed and need further exploration in cancer cell lines of different tissue origin and signaling pathways, as well as in animal models of cancer development.

Design, synthesis, and molecular docking study of benzothiazolotriazine derivatives for anticonvulsant potential.

A series of newer benzothiazolotriazine derivatives (4a-k) was designed, synthesized, and characterized as anticonvulsant agents against the two classically used MES and scPTZ animal models. The synthesized derivatives were tested in vivo in both the animal models, followed by a neurotoxicity study by the rotarod method. Compound 4e, 8-chloro-4-(2-chlorocyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-yl)-2-((4-methoxybenzyl)thio)-10aH-benzo[4,5]thiazolo[3,2a][1,3,5]triazine was found most promising among the series in both the animal models, with no neurotoxicity. From this it may be confirmed that the presence of a methoxy (OCH3 ) group at the lipophilic aryl ring was showing high anticonvulsant potency. In the molecular modeling study, compound 4e (docking score = -8.70) showed important hydrogen bond interaction with the amino acids LYS 329, SER 137, GLY 136 and π-π interactions with PHE 189 at the active site of GABA-AT. These derivatives can be further explored for the development of newer/novel anticonvulsant agents.