Residue dynamics of acephate and methamidophos in urban dooryard citrus foliage, Pompano Beach, Florida--August-September 1978.

Residues of acephate and its toxic metabolite methamidophos, attributable to the State-Federal program for eradication of the citrus blackfly (CBF) [Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby] on citrus foliage, were assessed in urban areas in Pompano Beach, Florida. Eighteen dooryard citrus trees were sampled on two line transects, each ca 1.6 km long, along two city streets. The trees were sampled twice monthly for five months, beginning before chemical treatments were applied, continuing through the acephate treatment period, and ending when residues decreased below the limits of detection. Acephate and methamidophos residues, as high as 302.5 ppm and 15.8 ppm, respectively, were detected on leaves within one day after the first of a series of three treatments. Significant conversion of acephate to methamidophose was observed. Of the 143 samples collected, 114 contained measurable residues of both compounds; methamidophos accounted for an average of 19 percent of the total residues. Both compounds degraded rapidly, however, and residues averaged below 1 ppm approximately four weeks after the third treatment in the series. Average foliar half-lives for acephate and methamidophos were 8.93 days (SD = 2.52) and 8.40 days (SD = 2.55), respectively.

Acephate and methamidophos residue behavior in Florida citrus, 1976.

The half-life of acephate and its hydrolysate, methamidophos, in the rind of Temple and Valencia oranges, and grapefruit, lemons, and tangerines was 10.3 days and 10.5 days, respectively. Half-lives of acephate and methamidophos in citrus pulp were 15.0 days and 6.1 days, respectively based on 7-, 14-, and 21-day data. Seven days after treatment, acephate and methamidophos reached maximum levels in rind and pulp. Acephate residue levels in rind were less than 3.0 ppm 14 days after treatment; acephate residues in pulp were less than 3.0 ppm throughout the experiment. Methamidophos residue levels averaged less than 0.25 ppm after 21 days.

Cross-cultural considerations in community psychiatry.

With the advent of community psychiatry it has become imperative to reconsider the role and meaning of such basic concepts as ego development, oedipal conflicts, object relations, etc. So much of life in the ghetto has been reduced merely to the struggle for survival. This is even more dramatically evident in dealing with the emotional and behavioral problems encountered among the children. Psychological intervention in any dimension must recognize and adapt or redefine these concepts within the context of the particular cultural and social environment. This varies widely when dominated by violence, disruption, and chaotic life experiences. Cases are cited to demonstrate the problems facing the practitioner who must attempt to treat a host of multi-faceted problem areas.