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1.
Am J Speech Lang Pathol ; 22(3): 476-88, 2013 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23275628

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Evidence for tense marking in child-directed speech varies both across languages ( Guasti, 2002; Legate & Yang, 2007) and across speakers of a single language ( Hadley, Rispoli, Fitzgerald, & Bahnsen, 2011). The purpose of this study was to understand how parent interaction styles and register use overlap with the tense-marking properties of child-directed speech. This study investigated how parent interaction style, measured by utterance function, and parent register use when asking questions interacted with verb forms in child-directed input to identify interaction styles associated with the richest grammatical input. METHOD: Participants were 15 parent-toddler dyads. The communicative function of parent utterances and the form of their questions were coded from language samples of parent-child play when children were 21 months of age. Verbs were coded for linguistic form (e.g., imperative, modal, copula). RESULTS: Directives and reduced questions were both negatively related to input informativeness (i.e., the proportion of unambiguous evidence for tense). Other-focused descriptives were positively related to input informativeness. CONCLUSION: Predictable overlap existed between the characteristics of parents' interaction styles and register use and their input informativeness. An other-focused descriptive style most strongly related to richer evidence for the +Tense grammar of English.


Subject(s)
Child Language , Language Development , Linguistics , Parent-Child Relations , Parents , Adult , Child, Preschool , Communication , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Semantics , Vocabulary
2.
J Clin Psychiatry ; 65(2): 230-7, 2004 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15003078

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs) and benzodiazepines are frequently used to treat maternal depression and anxiety disorders during pregnancy. Recent reports suggest that prenatal SSRI exposure is associated with a neonatal discontinuation syndrome. It remains unclear whether these symptoms are directly related to SSRI exposure alone or are due to concurrent pharmacologic factors. Also, this study explores relationships between neonatal outcomes and medication levels during pregnancy, at delivery, and in the newborn period. METHOD: This study sought to compare newborn behavior following second and third trimester exposure to either single-agent SSRIs (group 1) or SSRIs combined with clonazepam (group 2). A prospective cohort of mothers and their infants (N = 46) who had received SSRI medication alone or in combination with clonazepam were studied from June 1996 through June 2000 and compared with a nonexposed control group (N = 23). Infants were assessed in the newborn period for signs suggestive of a "discontinuation syndrome." Maternal drug levels were measured during the pregnancy and at delivery. Infant drug levels from cord blood and at day 2 of life were also obtained. RESULTS: Overall, 30% of the exposed infants (groups 1 and 2, N = 14) showed symptoms of transient poor neonatal adaptation compared with 9% (N = 2) of control infants. In group 1, 25% had symptoms (fluoxetine N = 3; paroxetine N = 3; sertraline N = 1) and in group 2, 39% of infants had symptoms (paroxetine with clonazepam, N = 7). Symptoms were typically mild respiratory distress and, less commonly, hypotonia. Symptoms were self limited and not associated with other neonatal conditions. When paroxetine was combined with clonazepam, infants with symptoms had significantly elevated paroxetine levels when compared with similarly exposed infants without symptoms (p <.05). Among single-agent paroxetine-exposed infants, drug levels did not differ significantly between those with and without symptoms. Maternal dose of clonazepam was significantly higher (p <.05) during pregnancy and at delivery among symptomatic infants compared with nonsymptomatic infants. Developmental outcomes at 2 and 8 months of age did not differ between symptomatic and nonsymptomatic infants. CONCLUSION: While transient neonatal symptoms were found in infants after single-agent prenatal exposure to SSRIs and when paroxetine was combined with clonazepam, the addition of clonazepam appeared to alter paroxetine metabolism, leading to increased drug levels and risk for transient neonatal symptoms. These data highlight the importance of accounting for a variety of pharmacologic factors beyond single-agent SSRI exposure that may lead to poor neonatal adaptation. Further studies are needed with a larger sample of infants to determine the role of clonazepam and whether similar outcomes occur when exposure includes other SSRIs in combination with clonazepam.


Subject(s)
Anti-Anxiety Agents/adverse effects , Anxiety Disorders/drug therapy , Clonazepam/adverse effects , Depressive Disorder/drug therapy , Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications/drug therapy , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/adverse effects , Adult , Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Anxiety Agents/therapeutic use , Anxiety Disorders/blood , Clonazepam/pharmacokinetics , Clonazepam/therapeutic use , Cohort Studies , Depressive Disorder/blood , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Interactions , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Humans , Inactivation, Metabolic/physiology , Infant, Newborn , Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome/blood , Neurologic Examination/drug effects , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/blood , Pregnancy Outcome , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Pregnancy Trimester, Third , Prospective Studies , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use
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