Imagining and implementing healthy city interventions: Combined results from parallel concept mapping exercises in Montreal with community members and stakeholders.

OBJECTIVE: Built environment interventions provide structural solutions to complex urban challenges. Though community voices are part of municipal decision-making, planners and public health professionals need tools to better integrate their perspectives for desired changes (what) when implementing built environment interventions (how). We present two simultaneous concept mapping exercises conducted in Montréal, Canada, to facilitate the consideration of these dimensions. METHODS: Community members were prompted about neighbourhood changes that could improve their quality of life; stakeholders were prompted about factors that contribute to successful implementation of interventions. Through each exercise, items were generated, grouped, and rated on importance and feasibility. Concept maps were produced using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis. The clusters identified by community members and stakeholders were combined into a Community × Stakeholder Matrix, which supported discussions on interventions with the research's Advisory Committee. RESULTS: Thirty-two community members generated 41 responses, which resulted in 6 clusters: (1) strengthen public transportation, (2) reduce space dedicated to cars, (3) foster local social connections, (4) develop quality cycling infrastructure, (5) improve pedestrian accessibility, and (6) green the city. Thirty-seven stakeholders generated 40 items, which resulted in 5 clusters: (1) collaboration with stakeholders and citizens, (2) planning and evaluation, (3) common vision for the future, (4) regulatory framework and funding, and (5) context-informed approach. CONCLUSION: Capturing the collective vision of our urban environments and the processes underlying change through concept mapping can lead to more successful changes. We propose combining understandings of the what and how into a matrix to support evaluation and strategic planning of interventions and better integrate community voices into operational planning.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Les interventions sur le cadre bâti peuvent offrir des solutions structurelles aux défis urbains complexes. Bien que les communautés fassent partie du processus décisionnel municipal, les urbanistes et les professionnels de la santé publique ont besoin d'outils pour mieux intégrer leurs perspectives sur les changements souhaités (le quoi) dans la mise en œuvre réussie des programmes et des interventions sur l'environnement bâti (le comment). Nous présentons deux exercices simultanés de cartographie conceptuelle menés à Montréal, Canada, visant à capter ces dimensions de mise en œuvre. MéTHODES: Les membres de la communauté ont été sondés sur les changements dans leur quartier qui seraient susceptibles d'améliorer leur qualité de vie, tandis que des acteurs municipaux ont été sondés sur les facteurs qui contribuent à la réussite de la mise en œuvre des interventions urbaines. Pour chaque exercice, des items ont été générés, regroupés et notés en fonction de leur importance et de leur faisabilité. Des cartes conceptuelles ont été produites à l'aide d'analyse multivariée d'étalonnage multidimensionnel et d'une analyse hiérarchique ascendante. Les regroupements identifiés par les membres de la communauté et les acteurs municipaux ont été combinés dans une matrice communauté × acteurs municipaux, qui a encadré une discussion sur les interventions sur le cadre bâti avec le comité consultatif du programme de recherche. RéSULTATS: Trente-deux membres de la communauté ont généré 41 réponses uniques, qui ont formé 6 regroupements : (1) renforcer les transports en commun, (2) réduire l'espace dédié aux voitures, (3) favoriser le lien social local, (4) développer des infrastructures cyclables de qualité, (5) améliorer l'accessibilité piétonne, et (6) verdir la ville. Trente-sept acteurs municipaux ont généré 40 éléments uniques, qui ont mené à 5 regroupements : (1) collaboration avec les parties prenantes et les citoyens, (2) planification et évaluation, (3) vision commune pour l'avenir, (4) cadre réglementaire et financement, et (5) approche contextuelle. CONCLUSION: En captant la vision collective sur nos environnements urbains et la compréhension des processus sous-jacents au changement avec la cartographie conceptuelle, les transformations urbaines peuvent être plus réussies et plus inclusives. Nous proposons de combiner les perspectives sur le quoi et le comment dans une matrice pour soutenir l'évaluation et la planification stratégique d'interventions, tout en promouvant l'intégration des voix de la communauté dans la planification opérationnelle de l'aménagement urbain.

Associations between gentrification, census tract-level socioeconomic status, and cycling infrastructure expansions in Montreal, Canada.

Background: Cycling infrastructure investments support active transportation, improve population health, and reduce health inequities. This study examines the relationship between changes in cycling infrastructure (2011-2016) and census tract (CT)-level measures of material deprivation, visible minorities, and gentrification in Montreal. Methods: Our outcomes are the length of protected bike lanes, cyclist-only paths, multi-use paths, and on-street bike lanes in 2011, and change in total length of bike lanes between 2011 and 2016 at the CT level. Census data provided measures of the level of material deprivation and of the percentage of visible minorities in 2011, and if a CT gentrified between 2011 and 2016. Using a hurdle modeling approach, we explore associations among these CT-level socioeconomic measures, gentrification status, baseline cycling infrastructure (2011), and its changes (2011-2016). We further tested if these associations varied depending on the baseline level of existing infrastructure, to assess if areas with originally less resources benefited less or more. Results: In 2011, CTs with higher level of material deprivation or greater percentages of visible minorities had less cycling infrastructure. Overall, between 2011 and 2016, cycling infrastructure increased from 7.0% to 10.9% of the road network, but the implementation of new cycling infrastructure in CTs with no pre-existing cycling infrastructure in 2011 was less likely to occur in CTs with a higher percentage of visible minorities. High-income CTs that were ineligible for gentrification between 2011 and 2016 benefited less from new cycling infrastructure implementations compared to low-income CTs that were not gentrified during the same period. Conclusion: Montreal's municipal cycling infrastructure programs did not exacerbate socioeconomic disparities in cycling infrastructure from 2011 to 2016 in CTs with pre-existing infrastructure. However, it is crucial to prioritize the implementation of cycling infrastructure in CTs with high populations of visible minorities, particularly in CTs where no cycling infrastructure currently exists.

Gentrification, perceptions of neighborhood change, and mental health in Montréal, Québec.

While census-defined measures of gentrification are often used in research on gentrification and health, surveys can be used to better understand how residents perceive neighborhood change, and the implications for mental health. Whether or not gentrification affects mental health may depend on the extent to which an individual perceives changes in their neighborhood. Using health and map-based survey data, collected from 2020 to 2021, from the Interventions, Research, and Action in Cities Team, we examined links between perceptions of neighborhood change, census-defined neighborhood gentrification at participant residential addresses, and mental health among 505 adults living in Montréal. After adjusting for age, gender, race, education, and duration at current residence, greater perceived affordability and more positive feelings about neighborhood changes were associated with better mental health, as measured by the mental health component of the short-form health survey. Residents who perceived more change to the social environment had lower mental health scores, after adjusting individual covariates. Census-defined gentrification was not significantly associated with mental health, and perceptions of neighborhood change did not significantly modify the effect of gentrification on mental health. Utilizing survey tools can help researchers understand the role that perceptions of neighborhood change play in the understanding how neighborhood change impacts mental health.

Wave 1 results of the INTerventions, Research, and Action in Cities Team (INTERACT) cohort study: Examining spatio-temporal measures for urban environments and health.

Built environment interventions have the potential to improve population health and reduce health inequities. The objective of this paper is to present the first wave of the INTErventions, Research, and Action in Cities Team (INTERACT) cohort studies in Victoria, Vancouver, Saskatoon, and Montreal, Canada. We examine how our cohorts compared to Canadian census data and present summary data for our outcomes of interest (physical activity, well-being, and social connectedness). We also compare location data and activity spaces from survey data, research-grade GPS and accelerometer devices, and a smartphone app, and compile measures of proximity to select built environment interventions.

Using combined Global Position System and accelerometer data points to examine how built environments and gentrification are associated with physical activity in four Canadian cities.

BACKGROUND: Built and social environments are associated with physical activity. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and accelerometer data can capture how people move through their environments and provide promising tools to better understand associations between environmental characteristics and physical activity. The purpose of this study is to examine the associations between GPS-derived exposure to built environment and gentrification characteristics and accelerometer-measured physical activity in a sample of adults across four cities. METHODS: We used wave 1 data from the Interventions, Research, and Action in Cities Team, a cohort of adults living in the Canadian cities of Victoria, Vancouver, Saskatoon, and Montreal. A subsample of participants wore a SenseDoc device for 10 days during May 2017-January 2019 to record GPS and accelerometry data. Two physical activity outcomes were derived from SenseDoc data: time spent in light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity; and time spent in moderate or vigorous physical activity. Using corresponding GPS coordinates, we summarized physical activity outcomes by dissemination area-a Canadian census geography that represents areas where 400 to 700 people live- and joined to built (active living space, proximity to amenities, and urban compactness) and gentrification measures. We examined the associations between environmental measures and physical activity outcomes using multi-level negative binomial regression models that were stratified by city and adjusted for covariates (weekday/weekend), home dissemination area, precipitation, temperature) and participant-level characteristics obtained from a survey (age, gender, income, race). RESULTS: We found that adults spent more time being physically active near their homes, and in environments that were more walkable and near parks and less time in urban compact areas, regardless of where participants lived. Our analysis also highlighted how proximity to different amenities was linked to physical activity across different cities. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides insights into how built environment and gentrification characteristics are associated with the amount of time adults spend being physically active in four Canadian cities. These findings enhance our understanding of the influence that environments have on physical activity over time and space, and can support policies to increase physical activity.

Concentration of Cannabis and Tobacco Retailers in Los Angeles County, California: A Spatial Analysis of Potential Effects on Youth and Ethnic Minorities.

OBJECTIVE: Cannabis and tobacco retailers are believed to cluster in areas with more racial/ethnic minorities, which could account for the disproportionate use of blunts in Black and Hispanic communities. The current study examined the spatial relationship between cannabis and licensed tobacco retailers in Los Angeles County, California, and assessed whether various neighborhood and business factors influenced the spatial patterning. METHOD: Generalized additive models were used to test the association between the location of cannabis retailers (N = 429) and their accessibility potential (AP) to tobacco retailers (N = 8,033). The covariates included cannabis licensure status, median household income, population density, percentages of racial/ ethnic minorities and young adults (18-34), unemployment status, families living in poverty, minimum completion of high school/General Educational Development (GED) credential, and industrial businesses by census tract. RESULTS: The location of cannabis retailers was significantly associated with AP in all adjusted models (p < .005). The percentage of racial/ethnic minorities, age (18-34 years), and nonlicensure of cannabis retailers, which were positively correlated with AP (p < .05), confounded the association between AP and cannabis retailer location. CONCLUSIONS: The concentration of unlicensed cannabis retailers and tobacco retailers in young and racially/ethnically diverse neighborhoods may increase access to and use of cigarillos for blunt smoking. Jurisdictions within Los Angeles County should consider passing ordinances requiring minimum distances between cannabis and tobacco retailers.

Neighborhood social environment change in late adolescence predicts substance use in emerging adulthood.

This study examines associations of changes in perceived and objective (census-based) neighborhood social environment variables during adolescence with alcohol and marijuana outcomes in emerging adulthood using two waves of data (2013-14 and 2019-20) from a cohort in Southern California (n = 1249). Increasing perceived disorganization predicted greater alcohol consequences and socialization with peers using marijuana. Decreasing objective neighborhood SES predicted fewer alcohol consequences and greater socialization with peers drinking alcohol. Unexpectedly, both decreasing and increasing perceived social cohesion predicted fewer alcohol consequences. Increasing perceived social cohesion predicted lower solitary alcohol use. Findings identify potential environmental targets to prevent substance use during the transition to emerging adulthood, but more research is warranted to understand the complex findings for alcohol consequences.

Licensed and unlicensed cannabis outlets in Los Angeles County: the potential implications of location for social equity.

BACKGROUND: Cannabis social equity programs intend to redress inequities experienced by low income and Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) during cannabis prohibition in the United States. In Los Angeles County (LA), the approach is to increase cannabis outlet licensure and employment for low income and BIPOC communities. Monitoring locations of both licensed and unlicensed outlets over time is critical to informing how local social equity programs may affect communities. METHODS: We identified locations of licensed and unlicensed cannabis outlets in LA, from February to April 2019 and again from March to April 2020, and calculated the number and type of outlets by socio-demographic characteristics of census tracts (race/ethnicity, poverty, education, unemployment) using the 2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. RESULTS: Licensed outlets increased in LA from 162 in 2019 to 195 in 2020; unlicensed outlets decreased from 286 to 137 over the same time period. In 2020, more licensed outlets were in tracts with majority white residents and adults with at least a bachelor's degree; fewer licensed outlets were in tracts with larger Latinx or Black populations, whereas 71% of unlicensed outlets in 2020 were in low-income tracts, and more unlicensed outlets were in predominately Latinx tracts, high poverty and high unemployment tracts, and tracts with more single female-headed households. CONCLUSIONS: Neighborhood-level analyses are an important first step, but more data are needed for comprehensive evaluations of social equity programs-from individual businesses to the communities living nearby-to understand the impacts on low income and BIPOC populations.

Retail cannabis environment and adolescent use: The role of advertising and retailers near home and school.

Youth cannabis use is influenced by overlapping environmental contexts. We examined the associations between proximity to cannabis retailers and seeing cannabis advertisements and cannabis use behaviors in Oregon, a state with adult cannabis legalization. We used 2017 anonymous survey data from 24,154 Oregon 8th and 11th grade students. After adjustments for student and school district characteristics, advertising for 8th graders and presence of a retailer within a mile from school for 11th graders were associated with cannabis use and perceived harm. Additional policy efforts may further reduce youth exposure to cannabis.

Cannabis Industry Marketing Violations in Washington State, 2014-2019.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe marketing violations from the cannabis industry in Washington State. METHOD: The study team obtained records of all Washington State cannabis marketing violations from October 2014 to September 2015, immediately following the legal cannabis market opening, and May 2017 to July 2019. A code book was developed based on the Washington State regulations related to marijuana advertising. Each marketing violation was coded according to ad characteristics including ad size, location, or type; content; business practices; and lack of mandatory health warnings. RESULTS: A total of 328 violations were analyzed, from 183 different businesses. Marketing violations occurred most frequently in content posted online or directly in front of cannabis stores. Community members were as likely to identify violations as officers from the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board (WSLCB), the state agency in charge of regulation and enforcement of cannabis businesses. Very few violations were reported from competing members of the cannabis industry. Violations reported by the community were mostly related to content appealing to minors, whereas WSLCB officers were more likely to identify violations related to ad location in public spaces and ad size. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the conflict between prevention and profit in the nascent cannabis industry and the importance of community involvement in the regulation of cannabis marketing.

Racial Equity in Cannabis Policy: Diversity in the Massachusetts Adult-Use Industry at 18-months.

Background: Cannabis criminalization disproportionately harms communities of color in the United States. In Massachusetts' legal recreational ("adult-use") cannabis industry, state regulations intend to promote diverse participation. We assessed short-term racial/ethnic and gender diversity across the industry and in senior-level positions with greater opportunities to build wealth (i.e., board members, executives, directors). Methods: We extracted race/ethnicity and gender from required registration forms submitted to state regulators for each person working in a licensed adult-use cannabis business from October 2018 to April 2020 (n=4,883). We conducted descriptive analysis and negative binomial regression to assess characteristics associated with senior positions. Results: As of April 2020, racial/ethnic and gender diversity in the Massachusetts adult-use cannabis market (n=4,883) was 75% white, 7% Latino, 6% Black/African American, similar to the state labor market, and 65% male. Diversity was more limited in senior positions. Agents in senior positions (n=403) were 84% white, 2% Latino, 5% Black/African American, and 82% male. Senior-level participation was markedly low for women of color. Conclusion: Despite legislative and regulatory commitment, diversity lacks in senior positions in this emerging cannabis market. States considering adult-use cannabis markets, and those that have already done so, should monitor participation to identify inequities and adapt initiatives to ensure Black/African American and Latino communities socially and economically benefit from state legalization.

Cannabis Retail Staff ("Budtenders") Attitudes Towards Cannabis Effects on Health and Experiences Interacting with Consumers - Washington State, USA.

Cannabis legalization in Washington State has increased the availability, consumption, and potency of cannabis products for adults. Public health education promoting safe use for adult consumers has lagged behind these trends. This study assesses the potential of cannabis retail workers (budtenders) to engage in responsible use education with adult consumers at point of sale. Focus groups explored how budtenders perceive their professional role, including educating consumers about cannabis over intoxication, storage, and risks of use before driving and during pregnancy. Transcripts were analyzed to develop a coding scheme, which was then applied with an iterative review by the research team. Budtenders identified three main professional roles: creating a good experience for customers; being compliant with the state law and regulations, and educating customers on products. Budtenders did not believe their job involved discussing use during pregnancy or while driving or safe storage. They prioritized customers' autonomy over education on these topics, and they did not necessarily consider these behaviors to be harmful. Budtenders are committed to keeping minors outside stores and educating consumers on how to avoid over intoxication and exposure to cannabis contaminants. Future research could build on this to develop point-of-sale education to reduce cannabis use risks.

Patterns and correlates of cannabidiol product and marijuana co-use in a sample of U.S. young adults.

OBJECTIVE: Cannabis-derived products containing cannabidiol with no or minimal levels of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (CBD products) are widely available in the United States and use of these products is common among young adults and those who use marijuana. The purpose of this study was to examine patterns and correlates of CBD product use and co-use with marijuana in a sample of young adults. METHOD: The study used cross-sectional survey data collected in 2019-2020 from a cohort of young adults (n = 2534; mean age 23) based primarily in California. The survey assessed lifetime, past-year, and past-month frequency and type of CBD products used, frequency and amount of marijuana consumption and indicators of marijuana use-related problems. Linear, Poisson, and logistic regression models compared individuals reporting past month CBD-only use, marijuana-only use, concurrent CBD + marijuana use (co-use), and use of neither product. Among those reporting co-use, we examined associations between CBD use frequency and marijuana use frequency and heaviness of use (occasions per day) and indicators of problem marijuana use (e.g., Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test Short-Form, solitary use, marijuana consequences). RESULTS: Approximately 13% of respondents endorsed past-month CBD use; of these, over three-quarters (79%) indicated past-month co-use of marijuana. Among individuals reporting co-use, more frequent CBD use was associated with more frequent and heavier marijuana use but was not associated with marijuana use-related problems. CONCLUSIONS: CBD use was common and associated with higher levels of marijuana consumption in this sample. Routinely assessing CBD use may provide a more comprehensive understanding of individuals' cannabis product consumption.

Density of medical and recreational cannabis outlets: racial/ethnic differences in the associations with young adult intentions to use cannabis, e-cigarettes, and cannabis mixed with tobacco/nicotine.

BACKGROUND: Differences in access to medical versus recreational cannabis outlets and their associations with intentions to use cannabis have not yet been examined among young adults. This study compares the associations between densities of medical versus recreational cannabis outlets and young adults' intentions to use cannabis, electronic cigarettes, and cannabis mixed with tobacco/nicotine products. Racial/ethnic differences in these associations were examined. METHODS: Young adults ages 18-23 (mean age = 20.9) in Los Angeles County were surveyed online in 2018 after the legalization of recreational cannabis (n = 604). Multiple linear regressions were estimated for the entire sample and stratified by race/ethnicity. Outcomes were intentions to use cannabis, electronic cigarettes, and cannabis mixed with tobacco/nicotine in the next 6 months. Density was measured as the number of medical cannabis dispensaries (MCDs), recreational cannabis retailers (RCRs), and outlets of any type within 5 miles of respondents' homes. RESULTS: Living near more outlets of any type was not significantly associated with intentions to use in the full sample, adjusting for individual- and neighborhood-level characteristics. However, race/ethnicity-stratified models indicated that living near more outlets of any type and more RCRs were significantly associated with stronger co-use intentions among white young adults. Higher MCD density was marginally associated with stronger co-use intentions among Asian young adults. However, higher MCD density was significantly associated with lower intentions to use e-cigarettes among Hispanic young adults. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest racial/ethnic differences in the impact of living near cannabis outlets on intentions to use. Prevention efforts targeting young adults who live near more cannabis outlets may be especially beneficial for white and Asian young adults.

Gentrification, Urban Interventions and Equity (GENUINE): A map-based gentrification tool for Canadian metropolitan areas.

BACKGROUND: Researchers, policy makers, and urban planners require tools to better understand the complex relationship between gentrification and health. The Gentrification, Urban Interventions and Equity (GENUINE) tool is an open-access, map-based tool that allows users to explore measures of gentrification for Canadian cities and incorporate them into their work. DATA AND METHODS: The phenomenon of gentrification has manifested differently across cities. The GENUINE tool was developed to include four distinct gentrification measures that have been used in the United States and Canada and that rely on different combinations of change in census indicators related to income, housing, occupation, education and age. The measures were computed for all census tracts within the 36 Canadian census metropolitan areas to identify gentrifiable areas in 2006 and those that gentrified between 2006 and 2016. RESULTS: Depending on the measure, by 2016, 2% to 20% of census tracts had experienced gentrification, corresponding to between 2% (418,065 people) and 17% (4,266,434) of the Canadian population living in gentrified areas. Generally, metropolitan areas with populations over 1 million people had a greater proportion of their population living in gentrified areas (2% to 18%) compared with metropolitan areas with fewer than 250,000 residents (1% to 14%). DISCUSSION: With attention on healthy cities only expanding, GENUINE provides pan-Canadian indicators of gentrification, which can be an integral part of solution-oriented research and advancing cities toward designing healthy and equitable communities.

Not quite a block party: COVID-19 street reallocation programs in Seattle, WA and Vancouver, BC.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed mobility inequities within cities. In response, cities are rapidly implementing street reallocation initiatives. These interventions provide space for walking and cycling, however, other mobility needs (e.g., essential workers, deliveries) may be impeded by these reallocation decisions. Informed by mobility justice frameworks, we examined socio-spatial differences in access to street reallocations in Seattle, Washington and Vancouver, British Columbia. In both cities, more interventions occurred in areas where people of color, particularly Black and Indigenous people, lived. In Seattle, more interventions occurred in areas where people with disabilities, on food stamps, and children lived. In Vancouver, more interventions occurred in areas where recent immigrants lived, or where people used public transit or cycled to work. Street reallocations could be opportunities for cities to redress inequities in mobility and access to public spaces. Going forward, it is imperative to monitor how cities use data and welcome communities to redesign these temporary spaces to be corridors for their own mobility.

Examining Associations Between Licensed and Unlicensed Outlet Density and Cannabis Outcomes From Preopening to Postopening of Recreational Cannabis Outlets.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To expand on epidemiologic studies examining associations between the legalization of recreational cannabis and use among young adults, we examined the associations between licensed and unlicensed cannabis outlet density and cannabis outcomes. METHODS: A total of 1097 young adults aged 21 and older living in Los Angeles County were surveyed before licensed recreational cannabis outlets opened (Time 1: July to December 2017) and after (Time 2: July 2018 to June 2019). Using a database of open licensed and unlicensed cannabis retailers to calculate individual-level cannabis outlet density measures, we examined associations between outlet density within a 4-mile radius of participants' residences with Time 2 outcomes of any past-month use, daily use, intentions to use, quantity used, consequences, and cannabis use disorder (CUD) symptoms. RESULTS: After controlling for demographic factors and cannabis outcomes at a time point prior to their opening (Time 1), licensed cannabis outlets were associated with young adults' cannabis use, heavy use, and intentions, and unlicensed outlets were associated with young adults' heavy cannabis use and CUD symptoms. CONCLUSION AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: This study expands beyond studies of outlet prevalence to find that, after controlling for outcomes 1 year prior, licensed and unlicensed outlets were associated with young adults' cannabis outcomes. The current study is among the first to find associations between cannabis use outcomes and density of cannabis outlets among young adults using data from two time points: preopening and postopening of recreational cannabis retailers. Findings can inform policies around the density and placement of cannabis outlets. (Am J Addict 2020;00:00-00).

The effects of road pricing on transportation and health equity: A scoping review.

Road pricing is increasingly considered as an option to support transportation infrastructure costs, manage demand, and reduce emissions. However, the extent to which implementation of such approaches may impact transportation and health equity is unclear. In this scoping review, we examine the differential transportation and health effects of road pricing policies across population groups and geographic region. We conducted a systematic database search of Transport Research International Documentation, GEOBASE, Scopus, and Ovid Medline, supplemented by bibliographic review and internet searches. Fifteen studies were included in the review. The studies evaluated area and cordon road pricing systems in Singapore, London, Stockholm, Milan, and Gothenburg, and had a median follow-up period of 12 months. Outcomes evaluated include car commuting, mode shift to public transit, accessibility to destinations, affordability, welfare, social interactions, air pollution, traffic injuries and deaths, acute asthma attacks, and life expectancy. While more studies across diverse urban contexts and policy settings will be needed to strengthen the evidence base, the existing evidence suggests road pricing has mostly net positive effects related to a reduction in car trips, air pollution, asthma attacks, and road traffic collisions, and increases in life expectancy. Frequency and ease of social interactions were found to be negatively impacted, with fewer visits to family and friends. The population groups that generally fared better across transportation and health outcomes were those with higher incomes, men, and people between the ages of 35-55. Across space, there are benefits for both the areas inside and outside the cordon boundary, but to a greater degree for the area inside. Overall, the evidence base is limited by a narrow set of health-related outcomes and a lack of longer-term studies. We did not come across any studies assessing distributional effects of noise pollution, mode shifts to walking or cycling, or other morbidities in the general population that are not listed above. In addition, there are few evaluations that include non-work trips, therefore potentially missing effects for unemployed populations or women who are more likely to make non-work trips. We find that the limited body of evidence on area and cordon pricing policies suggests these policies are beneficial for a number of transportation and health outcomes, particularly for populations inside the cordon area, but that there may be some degree of inequities in the distribution of the benefits and burdens.

Successes and failures of built environment interventions: Using concept mapping to assess stakeholder perspectives in four Canadian cities.

BACKGROUND: Healthy communities can be supported through built environment interventions that redesign cities for improved health outcomes. Understanding the context of these interventions is critical for assessing how an intervention impacts population health; such context is often poorly documented. This study uses concept mapping to capture stakeholders' perspectives on the factors that influence the success and failure of built environment interventions across cities. METHODS: The INTErventions, Research, and Action in Cities Team (INTERACT) research program undertook concept mapping exercises related to interventions in four Canadian cities: public bike share program (Vancouver); a cycling network (Victoria); a bus rapid transit program (Saskatoon); and interventions related to the Montreal Sustainability Plan (Montreal). Concept mapping synthesised stakeholder perceptions and Go zones were used to prioritise factors based on importance and feasibility. Resulting themes were integrated into implementation science frameworks. RESULTS: Across four cities, 95 stakeholders participated. An average of 38 factors were identified in each city, resulting in 5 emerging clusters in Victoria and Montreal and 6 clusters in Vancouver and Saskatoon. Clusters covered domains of economic and political context, intervention planning, equity considerations, user experience, and stakeholder engagement. Common across all cities was the importance of stakeholder engagement. Concerns for citizen safety were prominent in Victoria, Vancouver, and Saskatoon. Interventions in Saskatoon and Vancouver were related to programs, and reliability of service and ease of use emerged. Go zones highlighted 2-5 items in each city, which can inform priority actions. CONCLUSION: Our study provides stakeholders' collective thinking on the contextual factors that influence the success and failure of built environment interventions. Organising context within an implementation science framework can provide a common language to synthesise stakeholder perspectives across settings. Go zone items can inform city-specific priority actions to support a common vision around implementing built environment interventions in pursuit of designing equitable and healthy cities.

Sources of cannabis among young adults and associations with cannabis-related outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The ways in which young people learn about cannabis product availability and where they obtain cannabis products are important to understand for prevention and intervention efforts. METHODS: Young adults who reported past month cannabis use (N = 758) completed an online survey in 2018-2019 on how they obtained cannabis and the products they used in a newly legalized market in Los Angeles (mean age 21.6; 44% Hispanic, 27% white, 15% Asian). RESULTS: Overall, 59.1% obtained cannabis from recreational cannabis retailers (RCRs), 51.5% from family or friends, 39.1% from medical cannabis dispensaries (MCDs), and 5.5% from strangers or dealers in the past month. Compared to those getting cannabis from family or friends, those getting cannabis from MCDs or RCRs spent more money, used more cannabis products, were more likely to use alone, used greater quantities of bud/flower, and reported more consequences from use. Further, those obtaining cannabis from MCDs were more likely to screen positive for cannabis use disorder (CUD). For type of products, those obtaining cannabis from MCDs or RCRs were more likely to use joints, bongs, pipes, dabs, vape, and consume edibles relative to those obtaining from family or friends. Subgroup differences were found for both source patterns and cannabis-related outcomes. Males and those with a cannabis medical card reported spending more money on cannabis, using more types of products, and indicated more frequent use and greater CUD symptoms and consequences. Compared to Whites, Blacks spent more money on cannabis and used more products, and Hispanics reported using more products and greater quantities of cannabis bud/flower. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the different ways that young adults obtain cannabis, and how young adults with a medical cannabis card may be at greater risk for problems compared to young adults who use cannabis recreationally.